CHUYN NHN BIT.

A. PHN V C Cht cn Thuc th nhn bit Li K Na t chy Ca Ba Li, K, Na,Ca, H2O Ba Be Zn Pb Al Cc kim loi t Mg n Pb dd OHdd NaOH Hin tng Ngn la mu ta Ngn la mu tm Ngn la mu vng Ngn la mu da cam Ngn la mu vng lc Dung dch trong + H2 Vi Ca dd c Phng trnh phn ng

Khng phn ng

M + n H2O

M(OH)n + n H2
2

Tan + H2

M + (4 n) OH- + (n-2)H2O

MO2n-4 + n H2
2

dd H+ (dd HCl) HNO3 c / t0

Tan + H2 Vi Pb c PbCl2 trng

M + n H+

Mn+ + n H2
2

Tan + dd mu xanh + NO2 Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O. nu Tan + dd mu xanh Mu Cu CuO 2Cu + O2 + 4HCl 2Cu + O2

Cu

dd HCl, dd H2SO4 long, c sc O2 t chy trong O2 HNO3 c/t0 sau cho NaCl vo dd Hon hp HNO3 : 3HCl un nng H tinh bt t trong O2 t chy sp ho tan vo nc, th qu tm t chy Nc Br2 (nu) dd KI + H tinh bt H tinh bt Que m tn Cu , t0 CuSO4 khan Thuc th

2CuCl2 + 2H2O.

Ag Au I2 (mu tm en) S(mu vng) P (mu ) C (mu en) Cl2 I2 (hi) O2 H2O(Hi) Cht cn nhn bit

2CuO. Ag + 2HNO3 AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O Tan + NO2 nu + trng AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 Au + HNO3 + 3HCl AuCl3 + NO +
Tan + NO 2H2O Thng hoa(hi mu tm) Mu xanh Kh SO2 mi hc Qu tm ho CO2 lm c nc vi trong Nht mu Khng mu Khng mu Bng chy Ho en S + O2
t
0

mu en

SO2
0

mu xanh mu xanh

4P + 5O2 t 2P2O5. P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4. dd axit lm qu tm ho C + O2 t CO2. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O. 5Cl2 + Br2 + 6H2O 10HCl + 2HBrO3. H tinh bt I Mu xanh.
0

2Cu + O2

2CuO

Mu trng Mu xanh Hin tng

CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O Phng trnh phan ng

H2 CO CO2 SO2 SO3 H2S HCl NH3 NO NO2 N2 Li Na+ K+ NH + 4 Ba2+ Ca Mg2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Ag+ Cd2+ Pb2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Be2+ Pb2+ Cr3+ Cht cn nhn bit
2+ +

ot lam lanh CuO (en), t0 CuO en, t0 Nc vi trong Nc Br2 nu dd thuc tm

Cnh hoa mu hng

Hi nc ong lai Ho Cu Ho Cu Vn c Nht mu Nht mu Mt mu BaSO4 Trng Trng thoi PbS en Ho To khi trng AgCl trng Hoa xanh Tao khoi trang Ho nu Mu nu Ho Mu nu Khng mu Tat Cht Ngn la ta Ngn la vng Ngn la tm Kh NH3 (mi khai) Kt ta trng Kt ta trng Kt ta trng trng xanh trng xanh nu nu en trng
vng (d tan trong axit mnh) en

2H2 + O2 t 2H2O CuO + H2 t Cu + H2O CuO + CO t Cu + CO2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr
0
0

2SO2 + 2KMnO4 +2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4.

dd BaCl2 Mui dd Pb(NO3)2 Qu tm m NH3 dd AgNO3 Quy tm am HCl(ac) Khng kh Mu Qu tm m Lm lnh

Que om ang chay

BaCl2 +SO2 + H2O Pb2+ + H2S

BaSO4 + 2HCl

PbS + 2H+ .

HCl + NH3 NH4Cl HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3 . HCl + NH3 NH4Cl. 2NO +O2 2NO2. 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO. 11 C 2NO2 N2O4 (khong mau)
0

Sinh vt nh Tm ln dy Pt ri t trn n kh NaOH c dd H2SO4 dd Na2CO3 dd Na2CO3 dd OHdd NaOH dd NaOH dd HCl dd H2S dd H2S

NH3 + H2O. Ba2+ + SO BaSO4 2Ba2+ + CO3 BaCO3 2Ca2+ + CO3 CaCO3 Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2 Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2 Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3 Ag+ + OH- AgOH (2AgOH Ag2O + H2O) + - Ag + Cl AgCl Cd2+ + S2- CdS Pb2+ + S2- PbS
NH + 4 + OH
24 Al(OH)3 OH AlO2 2 OH Zn2+ 2 Zn(OH)2 OH ZnO2 2 OH Be2+ 2 Be(OH)2 OH BeO2

Al3+

OH 3

trng tan ngay Cho t t dung trong OH- d dch NaOH n d

xm tan

Pb2+ Cr3+

OH 2 Pb(OH)2 OH

2 PbO2

ngay trong OH-

d Thuc th Hin tng

OH 3

Cr(OH)3 OH AlO2

Phng trnh phn ng

Cl

trang vng

Br I 3 PO4
S 2

nht (tan trong HNO3)

dd AgNO3

vng vng

en

SO
SO

2 4 2 3

dd Pb(NO3)2 dd BaCl2

en trng

3 Ag3PO4 3 Ag + + PO4 + 2 2 Ag + S Ag2S Pb 2 + + S 2 PbS 2 Ba 2 + + SO4 BaSO4

Ag + + Cl AgCl Ag + + Br AgBr Ag + + I AgI

Si bt SO2 Dung dch H (HCl)

+

2 2 H + + SO3 SO2 + H2O

HSO3

Si bt SO2 Sui bot CO2 Si bt CO2 trng NO2 mu nu, 2+ dd Cu mu xanh NO2 mu nu Kh O2, que om con than hong bung chay.
keo

2 CO3

+ H2O H + + HSO3 SO2 2 + 2 H + CO3 CO2 + H2O + H2O H + + HCO3 CO2 2 + 2 H + SiO3 H2SiO3

HCO
NO3

2 SiO3

H2SO4(c)+Cu(t0) H2SO4 long, un nng, c khng kh Co can, nung, co xuc tac MnO2.

Cu + 4HNO3

Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

0

NO

2 3 NO2 + H2SO4l t NO3 +2NO + SO4 + H2O 2NO +O2 2NO2 .

, MnO 2 KClO3 t 2KCl + 3O2
0 2

ClO

BI TP NHN BIT
Cau 1: Co 5 mau kim loai Ba, Mg, Fe, Al, Ag, neu ch dung dung dch H2SO4 loang co the nhan biet nhng kim loai nao. Viet phng trnh phan ng. Cau 2: Neu cach nhan biet: a) 5 chat bot: Cu, Al, Fe, Ag, S b) 4 chat bot mau trang: CaO, Na2O, MgO va P2O5. c) 4 chat bot kim loai: K, Al, Ag, Fe. d) 4 chat bot: Na2O, Al2O3, Fe, Fe2O3. Cau 3: Nhan biet 4 kim loai: a) Mg, Ag, Fe, Al. b) Al, Zn, Cu, Fe. Cau 4: a) Ch dung them mot hoa chat, neu cach nhan biet cac oxit: K2O, Al2O3, CaO, MgO. b) Ch dung them Cu va mot muoi tuy y hay nhan bie6t1 cac hoa chat b mat nhan trong cac lo ng tng chat sau: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4. Cau 5: Co 4 ong nghiem ng rieng biet cac dung dch Ba(OH)2, H2SO4, Na2SO3, ZnSO4. Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac, trnh bay phng phap hoa hoc nhan biet 4 dung dch tren. Cau 6: a). Bang phng phap nao co the phan biet c 3 chat: BaCO3, MgCO3, Na2CO3. Giai thch va viet phng trnh phan ng. b) Hay nhan biet moi dung dch ng trong 5 lo rieng biet sau: HNO3, Ca(OH)2, NaOH, HCl, NH3. Cau 7: a) Co 4 chat ran ng trong 4 lo rieng biet: Na2SO4, CaCO3, Na2CO3, CaSO4.2H2O. Hay t chon 2 chat dung lam thuoc th e nhan biet chat ran ng trong moi lo.

b) Trnh bay phng phap hoa hoc e nhan biet 3 chat ran ng trong 3 lo rieng biet: NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2. Cau 8: Hay t chon mot hoa chat thch hp e nhan biet cac muoi: NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, Al(NO3)3. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng. Cau 9: a) Ch dung cac kim loai hay nhan biet cac dung dch NaNO3, HCl, NaOH, HgCl, HNO3, CuSO4. b) Ch co nc va kh CO2 hay phan biet 5 chat bot trang sau ay: NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, BaCO3, BaSO4. Cau 10: Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac, Hay nhan biet 5 lo b mat nhan sau ay: NaHSO4, NaHCO3, Mg(HCO3)2, Na2CO3, Ba(HCO3)2. Cau 11: Trnh bay phng phap phan biet: a) 5 dung dch: NaOH, NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, HCl. b) 4 chat long: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O. Cau 12: Neu cac phan ng phan biet: a) 3 dung dch: Na2SO3, NaHSO3, Na2SO4. b) 5 dung dch: NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2CO3. c) 6 dung dch: NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3. d) 8 dung dch: NaNO3, Na2SO4, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, MgSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4. Cau 13: Bang phng phap hoa hoc nao hay nhan biet tng hon hp chat sau ay: a) Fe + Fe2O3. b) Fe + FeO. c) FeO + Fe2O3. Cau 14: Co 6 lo bot mau tng t nhau nhng khong co nhan: (Fe + FeO), Ag2O, MnO2, FeO, Fe3O4, CuO. Ch c dung them dd HCl e phan biet 6 lo tren. Cau 15: Co hai lo sau ay: Dung dch A la KOH, dd B cha hon hp (HCl + AlCl3). Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac hay nhan biet tng dung dch. Cau 16: Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac, hay nhan biet tng dung dch ng trong cac lo dung dch sau ay:KOH, HCl, FeCl3, Pb(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3, NH4NO3. Cau 17: Co 3 lo ng hon hp bot (Al + Al2O3), (Fe + Fe2O3), (FeO + Fe2O3). Dung phng phap hoa hoc nhan biet chung . Cau 18: Co 3 lo khong nhan hieu ng rieng biet tng dung dch sau: K2CO3, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3. Ch dung dung dch NaOH hay cho biet lo nao ng dung dch g? Cau 19: a) Ch dung mot thuoc th hay nhan biet ba chat bot ngg5 trong ba bnh mat nhan: Al, Al2O3, Mg. b) Co 5 lo mat nhan ng 5 dung dch: NaOH, KCl, MgCl2, CuCl2, AlCl3. Hay nhan biet tng dung dch tren ma khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac. Cau 20: Bang phng phap hoa hoc n gian co the phan biet: a) 5 chat bot: MgO, P2O5, BaO, Na2SO4, Al2O3. b) 8 oxit dang bot: Na2O, CaO, Ag2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO2, CuO, CaC2. Cau 21: Cho 3 bnh ng dung dch mat nhan: Bnh A (KHCO3 + K2CO3), bnh B (KHCO3 + K2SO4), bnh C (K2CO3 + K2SO4). Ch dung dd BaCl2 va dd HCl, neu cach nhan biet cac bnh tren. Cau 22: Trong phong th nghiem co 3 lo mat nhan ng 3 dung dch: HCl, H2SO4 va NaOH co cung nong o CM. Ch dung phenolphtalein hay nhan biet 3 dd tren. Cau 23: Ch dung phenolphtalein hay nhan biet: a) 3 dung dch : KCl, KOH, H2SO4. b) 5 dung dch: Na2SO4, H2SO4, NaOH, BaCl2, NaCl. c) 5 dung dch: NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, NaCl.

Cau 24: Ch dung mot dd axit thong dung va mot dung dch baz thong dung. Hay phan biet 3 hp kim sau ay: a) Hp kim Cu Ag. b) Cu Al. c) Cu Zn.