8 Candidate Quiz Buzzer Using 8051

8 CANDIDATE QUIZ BUZZER USING 8051 MICRO CONTROLLER (AT89C51)
1. Circuit Diagram
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2. EXPLANATION OF EACH BLOCK

2.1 Power Supply Design
POWER SUPPLY
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The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 5V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
230V AC 50Hz
D.C Output
Step down transform
Bridge Rectifie
Filter
Regulator
Fig: Power supply
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Transformer
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.
Rectifier
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
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The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
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Filter
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Voltage regulator
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
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2.2 AT89C51 Microcontroller
MICROCONTROLLERS
Microcontrollers producers have been struggling for a long time for attracting more and more choosy customers. Every couple of days a new chip with a higher operating frequency, more memory and more high-quality A/D converters comes on the market. Nevertheless, by analyzing their structure it is concluded that most of them have the same (or at least very similar) architecture known in the product catalogs as 8051 compatible. What is all this about? The whole story began in the far 80s when Intel launched its series of the microcontrollers labeled with MCS 051. Although, several circuits belonging to this Series had quite modest features in comparison to the new ones; they took over the world very fast and became a standard for what nowadays is meant by a word microcontroller.
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The reason for success and such a big popularity is a skillfully chosen configuration which satisfies needs of a great number of the users allowing at the same time stable expanding ( refers to the new types of the microcontrollers ). Besides, since a great deal of software has been developed in the meantime, it simply was not profitable to change anything in the microcontrollers basic core. That is the reason for having a great number of various microcontrollers which actually are solely upgraded versions of the 8051
family. What is it what makes this microcontroller so special and universal so that almost all the world producers manufacture it today under different name?
FEATURES OF AT89C51
4K Bytes of Re-programmable Flash Memory. RAM is 128 bytes. 2.7V to 6V Operating Range. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz. Two-level Program Memory Lock. 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM. Dept of ECE, SITAMS Page 9
32 Programmable I/O Lines. Two 16-bit Timer/Counters. Six Interrupt Sources. Programmable Serial UART Channel. Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

4 Kb program memory is not much at all. 128Kb RAM (including SFRs as well) satisfies basic needs, but it is not imposing amount.
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Pin Diagram
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Pin Description
Pin No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18&19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Function Name P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 8 bit input/output port (P1) pins P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 Reset pin; Active high Reset Input (Rx) for serial communication RxD P3.0 Output (Tx) for serial communication TxD 8 bit P3.1 External interrupt 1 Int0 P3.2 input/out P3.3 External interrupt 2 Int1 Timer1 external input T0 put port P3.4 Timer2 external input T1 P3.5 (P 3) pins Write to external data memory Write P3.6 Read from external data memory Read P3.7 Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz) Crystal 2&1 Ground (0V) Ground P2.0/ A8 P2.1/ A9 8 bit input/output port (P2) pins P2.2/ A10 / P2.3/ A11 P2.4/ A12 High-order address bits when interfacing with external memory P2.5/ A13 P2.6/ A14 P2.7/ A15 Program store enable; Read from external program memory PSEN Address Latch Enable ALE Program pulse input during Flash programming Prog External Access Enable; Vcc for internal program executions EA Programming enable voltage; 12V (during Flash programming) Vpp Page 12
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32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
8 bit input/output port (P0) pins Low-order address bits when interfacing with external memory
Supply voltage; 5V (up to 6.6V)
P0.7/AD7 P0.6/AD6 P0.5/AD5 P0.4/AD4 P0.3/AD3 P0.2/AD2 P0.1/AD1 P0.0/AD0 Vcc
2.3 Transistor BC548
BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor. It is used for amplification and switching purposes. The current gain may vary between 110 and 800. The maximum DC current gain is 800. Dept of ECE, SITAMS Page 13
Its equivalent transistors are 2N3904 and 2SC1815. These equivalent transistors however have different lead assignments. The variants of BC548 are 548A, 548B and 548C which vary in range of current gain and other characteristics. The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC548 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.
Pin Diagram
2.4 Seven Segment Display
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A seven segment display is the most basic electronic display device that can display digits from 0-9. They find wide application in devices that display numeric information like digital clocks, radio, microwave ovens, electronic meters etc. The most common configuration has an array of eight LEDs arranged in a special pattern to display these digits. They are laid out as a squared-off figure 8. Every LED is assigned a name from 'a' to 'h' and is identified by its name. Seven LEDs 'a' to 'g' are used to display the numerals while eighth LED 'h' is used to display the dot/decimal. A seven segment is generally available in ten pin package. While eight pins correspond to the eight LEDs, the remaining two pins (at middle) are common and internally shorted. These segments come in two configurations, namely, Common cathode (CC) and Common anode (CA). In CC configuration, the negative terminals of all LEDs are connected to the common pins. The common is connected to ground and a particular LED glows when its corresponding pin is given high. In CA arrangement, the common pin is given a high logic and the LED pins are given low to display a number.
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Pin Diagram
2.5 Piezo Buzzer
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The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The generation of pressure variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material is the underlying principle. These buzzers can be used to alert a user of an event corresponding to a switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits.
The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it. It consists of piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action, results in a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz. The red lead is connected to the input and the black lead to the ground.
Pin Diagram
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2.6 Switches and Pushbuttons

There is nothing simpler than this! This is the simplest way of controlling appearance of some voltage on microcontrollers input pin. There is also no need for additional explanation of how these components operate.
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Nevertheless, it is not so simple in practice... This is about something commonly unnoticeable when using these components in everyday life. It is about contact bounce- a common problem with m e c h a n i c a l switches. If contact switching does not happen so quickly, several consecutive bounces can be noticed prior to maintain stable state. The reasons for this are: vibrations, slight rough spots and dirt. Anyway, whole this process does not last long (a few micro- or miliseconds), but long enough to be registered by the microcontroller. Concerning pulse counter, error occurs in almost 100% of cases!
The simplest solution is to connect simple RC circuit which will suppress each quick voltage change. Since the bouncing time is not defined, the values of elements are not strictly determined. In the most cases, the values shown on figure are sufficient. If complete safety is needed, radical measures should be taken! The circuit, shown on the figure (RS flip-flop), changes logic state on its output with the first pulse triggered by contact bounce. Even though this is more expensive solution (SPDT switch), the problem is definitely resolved! Besides, since the condensator is not used, very short pulses can be also registered in this way. In addition to these hardware solutions, a simple software solution is commonly applied too: when a program tests the state of some input pin and finds changes, the check should be done one more time after certain time delay. If the change is confirmed it means that switch (or pushbutton) has changed its position. The advantages of such solution are obvious: it is free of charge, effects of disturbances are eliminated too and it can be adjusted to the worst-quality contacts.
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3. SOFTWARE TOOLS
3.1 Keil Software
Keil compiler is a software used where the machine language code is written and compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also supports C language code.
STEPS TO WRITE AN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM IN KEIL AND HOW TO COMPILE IT:
1. Install the Keil Software in the PC in any of the drives. 2. After installation, an icon will be created with the name Keil uVision3. Just drag this icon onto the desktop so that it becomes easy whenever you try to write programs in keil. 3. Double click on this icon to start the keil compiler. 4. A page opens with different options in it showing the project workspace at the leftmost corner side, output window in the bottom and an ash coloured space for the program to be written. 5. Now to start using the keil, click on the option project. 6. A small window opens showing the options like new project, import project, open project etc. Click on New project. 7. A small window with the title bar Create new project opens. The window asks the user to give the project name with which it should be created and the destination location. The project can be created in any of the drives available. You can create a new folder and then a new file or can create directly a new file. 8. After the file is saved in the given destination location, a window opens where a list of vendors will be displayed and you have to select the device for the target you have created.
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9. The most widely used vendor is Atmel. So click on Atmel and now the family of microcontrollers manufactured by Atmel opens. You can select any one of the microcontrollers according to the requirement.
10. When you click on any one of the microcontrollers, the features of that particular microcontroller will be displayed on the right side of the page. The most appropriate microcontroller with which most of the projects can be implemented is the AT89C51. Click on this microcontroller and have a look at its features. Now click on OK to select this microcontroller. 11. A small window opens asking whether to copy the startup code into the file you have created just now. Just click on No to proceed further. 12. Now you can see the TARGET and SOURCE GROUP created in the project workspace. 13. Now click on File and in that New. A new page opens and you can start writing program in it. 14. After the program is completed, save it with any name but with the .asm extension. Save the program in the file you have created earlier. 15. You can notice that after you save the program, the predefined keywords will be highlighted in bold letters. 16. Now add this file to the target by giving a right click on the source group. A list of options open and in that select Add files to the source group. Check for this file where you have saved and add it. 17. Right click on the target and select the first option Options for target. A window opens with different options like device, target, output etc. First click on target. 18. Since the set frequency of the microcontroller is 11.0592 MHz to interface with the PC, just enter this frequency value in the Xtal (MHz) text area and put a tick on the Use on-chip ROM. This is because the program what we write here in the keil will later be dumped into the microcontroller and will be stored in the inbuilt ROM in the microcontroller. Dept of ECE, SITAMS Page 21
19. Now click the option Output and give any name to the hex file to be created in the Name of executable text area and put a tick to the Create HEX file option present in the same window. The hex file can be created in any of the drives. You can change the folder by clicking on Select folder for Objects. 20. Now to check whether the program you have written is errorless or not, click on the icon exactly below the Open file icon which is nothing but Build Target icon. You can even use the shortcut key F7 to compile the program written. 21. To check for the output, there are several windows like serial window, memory window, project window etc. Depending on the program you have written, select the appropriate window to see the output by entering into debug mode. 22. The icon with the letter d indicates the debug mode. 23. Click on this icon and now click on the option View and select the appropriate window to check for the output. 24. After this is done, click the icon debug again to come out of the debug mode. 25. The hex file created as shown earlier will be dumped into the microcontroller with the help of another software called Proload.
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3.2 PROLOAD
Proload is a software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller placed in the programmer kit and this is done by the Proload. Programmer kit contains a microcontroller on it other than the one which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file from the keil compiler and dumps this hex file into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. As this programmer kit requires power supply to be operated, this power supply is given from the power supply circuit designed above. It should be noted that this programmer kit contains a power supply section in the board itself but in order to switch on that power supply, a source is required. Thus this is accomplished from the power supply board with an output of 12volts or from an adapter connected to 230 V AC. 1. Install the Proload Software in the PC. 2. Now connect the Programmer kit to the PC (CPU) through serial cable. 3. Power up the programmer kit from the ac supply through adapter. 4. Now place the microcontroller in the GIF socket provided in the programmer kit. 5. Click on the Proload icon in the PC. A window appears providing the information like Hardware model, com port, device type, Flash size etc. Click on browse option to select the hex file to be dumped into the microcontroller and then click on Auto program to program the microcontroller with that particular hex file. 6. The status of the microcontroller can be seen in the small status window in the bottom of the page.
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7. After this process is completed, remove the microcontroller from the programmer kit and place it in your system board. Now the system board behaves according to the program written in the microcontroller.
4. SOURCE CODE
// Program to make a quiz buzzer using seven segment #include<reg51.h> unsigned int digi_val[10]={0x40,0xF9,0x24,0x30,0x19,0x12,0x02,0xF8,0x00,0x10}; // Hex value corresponding to the digits 0 to 9 sbit output_on_pin = P3^0; sbit stop_pin = P3^1; sbit buzzer_pin=P0^0; int flag; void delay() { int i,j; for(i=0;i<200;i++) for(j=0;j<1275;j++); } void display(unsigned int current_dig) // Function to display the resultant digit on the seven segment and sound the buzzer. { P2=digi_val[current_dig]; output_on_pin = 1; buzzer_pin=0; delay(); Dept of ECE, SITAMS Page 24 // Time delay function // Enable pin to enable the seven segment. // Buzzer pin to sound the buzzer. // Stop pin to reset the buzzer.
buzzer_pin=1; while(stop_pin != 0); } void buzzer() //Function to monitor the input switches { flag = 0; while(1) { while (P1 == 0xFF); while (P1 == 0xFE) { flag = 1; display(1); } while (P1 == 0xFD) { flag = 2; display(2); } while (P1 == 0xFB ) { flag = 3; display(3); } while (P1 == 0xF7 ) { Dept of ECE, SITAMS Page 25 //Check if switch 4 is pressed //Check if switch 3 is pressed //Check if switch 2 is pressed //Check if switch 1 is pressed
flag = 4; display(4); } while (P1 == 0xEF ) { flag = 5; display(5); } while (P1 == 0xDF) { flag = 6; display(6); } while (P1 == 0xBF ) { flag = 7; display(7); } while (P1 == 0x7F ) { flag = 8; display(8); } P1 = 0xFF; stop_pin = 1; output_on_pin = 0; Dept of ECE, SITAMS Page 26 //Check if switch 8 is pressed //Check if switch 7 is pressed //Check if switch 6 is pressed //Check if switch 5 is pressed
} } void main() { output_on_pin=0; stop_pin = 1; P1 = 0xFF; buzzer(); }
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5. WORKING PROCEDURE
This quiz buzzer system has eight input pins corresponding to eight teams. The output is displayed on a seven segment display (interfaced with microcontroller), which shows the number corresponding to the team which has pressed the button first. A buzzer is also sounded for a small duration to give an acoustic alarm. The connections of the seven segment, input pins and output pins is shown in the circuit diagram. refer seven segment interfacing . There are a total of nine input pins. Eight pins of port P1 of the microcontroller are corresponding to eight inputs and one stop pin for resetting the buzzer system. On the output side a seven segment is connected to display the corresponding output number. There is also a provision for sounding a buzzer for a small duration. When the system starts, the seven segment does not displays any output. The microcontroller keeps scanning the input pins. As soon as any one of the inputs is pressed, the buzzer sounds for a small duration. The seven segment displays the number corresponding to the input pressed. Now even if any other input pin is pressed, there will be no effect on the system till the time the stop pin is pressed to reset the system. A seven segment consists of eight LEDs which are aligned in a manner so as to display digits from 0 to 9 when proper combination of LED is switched on. Seven segment uses seven LEDs to display digits from 0 to 9 and the eighth LED is used for the dot. A typical seven segment looks like as shown in the figure below.
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Seven Segment are available in two configuration - (1) Common Anode (2) Common Cathode. Here common anode seven segment display is used because the output current of the microcontroller is not sufficient enough to drive the LEDs, similar to the case of driving an LED. The circuit diagram shows the connections of seven segment to the controller. The pins a to g of the Seven Segment are connected to the Port P2 of the microcontroller. The common pin of the seven segment is connected to Vcc. The h has not been used, which is the dot pin of the controller.
Since the seven segment display works on negative logic, we will have to provide logic 0 to the corresponding pin to make an LED glow. Table below shows the hex values used to display the different digits.
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DIGIT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
b 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
c 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
d 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
e 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
f 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
g 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
HEX Value 0x40 0xF9 0x24 0x30 0x19 0x12 0x02 0xF8 0x00 0x10
When the values corresponding to the digits 0 to 9 are given on the output port, the digit gets displayed on the seven segment.
6. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
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ADVANTAGES
Highly sensitive Low cost and reliable circuit Complete elimination of manpower
APPLICATIONS
Widely used in school, colleges and TV programs .
7. CONCLUSION
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Hence by this project we can design an effective detecting system that can monitor in quiz competitions in schools, colleges, TV programs etc; with eight different switches. The uniqueness of this project is only alerting the quiz conductor who first know the answer.
8. REFERENCE
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1. WWW. howstuffworks.com 2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM BY RAJ KAMAL 3. 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS BY MAZZIDI 6. Electrikindia 7. WWW.google.com 8. WWW.Engineersgarage.com
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8 CANDIDATE QUIZ BUZZER USING 8051 MICRO CONTROLLER (AT89C51)

Dept of ECE, SITAMS