Interworking IP and WDM Networks

Malathi Veeraraghavan Polytechnic University mv@poly.edu

Outline:
Provisioned mode Switched mode

Mark Karol Lucent Technologies mk@lucent.com

10/3/99

WDM as a transmission technology

Use WDM multiplexers/demultiplexers Increased bandwidth - immediate value
IP Router IP Router

IP Router
10/3/99

DWDM Multiplexer

DWDM Demultiplexer

IP Router
2

WDM as a networking technology

Circuit switches
Optical add/drop multiplexers (OADM) Optical crossconnects (OXC) Commercially available We assume that WDM switches are of this variety for this talk.

Packet switches
In research laboratories; optical buffering issues
10/3/99 3

Types of networks
A network is defined by its switching mode and its networking mode Circuit switching vs. packet switching
Circuit-switching: switching based on position (space, time, ) of arriving bits Packet-switching: switching based on information in packet headers

Connectionless vs. Connection-oriented networking:

CL: Packets routed based on address information in headers CO: Connection set up (resources reserved) prior to data transfer

Networking modes Shades of gray: provisioned vs. switched modes Switching modes Connection-oriented Connectionless Packet-switching Circuit-switching
10/3/99

IP

MPLS IP switch

ATM Telephone network, SONET/SDH, WDM

4

Use of WDM networking technology to carry IP traffic

For WANs, usage expected to be in provisioned mode need CO service for guaranteed bandwidth
Interconnect IP routers with provisioned (connections set up a priori) lightpaths
Enterprise 1 LAN Enterprise 1 LAN R1 R4

Core network of OXCs/OADMs

Enterprise 2 LAN R2 Enterprise 2 LAN R3

10/3/99

R5

Enterprise 1 LAN

Lightpath
5

Alternatives
Alternatives for the core network nodes:
Packet switches with packets of format anything other than the IP datagram format, e.g. ATM, MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) SONET/SDH circuit switches (TDM) IP switches - resource reservation at the IP layer using RSVP or some network management system hardware-based IP forwarding variable-length packet switching WDM Optical crossconnects and WDM Optical add/drop multiplexers
10/3/99 6

Which alternative is best?

Issues/assumptions:
IP traffic even in core measured to be bursty Protocol layer overhead resulting from protocol encapsulation Bandwidth granularity

10/3/99

Issue 1
IP traffic even in core measured to be bursty
Implication: need traffic shaping at edge routers or gateways if circuit-switched alternatives are used Is it possible to shape IP (self-similar) traffic to a constant rate? Is there a problem if the IP traffic delivered at the far-end router does not replicate burstiness?
10/3/99 8

Issue 2
Protocol layer overhead resulting from protocol encapsulation
20% in case of ATM (TCP ACKs dont fit in one ATM cell with LLC/SNAP encapsulation and ACKs are 45% of packets) 4.4% for SONET relative to IP over PPP over fiber/WDM

10/3/99

Issue 3
Bandwidth granularity:
In SONET networks, minimum rate is OC1 (~51Mbps) In WDM networks, issue not at the OXCs but rather at the transmitter; actual rate used could be less than maximum rate possible

10/3/99

10

Which alternative is best?

Alternatives for the core network nodes:
ATM, MPLS: protocol layer overhead issue SONET/SDH: all three issues IP switches: None WDM OXCs/OADMs: bursty traffic issue? + granularity issue?

Answer:
IP switch based solution seems best If traffic can be shaped to constant rate and delivery of constant-rate traffic at far-end is acceptable, then WDM OXC/OADM based solution is comparable

Switch costs could offset transmission cost savings

10/3/99 11

Test configuration
R4

R1

Network node

R3

Core network

OXC, IP switch, ATM switch or SONET XC

10/3/99

R2
12

Different cases
Cases Network node Edge routers perform shaping Case 1 OXC No Case 2 OXC Yes Case 3 IP switch Yes Case 4 IP switch No Case 5 IP switch No Case 6 ATM switch Yes Case 7 ATM switch No Case 8 ATM switch No Case 9 SONET XC No Case 10 SONET XC Yes
10/3/99

Separate or merged channels Separate Merged Separate Merged 13

Comparison of OXC and IP switch based networks

Total BW to be allocated in Mbps

20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 5000 10000 # of users supported per edge router

Total BW to be allocated in Mbps

Case 1: OXC; no edge shaping Case 2: OXC; edge shaping

20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 5000 10000 # of users supported per edge router

Case 1: OXC; no edge shaping

Case 2/3: OXC/IP switch; edge shaping

Case 4/5: IP switch; no edge shaping; separate/merg ed channels

Graphs generated by D. Dharmaraju and R. Badri, Polytechnic Univ.

10/3/99 14

Comparison of SONET and OXC based networks and IP switch and ATM switch based networks

Total BW to be allocated in Mbps

Total BW to be allocated in Mbps

16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 5000 10000

20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 5,000 10,000 Case 9: SONET XC; no edge shaping Case 10: SONET XC; edge shaping Case 1: OXC; no edge shaping Case 2: OXC; edge shaping

Case 3: IP switch; edge shaping Case 4/5: IP switch; no edge shaping; separate/merged Case 7/8: ATM switch; no edge shaping; separate/merged Case 6: ATM switch; edge shaping

# of users supported per edge router

# of users supported per edge router

Graphs generated by D. Dharmaraju and R. Badri, Polytechnic Univ.

10/3/99 15

Classification of optical networks

One classification (B. Mukherjees book)
Broadcast-and-select local optical WDM networks Wavelength-routed (wide area) optical networks

Second classification (chap. by J. Bannister, M. Gerla, M. Kovacevic, in book on routing)

Optical link networks Single-hop networks Multi-hop networks Hybrid networks Photonic networks

10/3/99

16

Difference between optical-link and multihop networks

(per ref.)

Optical-link networks dont use multiple wavelengths while multihop networks do Routing problem in optical-link networks is the simple routing problem in packetswitched networks, while in multihop networks, this problem is tightly coupled with the virtual-topology design problem
10/3/99 17

Two-layer routing problem

R 6 R 1 R 3 R 5 R 4 R 2 R 7 R 2 R 3 R 1

OXC

R 6 R 5

OXC

OXC
R 7

OXC
R 4

Virtual Topology

Physical Topology

If WDM networks are not efficient when used in provisioned mode, do not create a virtual topology by connecting IP routers with lightpaths that traverse multiple OXCs Above problem not worth solving if packet switches are IP routers - just build a single-layer IP switch based network
10/3/99 18

How should WDM wavelength-routed networks be used for IP traffic?

Hybrid network: Single-hop and optical-link
Single-hop: Use WDM circuit switches for large bulk-data transfers
Operate WDM network in switched mode Need a routing protocol and signaling protocol Dynamic allocation and removal of lightpaths

Optical-link network: A packet-switched network (allow WDM mux/demux on links)

Packet-switched network supports CL and CO services

In contrast to other hybrid networks, which combine single-hop and multi-hop networks
10/3/99 19

Classification of applications
Applications
Real-time (consumed or sent live) Non-real-time (stored at sender and receiver ends)

Interactive (two-way) (consumed and sent live) e.g. telephony, telnet, ftp

Streaming (one-way) (consumed live; sent from live or stored source) e.g. radio/TV broadcasts

Short transfers (e.g. DNS query)

Long transfers (e.g. large image, audio, video or data)

Recording (one-way) (stored at receiver end; sent from live source)

Connectionless networks

Circuit-switched networks

Packet-switched CO networks
10/3/99 20

Use of circuit switching for long data transfers

Scanned from Fundamentals of Digital Switching, by J. MacDonald
(published 1983 - article written by Miyahara et al. in 1975)

10/3/99

21

Conclusions
Regarding WDM wavelengh-routed (WAN) networks
Value questionable relative to other networking technologies when used in provisioned mode (pre-established lightpaths) to interconnect IP routers In switched mode, ideal for high-bandwidth large file transfers

Proposed WAN solution: hybrid networks

Optical-link networks interconnecting packet switches that support connectionless and connection-oriented services Single-hop networks of OXCs supporting circuit-switched services for large file transfers

10/3/99

22