Integration by parts

A special rule, integration by parts , is available for integrating products of two functions. This unit derives and illustrates this rule with a number of examples. In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you undertake plenty of practice exercises so that they become second nature. After reading this text, and/or viewing the video tutorial on this topic, you should be able to: state the formula for integration by parts integrate products of functions using integration by parts

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Derivation of the formula for integration by parts dv du u dx = u v v dx dx dx 3. Using the formula for integration by parts 2

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1. Introduction
Functions often arise as products of other functions, and we may be required to integrate these products. For example, we may be asked to determine x cos x dx . Here, the integrand is the product of the functions x and cos x. A rule exists for integrating products of functions and in the following section we will derive it.

2. Derivation of the formula for integration by parts

We already know how to dierentiate a product: if y = uv then d(uv ) dv du dy = =u +v . dx dx dx dx u Now integrate both sides: u dv dx = dx d(uv ) dx dx v du dx . dx d(uv ) du dv = v . dx dx dx

Rearranging this rule:

The rst term on the right simplies since we are simply integrating what has been dierentiated. u dv dx = u v dx v du dx . dx

This is the formula known as integration by parts.

Key Point
Integration by parts u dv dx = u v dx v du dx dx

The formula replaces one integral (that on the left) with another (that on the right); the intention is that the one on the right is a simpler integral to evaluate, as we shall see in the following examples.
mathtutor project: September 21, 2004

3. Using the formula for integration by parts

Example Find x cos x dx.

Solution Here, we are trying to integrate the product of the functions x and cos x. To use the integration dv and the other be u. Notice from the formula by parts formula we let one of the terms be dx du that whichever term we let equal u we need to dierentiate it in order to nd . So in this dx du = 1, simply a constant. Notice case, if we let u equal x, when we dierentiate it we will nd dx that the formula replaces one integral, the one on the left, by another, the one on the right. Careful choice of u will produce an integral which is less complicated than the original. Choose dv u=x and = cos x . dx With this choice, by dierentiating we obtain du = 1. dx Also from dv = cos x, by integrating we nd dx v= cos x dx = sin x .

(At this stage do not concern yourself with the constant of integration). Then use the formula u dv dx = u v dx v du dx : dx

x cos x dx = x sin x

(sin x) 1 dx

= x sin x + cos x + c where c is the constant of integration.

In the next Example we will see that it is sometimes necessary to apply the formula for integration by parts more than once. Example Find 3 x2 e3x dx.
mathtutor project: September 21, 2004

dv We have to make a choice and let one of the functions in the product equal u and one equal . dx As a general rule we let u be the function which will become simpler when we dierentiate it. In this case it makes sense to let u = x2 Then du = 2x dx and v= 1 e3x dx = e3x . 3 and dv = e3x . dx

Solution

Then, using the formula for integration by parts, x2 e3x dx = 1 3x 1 3x 2 e x e 2x dx 3 3 2 3x 1 2 3x xe xe dx . = 3 3

The resulting integral is still a product. It is a product of the functions 2 x and e3x . We can use 3 the formula again. This time we choose 2 u= x 3 Then du 2 = dx 3 So x2 e3x dx = 1 2 3x 2 3x xe xe dx 3 3 2 1 3x 1 3x 2 1 2 3x xe x e e dx = 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3x 2 3x 2 3x = x e xe + e + c 3 9 27 and v= 1 e3x dx = e3x . 3 and dv = e3x . dx

where c is the constant of integration. So we have done integration by parts twice to arrive at our nal answer.

dv . Remember that to apply the formula you have to be able to integrate the function you call dx This can cause problems consider the next Example. Example Find x ln |x| dx. 4

mathtutor project: September 21, 2004

Solution Remember the formula: u

dv dx = u v dx

du dx . dx

du = 1. However It would be natural to choose u = x so that when we dierentiate it we get dx dv = ln |x| and we would need to be able to integrate this. this choice would mean choosing dx This integral is not a known standard form. So, in this Example we will choose u = ln |x| from which 1 du = dx x and dv =x dx x2 x dx = . 2

and

v=

Then, applying the formula x ln |x| dx = x2 x2 1 ln |x| dx 2 2 x x x2 ln |x| dx = 2 2 x2 x2 = ln |x| +c 2 4

where c is the constant of integration. Example Find ln |x|dx.

Solution We can use the formula for integration by parts to nd this integral if we note that we can write ln |x| as 1 ln |x|, a product. We choose dv =1 dx so that v= Then, 1 ln |x|dx = x ln |x| = x ln |x| 1 x dx x 1 dx 1 dx = x and and u = ln |x| du 1 = . dx x

= x ln |x| x + c where c is a constant of integration. 5

mathtutor project: September 21, 2004

Example Find ex sin x dx.

Solution dv it may not appear that integration by parts is going Whichever terms we choose for u and dx to produce a simpler integral. Nevertheless, let us make a choice: dv = sin x dx so that v= Then, ex sin x dx = ex cos x = cos x ex + We now integrate by parts again choosing dv = cos x dx so that v= So ex sin x dx = cos x ex + ex sin x = ex cos x + ex sin x sin x ex dx cos x dx = sin x and and u = ex du = ex . dx cos x ex dx ex cos xdx . sin x dx = cos x and and u = ex du = ex . dx

ex sin xdx .

Notice that the integral we have ended up with is exactly the same as the one we started with. Let us call this I . That is I = So from which and I= So ex sin x dx = where c is the constant of integration.
mathtutor project: September 21, 2004

ex sin x dx. I = ex sin x ex cos x I 2I = ex sin x ex cos x 1 x (e sin x ex cos x) . 2 1 x (e sin x ex cos x) + c 2

Exercises 1. Evaluate the following integrals: (a) (e) (i) x sin x dx 2x2 ex dx (b) (f) x cos 4x dx x2 ln |x| dx sin3 x dx (c) (g) xex dx tan1 x dx (d) (h) x2 cos x dx sin1 x dx

ex cos x dx (j)

(Hint: write sin3 x as sin2 x sin x.)

2. Calculate the value of each of the following:

(a)
0 1

x cos 1 x dx 2 x tan1 x dx

(b)
0

x2 ex dx (c)

2 1

x3 ln |x| dx (d)

/4 0

x2 sin 2x dx

(e)
0

Answers 1. (a) x cos x + sin x + C (c) (e) xex ex + C 2x2 ex 4xex + 4ex + C
1 x sin 4x 4 1 16

(b)

cos 4x + C

(d) x2 sin x + 2x cos x 2 sin x + C (f) ln |x| 1 x3 + C 9 (h) x sin1 x + 1 x2 + C 1 (cos x sin2 x + 2 cos x) + C 3
1 3 x 3

(g) x tan1 x 1 ln |1 + x2 | + C 2 (i) 2. (a) 2 4 (b) e 2 (c)

1 x e (cos x 2

+ sin x) + C

(j)

4 ln 2

15 16

(d)

1 8 4

(e)

1 4 2

mathtutor project: September 21, 2004