1

To whom it may concern!

SOME USEFUL ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
1 The twin-T Bridge
The twin-T bridge shown in Fig. 1 is frequently used as a feedback element in
selective amplifiers, oscillators and for many other purposes. It consists of two T-circuits
connected in parallel. The analysis of this circuit is best carried out by transforming both
T into equivalent -connection and connecting them parallel as shown in Fig. 2, where
Fig. 1
( ) CR R
A
j 2 + = Z , (1)

=
R C
C
A
2 2
1

j
1
2

Z , (2)
C
R
C C B B
j
1
+ = = = = Z Z Z Z , (3)
Fig. 2 Fig. 3
2
(such transfiguration will be analysed in the article "Delta-star transformation").
Adding the impedances in Fig. 2 in parallel we get a new circuit shown in Fig. 3,
where
,
1
j 1
2
2 2 2
R C
CR
R
A

+
= Z (4)
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
C
R
C B
j
1
2
1
Z Z , (5)
The complex transmission coefficient is
CR R C
R C
C A
C
inp
out

4 j 1
1
) (
) (
) (
2 2 2
2 2 2
+
=
+

= =
Z Z
Z
U
U
K . (6)
The absolute value of the transmission coefficient is given by
( ) ( )
.
4 1
1
4 1
1
) (
) (
) (
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
+
=
+

= =

CR R C
R C
U
U
K
C A
C
inp
out
Z Z
Z
(7)
Fig. 4
where
0
= 1/(RC). If the resistors and capacitors in Fig. 1 are fixed, the output voltage
is dependent on the frequency of the input voltage. The dependence of U
out
(/
0
) is
shown in Fig. 4. We see, that there is a single frequency
3
,
1
0
RC
= (8a)
RC
f
2
1
0
= , (8b)
at which the output voltage is zero. In the vicinity of this frequency the circuit behaves
itself as a resonant circuit with relatively high Q-factor. The circuit is particularly useful
at low frequencies, where the equivalent RLC-circuit request large values of L and C.
Another way to analyse the twin-T bridge is using the method of node voltages.
2 The bridged T
If we remove the capacitor 2C in the circuit of Fig. 1, we get a new selective
element, commonly called the bridged T-filter, shown in Fig. 5. The analysis similar to
this used in preceding case leads to an equivalent -connection (see Fig. 3), with
Fig. 5
,
j 1
j
2
2 2 2
CR R C
C R
A

+
+
= Z (9)
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
C
R
C B
j
1
Z Z , (10)
The complex transmission coefficient is
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
.
1 7
1 2 j 1
1 7
1 2 j 1
) (
) (
) (
2
0
4
0
2
0 0
2
0
4
0
2 4
2 2 4
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
+ +
+ + +
=
+

= =

CR CR
CR CR CR CR
C A
C
inp
out
Z Z
Z
U
U
K
(11)
4
where
,
1
0
RC
= (12)
From the expression (11) is obvious, that the output voltage is real if =
0
=
= 1/(RC), and at this frequency approaches minimum, which is
.
3
1
. inp min out
U U = (13)
The dependence U
out
(/
0
) is shown in Fig. 4 (dashed curve).
3 Delta-star transformation
The passive three terminal network consisting of three impedances Z
A
, Z
B
and Z
C
as
shown in Fig. 1a, is said to form a delta () connection. The passive three terminal
network consisting of three impedances Z
1
, Z
2
and Z
3
as shown in Fig. 1b, is said to
form a star (9) connection. The two circuits are equivalent if their respective input,
output and transfer impedance are equal.
Fig. 1
Assuming open circuit conditions, we get from Figs. 1a, 1b:
3 1 1 3
3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1
) (
) (
) (
Star Delta Impedance
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z
+ =
+
=
+ =
+
=
+ =
+
=

C B A
B A C
C A B
where
5
C B A
Z Z Z Z + + = .
Rearranging the above equations gives
,
2 1
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
C B B A
+ = + (1)
,
3 2
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
A C C B
+ = + (2)
.
1 3
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
B A A C
+ = + (3)
Substracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1)
,
3 1
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
A C B A
= (4)
Adding Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) gives
,
1
Z
Z Z
Z
B A
= (4)
similarly
,
2
Z
Z Z
Z
C B
= (6)
and
.
3
Z
Z Z
Z
A C
= (7)
The reverse transformation of star network into delta is best carried out by using
impedances replaced by admittances, and short circuiting one pair of corresponding
terminals in each network at a time. Thus from Figs. 1a, 1b we get:
Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
) (
2 1
) (
3 2
) (
3 1
Star Delta nals termi
circuited - Short
2 1 3
3 2
3 2 1
3 1
1 3 2
2 1
+
= + =
+
= + =
+
= + =

A C
B A
C B
where
.
3 2 1
Y Y Y Y + + =
Solving for delta impedances:
,
1 3
Y
Y Y
Y =
A
(8)
,
2 1
Y
Y Y
Y =
B
(9)
6
,
3 2
Y
Y Y
Y =
C
(10)
in terms of impedances
,
2
1 3
1 3
Z
Z Z
Z Z Z + + =
A
(11)
,
3
2 1
2 1
Z
Z Z
Z Z Z + + =
B
(12)
.
1
3 2
3 2
Z
Z Z
Z Z Z + + =
C
(13)
A.T.