DPR PDF

Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district.
Andhra Pradesh
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................8 PROJECT AT A GLANCE .................................................................................. 13 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3 3.1 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7 8 8.1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT ....................................15 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 15 POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA .......................................................................................................... 16 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT .................................................................................................. 22 DETAILS ABOUT THE PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION IN ANANTAPUR DISTRICT ............................................................................................ 25 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 25 AREA AND POPULATION IN ANANTAPUR DISTRICT ................................................................... 25 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE ............................................................................................................. 26 TEMPERATURE.............................................................................................................................. 26 PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION.................................................................................................. 27 LAND REQUIREMENT AND LAYOUT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT .............................................. 29 LAND AVAILABILITY AND ACQUISITION FOR THE PROJECT ....................................................... 30 RADIATION DATA AND PROJECTED POWER GENERATION FROM THE PROJECT ACTIVITY .............................................................................31 SIMULATION REPORT OF THE POWER PLANT ............................................................................. 33 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ..............................................................37 EXISTING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................. 37 THIN FILM MODULES ................................................................................................................... 38 COMPARISON BETWEEN CRYSTALLINE, THIN FILM AND CPV.................................................. 38 TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................................................................... 38 CONCLUSION ON SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ......................................................................... 39 POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA .......................................................40 DESIGN AND SIMULATION PROJECTIONS BY PVSYST ............................................................ 40 PV POWER PLANT ENERGY PRODUCTION ................................................................................. 41 PV POWER PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR ......................................................................................... 41 SELECTION OF INVERTER AND COMPONENTS ........................................................................... 42 SELECTION OF MONITORING SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 42 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CABLES AND JUNCTION BOXES AND ................................................... 43 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONETS OF THE POWER PLANT ............44 SOLAR PV MODULES ................................................................................................................... 45 CENTRAL INVERTORS .................................................................................................................. 45 MODULE MOUNTING SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 47 GRID CONNECTED EQUIPMENTS ................................................................................................. 48 MONITORING SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 48 CABLES AND CONNECTORS......................................................................................................... 49 BUILDINGS HOUSING FOR ELECTRONICS (POWER HOUSE) ..................................................... 50 OTHER FACILITIES INCLUDING WATER ...................................................................................... 51 SPECIFICATION OF MAIN PLANT AND EQUIPMENT .............................52 POWER EVACUATION AND INTERFACING WITH GRID ........................58 POWER EVACUATION SYSTEM .................................................................................................... 58
Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 10 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4
TRANSFORMERS........................................................................................................................... 59 HT, LV & 11KV METERING PANEL .......................................................................................... 60 CABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 61 LT POWER CABLES ..................................................................................................................... 61 CONTROL CABLES ........................................................................................................................ 61 POWER EVACUATION CABLE ...................................................................................................... 62 GRID SYNCHRONIZATION SCHEME............................................................................................ 62 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ...............................63 DC SIDE OF THE POWER PLANT ................................................................................................. 63 AC SIDE OF THE POWER PLANT .................................................................................................. 63 MODE OF OPERATION ................................................................................................................. 64 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................. 65 SPARE PARTS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 65 MAINTENANCE OF O & M MANUALS.......................................................................................... 66 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT ................................................. 66 TRAINING ..................................................................................................................................... 67 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ...............68
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE POWER PLANT 70
TRAINING ..................................................................................................................................... 71 PLANT OPERATION ORGANIZATION CHART .............................................................................. 72 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ...................................................................................... 73 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................. 73 FINALIZATION OF THE EQUIPMENTS AND CONTRACTS ............................................................ 73 PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION......................................................................................... 74 ERECTION AND COMMISSIONING PHASE .................................................................................. 75 PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ........................76 PLANT OPERATION ...................................................................................................................... 77 SALABLE ELECTRICITY ................................................................................................................ 78 SALE PRICE OF ELECTRICITY...................................................................................................... 78 SALE PRICE OF CARBON CREDITS .............................................................................................. 78
LIST OF TABLES: Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 1-1: Installed Capacity in MW in India at the End of 10th Plan ___________________17 1-2: Installed Capacity in MW in India as of 31 Mar 2010 _______________________17 1-3: Actual Power Supply Position _______________________________________________18 1-4: Capacity Addition during 11th Plan (As Per Planning Commission) __________18 1-5: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12 ________________________18 1-6: Installed capacity of all states as on 31.03.2010 (in MW) __________________19 1-7: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh at the End of 10th Plan ________19 1-8: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh as of 31 Mar 2010 ____________20 1-9: Actual Power Supply Position _______________________________________________20 1-10: Projects planned for 11th Plan _____________________________________________20 1-11: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12 _______________________21 1-12: Likely Capacity Addition During 11th Plan __________________________________21 1-13: Peak & Energy Table ______________________________________________________21 3-1: Temperature details considered for design: ________________________________32 7-1: Bill of materials _____________________________________________________________52 7-2: Technical specification of proposed solar modules at STC __________________53 7-3: Specifications of module mounting structure _______________________________53 7-4: Cables speficification _______________________________________________________54 7-5: Invertors specification ______________________________________________________54 7-6: Transformer specification at 33 kV side ____________________________________55
Table Table Table Table Table Table Table
7-7: Transformer specification for grid interfacing at 33/132 kV _________________56 7-8: Monitoring system specification ____________________________________________57 12-1: Project Cost Estimate _____________________________________________________76 12-2: Assumptions supporting financial projections _____________________________80 12-3: Estimation of Depreciation ________________________________________________82 12-4: Projected Profitability,Balance Sheet,CF, IRR ands WC ____________________84 12-5: Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) ______________________________88
List of Figures: Figure Figure Figure Figure 1: 2: 3: 4: Location map of Anatapur district in India: ............................................................. 28 Map showing proposed project site within Anantapur ......................................... 28 Typical module mounting structure: .......................................................................... 47 Grid-Connect equipments ............................................................................................... 48
Annexure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Project site Photographs Land ownership details of the proposed project Contour map of the project site Schematic diagram showing 5MWp Solar PV Plant Layout Schematic of Control Room Layout Schematic of earthing layout Power Evacuation Scheme 5MWp to 33/132 kV substation Incorporation certificate of Saisudhir Energy Limited Memorandum and Articles of Association of Saisudhir Energy Limited
ABBREVIATIONS General AB ACB AC ACSR BOS CO2 CIS CT DAS DC DP DPR APTRANSCO HT LT LV MNRE kWh NO2 MCB MFM PLF PFC PPA PV PT SEB Air Breaker Air Circuit Breaker Alternate current Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced Balance of the System Carbon Dioxide Copper Indium Selenium Current Transformer Data Acquisition System Direct Current Double Pole Detailed Project Report Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation High Tension Low Tension Low Voltage Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Kilo Watt Hour Nitrous Oxide Main Combiner Box / Miniature Circuit Breaker Multi Function Meters Plant Load Factor Power Finance Corporation Power Purchase Agreement Photo Voltaic Power Transformer State Electricity Board
SO2 SP VCB XLPE
Sulphur Dioxide Single Pole Vacuum Circuit Breaker Cross Linked Polyethylene
Units
% C H Ha Kg kV kW kWe kWp Lt M m2 m3 Mg Mm MW MWe Tons
Percentage Degree Centigrade Hour Hectare Kilogram Kilo-Volt kilo Watt kilo Watt electrical kilo Watt peak Liter Meter Square meter Cubic meter milli gram milli meter Mega Watt Mega Watt electrical Tons
INTRODUCTION
As the world broadens its portfolio of power options to meet growing energy demands and increasingly stringent environmental concerns, solar power is emerging as an attractive option. Of all the routes for conversion of solar into useful energy, direct conversion of sunlight to electricity through solar photovoltaic technology is well accepted. Solar photovoltaic has been
recognized as an important route for generation of substantial quantities of grid quality power by utilizing the light energy of solar radiation.
SAISUDHIR
Energy
Limited
(SSEL)
group
company
of
SAISUDHIR
Infrastructures Limited is intent to develop solar photovoltaic power plant of (SPV) power project at Veerapuram village of Anatapur district, in the State of Andhra Pradesh. SSEL intend to setup grid interactive solar power project based on Copper Indium Selenium (CIS) modules also called as thin film modules. The project activity is to install grid connected 5 MW solar power project. The full power rating of the solar power plant shall be 5.0 +5% and -0% MW DC at standard test conditions (STC) of 1000 W/sq meter sunlight and 25 degree centigrade. The project is selected to install CIS modules which comply with IEC 61646 for quality and IEC 61730 safety standards.
The project site proposed is in Veerapura village of Anatapur district in Andhra Pradesh. The total land area required for the project is about 25 acres. The company already acquired the land required for the project.
The project envisages an investment of approx. Rs 650 million for the installation of 5 MW solar power plant which would provide quantity power with a power purchase price signed with NTPC's Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd or NVVN which is the designated Nodal Agency under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) for procuring the solar power by entering into a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with Solar Power Generation Project Developers. In addition, the Power Project would generate direct and indirect employment opportunities; create of civic facilities for establishment of ancillary industries.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. The average per capita consumption of energy in India is around 612 kW, which is much lower than that of the developed countries like USA, Europe, Australia, Japan etc. However, this figure is expected to rise sharply due to high economic growth and rapid industrialization. Energy is a necessity and sustainable renewable energy is a vital link in industrialization and development of India. A transition from conventional energy systems to those based on renewable resources is necessary to meet the ever increasing demand for energy and to address
environmental concerns.
2.
Thus, the present scenario needs for addition of major renewable energy sources of energy for overall economic development of the country.
3.
Solar
Photovoltaic
Power plant operates on the principle of
the
photoelectric phenomenon - direct conversion of light to electricity. The solar radiation incident upon a silicon-based semiconductor photovoltaic cell produces direct electric current.
4.
Photovoltaic cells are integrated into modules with a voltage of 6 - 12 V; the electrically interconnected modules form solar systems with an output voltage of 230 V.
5.
Saisudhir Energy Limited (SSEL) is an SAISUDHIR Infrastructures group company. Saisudhir Infrastructures Limited is one of the fastest growing ISO 9000 infrastructure companies having nationwide network for its 8
Construction
services
in
the
field
of
Water,
Power,
Buildings
Infrastructures, Solid Waste Management and Irrigation etc.,
6.
SAISUDHIR builds the high-voltage electric transmission system that helps to keep the lights on, business running and communities strong. The company has played a major role in the complete preparation, analysis, design, construction management and inspection of energy structures, high voltage transmission lines and distribution systems across the country.
7.
SAISUDHIR has an in-house capability for designing Transmission Line Towers & Switchyard Structures.
8.
SAISUDHIR energy proposed to install a 5 MW Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) power plant under phase I of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) of new grid connected projects. The generated electricity will be sold to NVVN with a long term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The company has already entered into a PPA agreement with NVVN.
9.
This report highlights the details of the proposed power generation scheme, site facilities, solar radiation in the proposed site location and water, evacuation of generated power, features of main plant and equipment including the inverter system, electrical systems,
environmental aspects, estimate of capital cost and the financial analysis and the schedule for project implementation.
10.
The proposed 5 MW power plant would require about 25 acres of land. The company already acquired the land required for the project. 9
11.
The plant is designed with an availability factor of 100%. The plant will generate about 9.63 million units per year at the module array terminals, after the losses in the system about 9.32 million units will be available at the grid terminals which will amount to a plant load factor of about 21.28 %. The project site was selected on the basis of: Availability of good solar insulation Availability of uninhabited land at a reasonable cost Availability of stable grid near to the project site High Power Demand in the State Availability of good infrastructural facility including road and rail connection
12.
The power generated at 11kV from the power plant will be stepped-up to 33 kV level and connected to APPCL sub-station at Raydurg, which is about 10 km from the project site. The total power produced is envisaged as 9.63 million units at the PV array. After the losses the net available energy for supplying to the grid is about 9.32 million units. Thus, the net salable electricity to the grid works out to 9.32 million units. The plant is envisaged to operate 365 days at a plant load factor (PLF) of 21.28%. The transmission line required from the SSEL 5 MW plant site to the substation will be laid by the project promoters.
13.
The power plant will comprise of IEC 61646 modules of CIS thin film modules with aluminum frame of 41,600 nos , which will work out to 5 MW +5% and -0% for accounting the DC losses (each module of 130 Wp capacity), 5200 nos of PV system mounting structures (strings) made out 10
of MS galvanized steel with 8 module structure, fixed tilt type, 80 nos of array junction boxes, Power conditioning unit (inverter) 10 nos of 500 kVA, 1.25 MVA transformer 5 nos, 6.5 MVA transformer 1 no for interfacing with grid, LT and HT Panel and protection and metering, cables and earthing system set.
14.
The net energy sales from the plant workout 9.32 million units. The entire energy will be sold to NVVN through APTransco grid. The financial analysis is made with a levelised power purchase price of Rs. 12.00 / kWh.
15.
The total cost of generation includes the insurance cost, repairs and maintenance, cost of administration, salaries and wages, cost of utilities.
16.
The total installed project cost including civil, mechanical and electrical, preoperative expenses and the contingency works out to Rs 650 million.
17.
The solar power plant reduces contribution to atmospheric carbon-dioxide vis--vis fossil fuel generation. The project helps solar radiation into useful electricity, adding to the sustainability of the project and the local environment. Thus, the project meets the UNFCCC norms set to qualify for obtaining CDM benefits. The project is envisaged to register with UNFCCC for availing the CDM benefits.
18.
The term loan requirement from the financial institution works out to 455.00 (70% of the project cost) million. It is assumed that the term loan will be repaid in 13 years in quarterly installments, with an initial
11
moratorium period of 1 year. The equity from SSIL will be Rs 195.00 million. The interest rate for the term loan is considered as 11.50 %.
19.
The depreciation computed is on straight line basis.
20.
Income tax at the rate of 32.45% % is considered in the financial analysis. The benefits available under Section 80 IA, for power projects have been taken into consideration in the financial analysis while calculating the income tax liability. The post tax Project Internal Rate of Return (IRR) works out to 13.63% and Post tax Equity IRR works out to 18.89%.
21.
The project also generates Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) revenue with reduction at 1% in the subsequent years. If we consider the revenue from sale of carbon credits with a minimum price of 12 per CER, the project generates additional revenue of about INR 7.5 million, which will add to the profitability of the project.
22.
Minimum Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) will work out to 1.35 and average DSCR will work out to 1.65.
12
PROJECT AT A GLANCE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Project Authority Project Installed Capacity Selected Location Nearest Major Towns Seismic Zone Access by Bus Nearest Airport Access by Rail Solar module type Capacity of each module No. of modules PV System Mounting Structure type Module mounting structure type No. of module mounting structures No. of Array junction boxes Power conditioning Unit (Invertor) capacity Power conditioning Unit specifications No. of invertors Invertors make 1.25 MVA Transformer 6.5 MVA Transformer SAISUDHIR Energy Limited 5 MW +5% and 0% Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant T.Veerapuram Village, Anantapur District. Anantapur Zone-4 as per IS 1893-1984. Well Connected, buses are Operated by Andhrapradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) Bangalore International Airport (BIAL) Anantapur Railway Station is on the Bangalore-Hydrabad line. Copper Indium Selenium (CIS) Thin film modules 130 Wp 41,600 Nos MS Galvanised(> 70 micron) 8 Module mounting structure 5,200 Nos. 80 Nos. 500 kVA Input voltage range 450-900V 10 Nos. AEG or equivalent 5 Nos 1 No.
13
22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
LT Panel with protection & metering LT Panel with protection & metering Cables and earthing systems Gross Power Generation (kW) Net exportable power at 33 kV to nearest grid substation(kW) Power Purchase tariff with NVVN in ` Plant Load Factor Total Project cost (Rs. In millions)
5 Nos. 2 Nos 1 set 5000 +5% and -0% 9.32 million units 12.00 21.28% 650
Preliminary and pre-operative 30.00 expenses (Rs. In millions) Equity from Promoters 195.00 (Rs. In millions) Term loan from Financial Institutions 455.00 (Rs in millions) Interest on term loan Project IRR (post tax) Equity IRR (post tax) Plant Commissioning Date Land requirement Module area Land Development 11.50% 13.63 % 18.89 % Dec 2011 25 Acres 51,089 m2 The entire station will be laid at a uniform level. Through 33/132kV Transmission lines Raydurg substation located 10km from project site. Through EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) or thru split contracts. Twelve (12) months from the date of signing PPA with NVVN Present day cost including, financing charges and margin money. Rs.650 million. 14
TECHNICAL FEATURES 40 Power Evacuation
OTHER FACILITIES 41 42 Mode of Implementation Project Time Frame
PROJECT COST 43 Project Cost
1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

1.1 Introduction
India with 17 percent of the world population and just 0.8 per cent of the worlds known oil and natural gas resources is going to face serious energy challenges in the coming decades. Besides energy independence, the
devastating impact of climate change has become an issue of critical importance. Energy production using fossil fuels is the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, transition to a low-carbon energy economy is the real solution for mitigating the impact of climate change.
India has huge potential for producing electricity from renewable sources. The achievement so far is about 17,222 (as on 31.03.2010) MW, as against global installed capacity of approximately 2,00,000 MW of renewable electricity generation. While Indias achievement is commendable, it is necessary for us to keep pace with the fast growth in developed countries.
There are three imperatives that necessitate a transition to a sustainable energy system in the 21st century: They are Climate change and its potentially disastrous consequences. Peaking of production, depletion and extinction of fossil fuels and Energy Autonomy and Independence.
The single biggest reason for global warming is the burning of fossil fuels. So the solution lies in effecting an accelerated transition to a low carbon energy economy, which means large scale development of renewable energy.
Fortunately there are several emerging technologies that will facilitate this. 15
Peaking of production of all fossil fuels (viz. oil, gas and coal) in the next two decades and gradual extinction of these resources is an accepted scientific fact. Even assuming that they would be available, India, which is already dependent on their import, would become more and more import dependent. The financial implications of large scale imports would destroy our economy and necessitate strategies to move towards energy autonomy or independence. The conversion of solar energy to electricity displaces an equivalent amount of grid power, which would otherwise be produced by grid connected fossil fuel dominated power plants. Grid power is comprised of a large share of fossil fuel based generation systems.
1.2 Power Scenario in India

As per Section73(a) of the Indian Electricity Act-2003, CEA has been carrying out periodic electric power survey to project state-wise and region-wise power plans together with assessment of peaking power and energy surpluses / deficits. The estimate prepared by the CEA is revised and updated from time to time taking into account the actual growth rates achieved. The Reports and National Electricity Plan prepared by CEA i.e. Report on (17th) Electric Power Survey of India published in August 2007, Draft National Electricity PlanTransmission published in 2005 and Power Scenario at a glance published in April 2010 have been referred for carrying out demand analysis of the State of Andhra Pradesh and other regions. Load forecast/Availability of power for 2003-2012 for the State of Eastern, Northern, Western, Southern and North-Eastern region have been given below which shows that surplus amount of power will be available for the North-East 16
region while other regions i.e. Northern, Western and Southern will expect a shortage of power at the end of 11th Plan i.e. 2011-12. Actual power scenario of are as follows in terms of: Installed Capacity Actual Supply/Generation. Likely capacity addition.
Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in India at the End of 10th Plan
INSTALLED CAPACITY (AT THE END OF 10TH PLAN) (FIGURES IN MW) Sector STATE PRIVATE CENTRAL TOTAL Hydro Coal 26,005.7 1,230.0 7,418 34,653.7 41,731.6 4,241.4 25,118.3 71,091.3 Gas 3,729.8 4,183.0 5,809.0 13,721.8 Diesel 604.6 597.1 0.0 1,201.8 Thermal Total 46,066 9,021.5 30,927.3 86,014.8 Nuclear 0.0 0.0 3,900.0 3,900.0 R.E.S. Total (MNRE) 975.7 73,047.4 6,784.8 17,036.3 0.0 42,245.3 7,760.5 1,32,329
Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in India as of 31 Mar 2010

INSTALLED CAPACITY AS ON 31.03.2010 (FIGURES IN MW)
Sector STATE PRIVATE CENTRAL TOTAL Hydro 27,065.00 1,233.00 8,565.40 36,863.40 Coal 44,977.00 8,056.38 31,165.00 84,198.38 Thermal Gas 4,046.12 6,307.50 6,702.23 17,055.85 Diesel 602.61 597.14 0.00 1,199.75 Total 49,625.73 14,961.02 37,867.23 1,02,453.98 Nuclear 0.00 0.00 4,560.00 4,560.00 R.E.S (MNRE) 2,701.12 12,819.99 0.00 15,521.11 Total 79,391.85 29,014.01 50,992.63 1,59,398.49
17
Table 1-: Actual Power Supply Position

ACTUAL POWER SUPPLY POSITION 9 Period Peak Demand (MW) 78,441 81,492 84,574 87,906 93,255 1,00,715 1,08,866 1,09,809 1,18,472 1,18,472 Peak Met (MW) Peak Deficit/ Surplus (MW) -9,252 -9,945 -9,508 -10,254 -11,463 -13,897 -18,073 -13,124 -15,748 -15,748 Peak Deficit/ Surplus (%) -11.8 -12.2 -11.2 -11.7 -12.3 -13.8 -16.6 -12 -13.3 -13.3 Energy Requirment (MU) 5,22,537 5,45,983 5,59,264 5,91,373 6,31,757 6,90,587 7,39,345 7,74,324 8,30,300 76,493 Energy Avail-Energy ability (MU) Deficit/ Surplus (MU) 4,83,350 -39,187 4,97,890 -48,093 5,19,398 -39,866 5,48,115 -43,258 5,78,819 -52,938 6,24,495 -66,092 6,66,007 -73,338 6,89,021 -85,303 7,46,493 -83,807 67,513 -8,980 Energy Deficit/ Surplus (%) -7.5 -8.8 -7.1 -7.3 -8.4 -9.6 -9.9 -11 -10.1 -11.7
9TH PLAN END 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 APR,09 MAR ,2010
69,189 71,547 75,066 77,652 81,792 86,818 90,793 96,685 1,02,725 1,02,725
NOTE :- PEAK DEMAND - 121891 MW , ENERGY REQUIREMENT - 794561 MU FOR THE YEAR 2008-2009(AS PER 17TH EPS REPORT),OCCURENCE OF PEAK AS PER ACTUAL POWER SUPPLY POSITION IN THE MONTH(S) - MARCH & OCTOBER SOURCE:- DMLF DIVISION
Table 1-: Capacity Addition during 11th Plan (As Per Planning Commission)
CAPACITY ADDITION DURING 11TH PLAN (AS PER PLANNING COMMISSION TARGET) Thermal Nuclear Wind Total Sector Hydro Coal Gas Diesel Total
STATE PRIVATE CENTRAL TOTAL 3,482.0 3,491.0 8,654.0 15,627.0 19,985.0 9,515.0 23,350.0 52,850.0 3,316.4 2,037.0 1,490.0 6,843.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23,301.4 11,552.0 24,840.0 59,693.4 0.0 0.0 3,380.0 3,380.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26,783.4 15,043.0 36,874.0 78700.4*
NOTE :- * AS PER ACTUAL ORDERS , THE CAPACITY COMES TO 78900.4 MW
Table 1-: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12

LIKELY POWER SUPPLY POSITION AT THE END OF 2011-12 (DEMAND AS PER 17TH EPS) Period Peak Demand (MW) 1,52,746 Peak Energy Requi- Energy Peak rment (MU) AvailDeficit/ Deficit/ ability Surplus Surplus (MW) (%) (MU) 1,42,765 -9,981 -6.5 9,68,659 9,48,836 Peak Met (MW) Energy Deficit/ Surplus (MU) -19,823 Energy Deficit/ Surplus (%) -2.0
2011-12
18
Table 1-: Installed capacity of all states as on 31.03.2010 (in MW)

S.No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 STATES CHANDIGARH DELHI HARYANA H.P. J&K PUNJAB RAJASTHAN U.P. HYDRO COAL 46.74 581.62 1,327.68 1,539.94 1,480.53 2,962.89 1,454.80 1,597.42 1,919.18 120.00 772.00 3,223.66 3,331.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 3,617.53 3,599.80 1,781.50 2,108.20 0.00 193.26 129.43 200.93 2,166.93 75.27 1,116.30 97.57 429.72 80.98 230.58 34.31 53.32 62.37 0.00 0.00 27.09 2,602.96 3,017.99 118.30 263.70 3,208.19 4,149.48 6,912.84 261.26 4,383.00 7,008.89 4,282.10 11,203.05 277.03 19.04 22.04 6,259.88 3,902.67 765.38 5,519.81 207.01 3,563.10 1,661.70 1,737.88 1,828.10 68.10 6,756.34 0.00 60.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 THERMAL GAS DIESEL 15.32 808.01 535.29 61.88 304.14 263.92 665.03 549.97 69.35 0.00 3,894.49 257.18 3,715.93 48.00 4.20 27.10 2,580.40 220.00 533.58 1,026.30 32.50 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 21.05 441.32 25.96 25.96 16.28 19.19 160.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.92 0.13 8.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.80 234.42 256.44 411.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 12.20 15.88 20.69 45.41 2.05 51.86 2.00 4.85 60.05 9.97 NUCLEAR TOTAL 42.41 3,410.97 3,557.20 180.31 576.78 3,472.11 4,814.51 7,462.81 330.61 4,383.00 10,920.86 4,539.28 14,918.98 325.03 23.24 49.14 8,877.08 4,357.09 1,555.40 6,957.77 239.51 3,653.10 1,661.70 1,737.88 1,828.10 73.10 6,868.54 36.93 522.01 71.37 28.01 68.14 21.19 165.69 60.05 9.97 8.84 122.08 109.16 34.08 77.00 208.04 573.00 335.72 22.28 47.52 559.32 273.24 690.14 25.80 7.38 8.46 214.28 195.36 78.10 478.50 16.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 76.50 275.83 129.33 278.90 926.15 587.70 132.92 218.95 1,655.91 287.86 2,437.97 30.05 0.00 0.00 700.51 2,234.09 138.76 4,865.51 0.00 0.00 54.60 4.05 64.30 47.11 164.70 67.42 27.11 5.45 31.03 28.47 28.67 16.01 5.25 0.00 97.99 4,114.67 5,070.54 2,030.16 2,263.64 6,921.94 7,768.46 9,983.65 2,404.99 4,769.47 13,908.09 8,324.04 21,378.93 380.88 30.62 57.60 13,409.40 10,386.34 3,553.76 14,409.98 255.79 3,846.36 1,845.73 1,942.86 4,059.33 195.48 8,149.54 201.92 978.84 157.80 289.62 130.92 103.18 244.07 65.30 9.97 R.E.S TOTAL
9 UTTRAKHAND 10 CHATTISGARH 11 GUJARAT 12 M.P. 13 MAHARASHTRA 14 GOA 15 D&D 16 D&N HAVAILI 17 A.P. 18 KARNATAKA 19 KERALA 20 T.N 21 P.CHURY 22 D.V.C 23 BIHAR 24 JHARKHAND 25 ORISSA 26 SIKKIM 27 W.BENGAL 28 ARP.P. 29 ASSAM 30 MANIPUR 31 MEGHALYA 32 MIZORAM 33 NAGALAND 34 TRIPURA 35 A&N ISLAND 36 LAKSHDEEP
Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh at the End of 10th Plan
Sector
STATE PRIVATE CENTRAL TOTAL
INSTALLED CAPACITY (AT THE END OF 10th PLAN (FIGURES IN MW) Hydro Thermal Nuclear R.E.S. (MNRE) Coal Gas Diesel Total
3,582.6 3.8 0.0 3,586.3 3,132.5 0.0 2,378.0 5,510.5 272.3 1,603.4 0.0 1,875.7 0.0 36.8 0.0 36.8 3,404.8 1,640.2 2,378.0 7,423.0 0.0 0.0 152.5 152.5 103.0 283.4 0.0 386.4
Total
7,090.3 1,927.4 2,530.5 11,548.2
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Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh as of 31 Mar 2010
Sector
STATE PRIVATE CENTRAL TOTAL
Hydro Coal
3,617.53 0.00 0.00 3,617.53 3,882.50 0.00 2,377.38 6,259.88
Thermal Gas Diesel

0.00 2,580.40 0.00 2,580.40 0.00 36.80 0.00 36.80
Nuclear Total
3,882.50 2,617.20 2,377.38 8,877.08 0.00 0.00 214.28 214.28
R.E.S. (MNRE)
188.43 512.08 0.00 700.51
Total
7,688.46 3,129.28 2,591.66 13,409.40
Table 1-: Actual Power Supply Position

Peak Demand (MW) 8,585 8,491 8,679 8,093 8,999 10,208 10,048 10,823 12,135 12,135 Peak Met (MW) 6,873 6,858 7,769 7,903 8,542 8,641 9,162 9,997 10,880 10,880 Peak deficit/ Surplus (MW) -1,712 -1,633 -910 -190 -457 -1,567 -886 -826 -1,255 -1,255 Peak Deficit/ Surplus ( %) -19.9 -19.2 -10.5 -2.3 -5.1 -15.4 -8.8 -7.6 -10.3 -10.3 Energy Requirment (MU) 48,394 47,258 48,080 50,416 53,030 60,964 64,139 71,592 79,014 7,929 Energy Availability (MU) 44,302 44,049 46,680 50,061 52,332 58,280 61,511 66,754 73,784 7,040 Energy Energy Deficit/ Deficit/ Surplus Surplus ( %) (MU) -4,092 -3,209 -1,400 -355 -698 -2,684 -2,628 -4,838 -5,230 -889 -8.5 -6.8 -2.9 -0.7 -1.3 -4.4 -4.1 -6.8 -6.6 -11.2
Period
9TH PLAN END 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-2009 APR,09-MAR10 MAR 2010
Table 1-: Projects planned for 11th Plan

PROJECTS PLANNED FOR XITH PLAN (STATE/PRIVATE/CENTRAL SECTOR) INCLUDING BEST
EFFORT PROJECTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
PROJECT
AGENCY
STATUS
TYPE
CAPACITY LIKELY YEAR / (MW) DATE OF COMMISSIONIN G

1,000 1,000 78 39 117 50 120 210 210 500 500 500 2,324 280 165 464 233 133 1,275 4,719 2010-12 31.08.2008 07.06.2009 2010-11 2010-12 2010-12 2007-08 2010-11 8.10.2009 2011-12 2010-11 3.5.2009 2010-11 3.5.2009 5.12.2009 2010-11
SIMHADRI-EXT U-3,4 SUB TOTAL Central sector JURALA PRIYA JURALA PRIYA JURALA PRIYA PULICHINTALA RAYALSEEMA U4 RAYALSEEMA ST III U5 VIJAYWADA TPP ST-IV,U1 KOTHAGUDEM ST-V KAKTIYA TPP SUB TOTAL state sector KONASEEMA KONASEEMA GAUTAMI KONDAPALLI PH II KONDAPALLI PH II SUB TOTAL -private sector TOTAL (AP) U1,2 U,3 U 4-6
NTPC APGENCO APGENCO APGENCO APGENCO APID APGENCO APGENCO APGENCO APGENCO APGENCO OAKWELL OAKWELL GAUTAMI POW LANCO LANCO
Under Construction Commissioned Commissioned Under Construction Under Construction Under Construction Commissioned Under Construction Commissioned Under Construction Under Construction Commissioned Under Construction Commissioned Commissioned Under Construction
COAL HYDRO HYDRO HYDRO HYDRO HYDRO COAL COAL COAL COAL COAL GAS/LNG GAS/LNG GAS/LNG GAS LNG
NAGARJUNA SAGAR TR
20
Table 1-: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12

LIKELY POWER SUPPLY POSITION AT THE END OF 2011-12* (DEMAND AS PER 17TH EPS) Period Peak Peak Peak Peak Energy Energy Energy Energy Demand Met eficit/ Deficit/ RequiAvailDeficit/ Deficit/ 201114,721 12,357 -2,364 -16.1 89,032 80,338 -8,694 -9.8 12
Table 1-: Likely Capacity Addition During 11th Plan

LIKELY CAPACITY ADDITION DURING 11TH PLAN INCLUDING BEST EFFORT PROJECTS FOR THE STATE : Ty St Installed Capacity Benefits Commissioned Last Unit ANDHRA PRADESH pe at Capacity Addition Shares of / Commissioning CENTRAL-SECTOR *SIMHADRI ST-II *ENNORE JV COST KAIGA U-3 & 4 T T N U U U 1,000.00 1,000.00 440.00 500.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 440.00 500.00 384.00 129.00 123.00 142.00 778.00 50.00 500.00 500.00 234.00 420.00 120.00 500.00 1,824.00 445.00 464.00 233.00 133.00 1,275.00 3,757.00 (2010-2012) (20110-2012) COMM 220.00 11.04.2007 (2010-2011)
*KALPAKKAM PFBR N U CENTRAL-SECTOR TOTAL:STATE-SECTOR NAGAR SAGAR TR VIJAYWADA TPP KOTHAGUDEM ST-V JURALA PRIYA RAYALSEEMA 4&5 PULICHINTALA H T T H T H U U U U U U
50.00 500.00 500.00 234.00 420.00 120.00 500.00
50.00 500.00 500.00 234.00 420.00 120.00 500.00
(2010-2012) COMM 500.00 ( 8.10.2009 ) (2011-2012) 27.06.2009 COMM 117.00 COMM 210.00 20.11.2007 (2011-2012) (2010-2011)
KAKTIYA TPP T U STATE - SECTOR TOTAL:PRIVATE-SECTOR KONASEEMA CCGT GAUTAMI CCGT KONDAPALLI CCPP KONDAPALLI CCPP G G G T U C U U
445.00 464.00 233.00 366.00
445.00 464.00 233..00 366.00
COMM 280.00 (3.5.2009) COMM 464.00 (3.5.2009) COMM 233.00 (5.12.2009) (2010-2011)
PRIVATE-SECTOR TOTAL:GRAND-TOTAL:-
Note:
U-Under Construction Project; C-Commissioned * Share from Central Sectors Projects for which M.O.P. Orders are yet to be issued is tentative.
Table 1-: Peak & Energy Table
PEAK AND ENERGY TABLE (As per 17th EPS Report vs Actual achieved) YEAR PEAK ENERGY Requirment Actual Requirement Actual as per 17th Demand as Per 17th Require 2004-05 8,168 8,093 48,928 50,416 2005-06 8,810 8,999 54,683 53,030 2006-07 9,597 10,208 59,311 60,964 2007-08 10,454 10,048 64,331 64,139 2008-09 11,388 10,823 69,775 71,592 2009-10 12,406 75,680 2010-11 13,514 82,085 2011-12 14,721 89,032
21
From the above tables i.e. Actual power Supply position for the state of Andhra Pradesh, it clearly indicates the consistent power deficit of around 8.5 % at the end of 9th Plan continuing till 2009-10 up to 11.2%.
1.3 Justification for the project

For the state of Andhra Pradesh the projected peak load is 13,514 MW (201011). Table above shows Installed capacity as on 31 Mar 2010 for the state of Andhra Pradesh, actual power supply position and capacity addition during 11th Plan for the state of Andhra Pradesh. As per present power scenario for the state of Andhra Pradesh the peak deficit during 2006-07 is around 4.4 %. As per table above power deficit for the state of Andhra Pradesh during 2011-12 will be around 1,255 MW (March 2010). Thus Considering projected power demand for the state of Andhra Pradesh, power generated from the proposed power plant may be utilized for the state of Andhra Pradesh.
The proposed solar photovoltaic power plant (SPV) will contribute to bridge the gap between the demand and availability of power.
As per the proposed transmission evacuation plan, the proposed power station shall be connected to APTransco 33/132 kV substation at Raydurng, in Anantapur district. Therefore it is considered that the proposed power plant will be able to contribute to the power requirement of the Andhra Pradesh, hence it is justified for construction of the Proposed 5 MW Power Plant at Veerapuram village, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh.
22
The project activity will result in an annual average reduction of about 8000 tCO2e per year by replacing electricity generated from fossil fuel fired power plants. The project activity has been essentially conceived to generate GHG emission free electricity by making use of available Solar PV in the project area. The project - being a renewable energy project - leads to sustainable development through efficient utilization of naturally available sunlight and generation of additional employment for the local stakeholders.
The Government of India in its Interim Approval Guidelines for CDM Projects has stipulated a set of indicators for describing the sustainable development of a project. According to these indicators, the sustainability of the described project is as follows:
Social well being:

The project activity is generating employment opportunities for professional, skilled and unskilled labour for development, engineering, procurement
operation and maintenance of the project activity. The development of project specific infrastructure will result in employment and income generation activities for local personnel. In addition various kinds of maintenance work would generate employment opportunities for local contractor on regular and
Economic well being:

The project activities will bring an additional permanent basis. The project activity would promote the application of solar energy based power generation investment to the tune of INR 650 million, which is a significant investment in a green field project in the region. 23
The project activities will act as a nucleus for other economic activities such as setting up of cottage industries, shops, hotels etc. around the area, contributing to the economic development around the project area. Proposed power plant will use solar radiation as resource for generation of power helps conserve foreign exchange by reducing the need to import fossil fuels to meet the countrys growing energy demand.
Environmental well being:

Solar energy based power generation system will be a robust clean technology involving latest state of the art renewable energy options to be used for the purpose of electricity generation. The project implementation will lead to reduction of SOx, NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions. It therefore results in an improvement in air quality and human health.
24
2 DETAILS ABOUT THE PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION IN ANANTAPUR DISTRICT

2.1 Introduction
Anantapur district is situated in 13'-40'' and 15-15'' Northern Latitude and 76'50'' and 78'-30'' Eastern Longitude. It is bounded by Bellary, Kurnool District on the North, Cuddapah and Kolar Districts of Karnataka on South East and North respectively. The District is roughly oblong in shape, the longer side running North to South with a portion of Chitradurg District of Karnataka State intruding into it from west between Kundurpi and Amarapuram Mandals.The Distance of State capital Hyderabad from the district is of ~300 Kms. The District of Anantapur has a fairly good elevation which provides the District with tolerable climate throughout the year. It has a gradual fall from the South North towards the valley of the Pennar in Peddavadugur, Peddapappur and Tadipatri Mandals. There is a gradual rise in Hindupur, Parigi, Lepakshi,
Chilamathur, Agali, Rolla and Madakasira Mandals in the South to join the Karnataka Plateau where the average elevation is about 2000 feet is above the mean sea level.
2.2 Area and population in Anantapur District

There are 929 inhabited villages, out of 964 total Revenue villages of the District. The number of villages in size group of 500 to 1999 forms 36.71% of the total inhabited villages . The size group of 2000 to 4999 forms 38.64% and the size group of 5000 to 9999 forms 12.81% only out of total villages, while 84 villages ( 9.04%) of total inhabited villages are having population less than 500. There are 26 villages with more than 10,000 population excluding Towns. 25
2.3 Rainfall and Climate

Anatapur district being far from the East coast, it does not enjoy the full benefits of North East Monsoons and being cut off by the high western Ghats, the South West Monsoon are also prevented from penetrating and punching the thirst of these parched soils. It is therefore seen, the district is deprived of both the monsoons and subjected to droughts due to bad seasons. The normal rainfall of the district is 553.0 MMs. by which it secures least rainfall when compared to Rayalaseema and other parts of Andhra Pradesh. The normal rainfall for the South West Monsoon period is 338.0 MMs. which forms about 61.2% of the total rainfall for the year. The failure of the rains in this South West monsoon period of June to September will lead the District to drought by failure of crops. The rainfall for North East monsoon period is 156.0 M.Ms. only, which forms 28.3% December). M.Ms. of the total rainfall for the year (October to
2.4 Temperature
March, April and May are warm months when the normal daily maximum temperature ranges between 29.1 C to 40.3 C. November, December and January are cooler months when the temperature falls about 15.7 C,
Hindupur, Parigi, Lepakshi, Chilamathur, Agali, Rolla and Madakasira Mandals being at High Elevation are more cooler than the rest of the Mandals in the District.
26
2.5 Proposed Project location

The Proposed project site T Veerapuram is located in Raydurg Taluk of Anantapur district. Below figure shows the project location. The site selection for a Solar Power Plant is pre-dominantly determined by solar insulation availability & grid connectivity for exporting power. Equally important are other essential factors/considerations such as:
Availability of adequate land for Power Plant and green belt development Soil condition like soil bearing capacity etc. Proximity to State Electricity Grid enabling economic evacuation of power generated
Availability of water and power during construction Availability of local work force in the proximity Availability of load centres (towns) within vicinity Easy accessibility of the site
The proposed project site in Veerapuram village, Anatapur district of Andhra Pradesh State is found favoring all the above factors to a reasonable extent.
27
Figure :
Location map of Anatapur district in India:
Figure :
Map showing proposed project site within Anantapur
Proposed Project site for 5 MW SPV Power Project at Veerapura
28
2.6 Land requirement and layout of the proposed Project

The Power Plant will be located in the proposed site in Veerapuram village. The total land area required for the project is about 25 acres. The Power Plant layout can be divided into two sections as: 1. Module mounting area and 2. Control room
The major portion of the site will be used for module mounting. As described in the Power Plant Scheme the module will be mounted in a steel structure which will be installed facing South direction for best efficiency & optimal power output. The steel structure will be grouted using RCC foundation. The proposed structure is designed to hold 8 modules per structure and which can withstand wind speed up to 100km/hr. The structure is designed in such a way that it will occupy minimum required space without sacrificing the performance.
The interconnection cables are routed within the structure and the output cables from the modules are taken through proper size conduit to the smart connect box. The output cables from the junction boxes are routed under the ground through conduits or cable trenches. Man holes for regular maintenance and inspection will be provided at equal distances as required. Earthing for all the module mounting structures will be done using copper or GI conductors. The earth pits for module area will be provided as the electrical standards. In order to protect the modules from lightning, lightning protection will be provided in the module mounting area. Sufficient number of lightning arrestor will be
29
provided in this area alone for protection of modules. The proposed power plant layout is enclosed as annexure 5.
2.7 Land availability and acquisition for the project

As mentioned in the previous section, solar power plant of 5 MW capacity requires about 25 acres of land. The land required by the project is already acquired on lease basis.
30
RADIATION DATA AND PROJECTED POWER GENERATION FROM THE PROJECT ACTIVITY
Actual site of installation is T. Veerapuram village, Raydurg taluka, located in Anatapur district. The latitude and longitude of this site is 14.36 0N and 76.56
0
E respectively. Solar radiation available is for Anatapur in Andhra Pradesh is
considered for simulation of project parameters.
Latitude Longitude
: 14.70 N : 77.60 E
Below is the weather data for Anatapur district. The data is taken from surface metrology and solar energy data NASA earth science enterprise programme and is based on 22 years of yield data analysis.
The irradiation and temperature details considered for the design purpose are as below:
31
Table -: Temperature details considered for design:
Average annual solar insulation at horizontal angle taken for Anantapur based on the above chart: 5.34 KWh/m/day.
32
2.8 Simulation report of the power plant
33
34
35
The above simulation analysis is carried out based on the fixed structures. Saisudhir energy and NVVN has entered into a power purchase agreement for the capacity of 5 MW +5% and -0% power plant capacity. The entire generated energy will be sold to NVVN on a long term basis. With this arrangement to optimize the power generation potential, it was envisaged to install PV modules of 5.250 MW capacity to take care of the DC side energy losses in the system.
36
3 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY
The key components of a photovoltaic power system are the photovoltaic cells (sometimes also called solar cells) interconnected and encapsulated to form a photovoltaic module (the commercial product), the mounting structure for the module or array, the inverter (essential for grid-connected systems and) and charge controller (for off-grid systems only).
3.1 Existing Solar Photovoltaic Technologies
Crystalline silicon technologies currently account for most of the overall cell production in the IEA PVPS countries. Single crystal PV cells are manufactured using a single-crystal growth method and have commercial efficiencies between 15 % and 18 %. Multicrystalline cells, usually manufactured from a melting and solidification process, are less expensive to produce but are marginally less efficient, with conversion efficiencies around 14 %. PV cells made from ribbons demonstrate an average efficiency around 14 %. Thin film cells, constructed by depositing extremely thin layers of photovoltaic semi-conductor materials onto a backing material such as glass, stainless steel or plastic, show stable efficiencies in the range of 7 % to 13 %. Thin film materials commercially used are amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) and Copper Indium Selenium (CIS) Thin film modules.
37
3.2 Thin film modules

Thin film modules are potentially cheaper to manufacture than crystalline cells have a wider customer appeal as design elements due to their homogeneous appearance present. Disadvantages, such as low-conversion efficiencies and requiring larger areas of PV arrays and more material (cables, support structures) to produce the same amount of electricity.
3.3
Comparison between Crystalline, Thin film and CPV Technologies

S.No. Parameter Crystalline Types of Materials Mono/ Polycrystalline Handling Power Efficiency Technology Module Weight Area utilization Thin Film Amorphous Silicon, CdS, CdTe, CIGS, CIS etc. CPV Triple Junction GaAs Cell & lens , tracker Installation would be at site. Not Guaranteed 20-25% Under development Heaviest System Highest power per unit area
1 2 3 4 5
Better protec tion against Not Guaranteed breakage 6-8% Under development Heavier modules Less power per unit area
6 7 8 9 10 11
12-16% Well Developed Light weight modules Higher power generated per unit area due to high efficiency Temperature Effects Temperature variations affect output Irradiance Used particularly for Normal radiations Module quantity Lesser nos required due to high efficienc y Output per MW High installed Transportation Cost Lower Transportation cost Mounting Structure Fewer Mounting structure required per KW power Land Requirement
Lesser impact of Temperature variations Better performance with Diffuse radiations More modules required Varies as per sunlight condtion and various locations Higher cost More Mounting structures required
High variation Works only for Normal radiations Lowest nos. of modules required Very High(due to tracking) High cost Sophisticated mounting required Lowest spac e required
12
Lesser space required per Largest space requirement MW
13 14 14 15 16 17 18
Inverter High inverter flexibility Cost High c ost per Watt Environment Effects Less Sensitive Stabilization Availability Health hazards Power Degradation
Limited inverter flexibility Lower cost per Watt Sensitive
Limited inverter flexibility Highest cost per Watt Sensitive Unknown Limited supply Unknown High Degradation
Stable power output from Stability achieved after 4-6 at initial stages months Easily available Limited supply Made from non toxic Toxic materials used for thin material (Si) films (CdS, CdTe) Less degradation Highest degradation for initial 57 years
19
20 21
Highest maintenanc e required, Less maintenance required after installation so highest maintenance c ost so lower cost Repair Relatively easy Diffic ult due to complex structure Cooling Requirement Not required Not required Plant Maintenance
High maintenanc e required, so high maintenance cost
22
Cabling
Well known, and lower cabling losses
Difficult due to complex struc ture Requires active or passive cooling which could increase cost Well Understood but yet difficult Complex and under due to higher number of arrays, development. Cabling losses expected to be high along with high cabling losses Good
23
Suitability for Grid Technology
Good
Good
38
3.4
Conclusion on selection of technology
Each of the above technologies has their own particular strengths and weaknesses which have played a role in our decision making. We have decided to use Copper Indium Selenium (CIS) Thin film modules as our preferred technology. These advantages and disadvantages in addition with their market availability and costing are the key parameters on basis of which we have taken our technological decision. In the section 4.3 we have compared various technologies, and justification of why we have chosen a particular technology. In the below section we have compared the CIS, vis a vis Crystalline, Amorphous technologies.
Characteristic
CIS
Crystalline
Amorphous
Remarks
Module efficiency Appearance High Temperature Light soaking effect Degradation Production cost
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
+++ ++ +
++ ++ ++
cSi still higher than CIS, but the difference is getting narrow CIS modules are all black, and therefore very compatible with roof settings CIS and cSi do not have anneal effect CIS has light soaking effect. Higher than nominal power output is expected. Degradation rate is almost same as Crystalline. Unit production cost of CIS modules expected to decrease by mass production but not in the case of crystalline module. Simple processes allow a smooth and efficient production overall Environmentally friendly - CIS modules do not include toxic or pollutant elements Manufacture of CIS modules require only a small amount of energy CIS products do not use silicon, thus less affected by market volatility
Manufacturing process Environmental contribution Energy payback time Issue of raw materials
+ + ++ ++
+ -
+ + ++ +
39
4 POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA

The Power Plant is sized on the following major criteria: Solar Power (average insulation available) Power evacuation facility in the vicinity of the proposed site along with Grid availability on 24 Hours a day basis.
Details of the design process and are presented in the below sections.
4.1
Design and Simulation projections by PVSYST
PVSYST tool is one of the most accepted design tool for the study, sizing, simulation and data analysis of complete PV systems. We have used this tool to generate the most realistic energy yield simulation results which are detailed in this report. Main features of PVSYST:
1) Detailed computation of the used components (modules, inverters, etc) 2) Simulation on hourly basis and detailed evaluation and consideration of different loss factors. 3) Calculation of arbitrary orientated module planes (fixed and tracking systems) 4) Most accepted and used tool to generate simulation results for big PV power plants, as the results are based on systematic and refined approach. 5) Program with the most accurate results and functions at the market.
40
4.2
PV Power Plant Energy Production
The system lifetime energy production is calculated by determining the firstyear energy generation as expressed in kWh (AC)/kWp (AC), then degrading output over the system life based on an annual performance degradation rate. System degradation (largely a function of PV panel type and manufacturing quality) and its predictability are important factors in lifecycle costs since they determine the probable level of future cash flows. This stream of energy produced is then discounted to derive a present value of the energy generated to make a levelized cost calculation. The first year kWh/kWp is a function of the: The amount of sunshine the project site receives in a year. The mounting and orientation of the system (i.e., flat, fixed-tilt, tracking, etc.). The spacing between PV panels as expressed in terms of system ground coverage ratio (GCR). The energy harvest of the PV panel (i.e., performance sensitivity to high temperatures, sensitivity to low or diffuse light, etc.). System losses from soiling, transformers, inverters, and wiring
inefficiencies. System availability largely driven by inverter downtime.
4.3
PV power plant capacity factor
The capacity factor, a standard methodology used in the utility industry to measure the productivity of energy generating assets, is a key driver of a solar power plants economics. 41
A PV power plants capacity factor is a function of the insulation at the project location, the performance of the PV panel (primarily as it relates to hightemperature performance), and the orientation of the PV panel to the sun, the system electrical efficiencies, and the availability of the power plant to produce power.
4.4
Selection of Inverter and Components
For a complete reliable system and to ensure high energy yield from the plant, innovative components with latest technology are selected. The inverter that is selected is of very high efficiency over a wide range of load. The inverter operates in excess of 95.0% efficiency in comparison with the requested of 93% efficiency. Design lifetime of the inverter is at 35,000 hours with rated power at 40C. This is approximately 4.8 hours at full load per day to estimate the lifetime of 20 years.
4.5
Selection of Monitoring System
Monitoring system requirement for a large power plant like 5 MW with state of the art technology, monitoring and analysis of is carried out. Few features are of the monitoring system are presented as follows: Monitors the performance of the entire power plant monitoring, junction boxes, inverters, etc) Evaluates (strings, inverter, nominal/actual value), quantity of DC Power & AC Power produced. Measures instantaneous irradiation level and temperature at site. It also measures the module back surface temperature. 42 (string wise
Alerts in case of error (discrepancy in normal operation of components, like module string/ diodes/ inverter/ junction box / loose contacts/ etc,) to facilitate recognition and correction of the fault with minimum downtime.
Visualizes nominal status of the connected components via Control Center PC Software (diagnosis on site or remote)
Logs system data and error messages for further processing or storing Stores and visualizes energy yield data (for life of the plant) in the Portal from where the data can be accessed remotely.
4.6
Design criteria for Cables and Junction boxes and
The power plant will adopt the best engineering practice for complete cable routing in the power plant by using minimal cable length while connecting in series string, using optimal size cables to ensure the entire plant cable losses are minimum.
The junction boxes proposed are completely pre-wired to ensure ease of installation, maintenance and eliminates any installation hassles. These junction boxes not only combine the DC power from strings but also monitor each string performance and feed the same data to the central monitoring system.
43
5 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONETS OF THE POWER PLANT
The Solar electricity is produced when the Photons from the sun rays hit the electrons in the Solar PV panels, this will generate Direct Current (DC). The DC electricity from the panels passes through DC distribution network to a grid interactive inverter, which converts the DC electricity into 220V AC for single phase and 415V AC for 3 phase operation by using state of the art technology.
In order to achieve a higher system voltage, modules are connected in Series, called a string. A higher system voltage has the advantage of less installation work (smaller conductor cross sections). Lower currents flow at the same efficiency so that cable losses are reduced. The strings are connected with the photovoltaic branch or the PV-distributor (Smart connect box). This distributor is connected with the Main Combiner Box (MCB) which acts as the main DC collecting unit which passes the power to be converted to the central inverters.
Central inverters combine the various advantages of the other installation technologies. Thus the module fields are less sensitive towards partial darkening, as is the case with string inverters. This results in a very good MPPmatching of the inverters. Thanks to higher system voltages than is the case with module oriented inverters, central inverters reach a very high efficiency. Furthermore, installations can be expanded with additions of more modules without problems. Thus photovoltaic installations of greater efficiency can be constructed economically.
44
The AC power from the inverter are passed to Low voltage panel and then to the main transformer. From the transformer, the power is routed through the high voltage panel and eventually to other required measuring & protection devices before connecting to the grid.
Grid connected solar power plant comprises of the main equipment and components listed below. 1. Solar PV Modules 2. Central inverters 3. Module mounting system 4. Grid connect equipments 5. Monitoring system 6. Cables & connectors 7. Buildings for housing the electronics (Power-house)
5.1
Solar PV modules
A photovoltaic module is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells, which converts sunlight into energy. For this project, CIS Thin film PV technology solar module of 130 Wp is considered. The Tilt angle for the modules would be 15o (all the modules will be facing south).
5.2
Central Invertors
Inverters are used for DC voltage to AC voltage conversion. According to output voltage form they could be rectangle, trapezoid or sine shaped. The most 45
expensive, yet at the same time the best quality inverters, output voltage in sine wave. Inverters connecting a PV system and the public grid are purposefully designed, allowing energy transfers to and from the public grid. Central inverters are used in large applications. Many times they can be connected according to the "master-slave" criteria, when the succeeding inverter switches on only when enough solar radiation is available or in case of main inverter malfunction. Inverters connected to module strings are used in wide power range applications allowing for more reliable operation. In the proposed project the invertors will connect 41600 modules (each 130Wp (+-3%)) in series. Such 5200 no of strings will be required for 5250.0 System The output of the strings will be connected to Central 500 kW PCU. Like this 10 PCUs are required. The PCU is nothing but converting the DC Power into AC power and feeding into the grid. It is design with a high efficiency >97% with IGBT technology, It is delivering the max. Power generated through solar modules in to grid due to its inbuilt feature of MPPT operations. The PCU is having internal self protection in case of any fault in the grid. Also the PCU has inbuilt contactors/breakers with fuses for self protections. The PCU is having in-built microprocessor based controls. The Inverters is designed in such a way that it will synchronize with the utility (grid) power with respect to the Voltage and frequency of Grid and it gets corrected itself according to the grid parameters within its settable limits. The inverter is designed in such a way that it will sense the array power and grid power; if both are available it starts and stops automatically in the morning and evening respectively. Each PCU is having a remote and local data monitoring system with which we can monitor all the parameters and current energy generation & 46
past generation for the given period. The output voltage of the inverter is connected to the LT side of the grid through step-up transformer of 0.415/11/110KV or as per the requirement.
5.1
Module mounting system
The module mounting structure is designed for holding suitable number of modules in series. The frames and leg assembles of the array structures is made of mild steel hot dip galvanized of suitable sections of Angle, Channel, Tubes or any other sections conforming to IS:2062 for steel structure to met the design criteria. All nuts & bolts considered for fastening modules with this structure are of very good quality of Stainless Steel. The array structure is designed in such a way that it will occupy minimum space without sacrificing the output from SPV panels at the same time. Figure : Typical module mounting structure:
47
5.1
Grid connected equipments
A simple block diagram, related to the interconnection of various systems for gird connectivity, is shown below for reference. The Power from Modules is directed to the central inverters through the DC combiner boxes and from the inverters it is routed though the Low voltage panel to the transformer. From the transformer, the high voltage power is routed to the metering panel, LCB and eventually to grid through the High Voltage Panel.
Figure :
Grid-Connect equipments
5.2
Monitoring System
System proposed will maintain and provide all technical information on daily solar radiation availability, hours of sunshine, duration of plant operation and the quantum of power fed to the grid. This will help in estimation of generation in kWh per MWp PV array capacity installed at the site. The system also enables diagnostic and monitoring functions for these components. Communication: Data modem (analogue/ethernet), few features are presented as follows. 48
Monitors the performance of the entire power plant monitoring, junction boxes, inverters, etc)
(string wise
Evaluates (strings, inverter, nominal/actual value), quantity of DC Power & AC Power produced.
Measures instantaneous irradiation level and temperature at site. It also measures the module back surface temperature.
Alerts in case of error (discrepancy in normal operation of components, like module string/ diodes/ inverter/ junction box / loose contacts/ etc,) to facilitate recognition and correction of the fault with minimum downtime.
Visualizes nominal status of the connected components via Control Center PC Software (diagnosis on site or remote)
Logs system data and error messages for further processing or storing Stores and visualizes energy yield data (for life of the plant) in the Portal from where the data can be accessed remotely.
5.3
Cables and connectors
The size of the cables between array interconnections, array to junction boxes, junction boxes to PCU etc shall be so selected to keep the voltage drop and losses to the minimum. The bright annealed 99.97% pure bare copper conductors that offer low conductor resistance, they result in lower heating thereby increase in life and savings in power consumption. These wires are insulated with a special grade PVC compound formulated. The skin coloration offers high insulation resistance and long life. Cables are flexible & of annealed electrolytic grade copper conductor and shall confirm to IS 1554/694-1990 and are extremely robust and resist high mechanical load and abrasion. 49
Cable is of
high temperature resistance
and excellent
weatherproofing
characteristics which provides a long service life to the cables used in large scale projects. The connectors/lugs of copper material with high current capacity and easy mode of assembly are proposed.
5.4
Buildings housing for electronics (power house)
The power house will be utilized for housing the inverters, Low Voltage Panels, High Tension Panels, Plant Monitoring system, Safety equipments, Office room etc. In order to avoid shading effect the power house is proposed to be constructed on the North side of the layout.
The power house will be provided with air conditioning unit in order to maintain the desired temperature of the equipments like inverters for better
performance. The office space will be provided inside the control room with basic amenities. The performance of the Power Plant can be monitored from the power house. The power house will be equipped with all necessary safety
equipments as the safety rules. The equipments will be erected as per the Indian Electrical Standards. The cables will be routed through cables trenches or cable trays as required. Alarm system will be provided to alert the operator in case of emergency or plant break-down. The power house will also house the power evacuation system except the transformer. The proposed transformer will be installed in outdoor next to the control room.
The civil engineering and building works shall include the design, detailing, and construction of all foundations, structures, buildings, installation and service of 50
facilities
required
for
the
installation,
commissioning,
operation
and
maintenance of all equipment associated with the Power Plant.
The civil works includes the following: preliminaries, additional survey, soil exploration, piling if needed, ground improvement, foundations, and all necessary site investigation associated with the operations. Site roads, site leveling and grading with boundary fences, and gates. In order to avoid flooding, rain water drainage system is provided all around the plant layout.
5.5
Other facilities including water
The other important requirement for the Power Plant is Water, which will be used pre-dominantly for module cleaning. The water table is very good in the proposed site and bore-well for required depth will be erected to meet the requirement. An over-head tank / underground sump will be constructed as per the requirement for the water storage.
A first-aid station will be located as part of the power house/office room. Sufficient space will be provided for vehicle parking near to the power house. Within the layout approach roads will be made for easy movement of man & machines.
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6 SPECIFICATION OF MAIN PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Technical specification of major components and bill of materials are presented in this section. Table -: Bill of materials Sl No. System Components
SOLAR MODULE Solar Cell Type: CIS Thin film module Solar Module Type: Aluminum Framed Module Module Wattage: 130Wp each Total PV modules rated power: 5250 kWp Certification: IEC 61646 PV SYSTEM MOUNTING STRUCTURE with single axis tracking Material: MS Galvanized(>70 micron) i) Design of Solar Photovoltaic 20 module Mounting Structure, Fixed tilt Array Junction boxes POWER CONDITIONING UNIT (Inverter) 500kVA, IP20 MAKE: AEG or equivalent Specifications: Input Voltage range 450 - 900V 8 Modules connected in series; 5200 strings 1.25 MVA Transformer 6.5 MVA Transformer LT panel with Protection & metering HT Panel with protection Panel & metering Cables Lightning Earthing System Metering Cables Accessories PC for monitoring Control Room
QTY
Total Capacities
41,600 Nos.
5.408 MWp
5200 Nos.
Voc=750Volt Vmax=600Volt 06 Input 1 output type.
80 Nos.
10 Nos.
6 7 8 9 10 11 9 10 11 12 13 14
5 Nos. 1 No. 5 Nos. 2 No. 1 Set 1 Set 1 Set Metering panel 1 Set Accessories for cable, interconnection PC in control room Control Room (Design and construction)
ONAN with OLTC
11 KV & 33 KV PVC Cu Cables Standard Standard Universal / Rema Monocab/Finolex Huber + Suhner Standard Standard
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Table -: Technical specification of proposed solar modules at STC
Technical Specifications for a typical Solar Photovoltaic CIS Thin film module at Standard Test Conditons (STC)
Output power Pmax (Watts) Warranted minimum Pmax Voltage at Pmax Current at Pmax Open-circuit voltage Short circuit current Maximum system voltage (Volts) Fuse rating Type of solar PV cell Suitability Module output Certification Fire rating Power warranty 130 Wp +/-5% 130 Wp +/-5% 77.0 V 1.82 A 109 V 2.10 A DC 600 V 15 A CIS Thin film For grid connected system Multi contact plug IEC 61646 Class C 10 year warranty on 90% of the minimum output
Table -: Specifications of module mounting structure
Structure Technical Specification Parameters

Type Configuration Material Overall dimension Coating Wind rating Tilt angle Foundation Fixing type
Specifications
Single axis tracking system Each structure will hold 20 modules. MS Galvanized As per design, please refer Attachment C & D Hot dip (galvanized) Minimum of 70 Micron size 100 km/hr (Horizontal) Suitable to site PCC (1:2:4) SS 304 fasteners
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Table -: Cables speficification Cable Technical Specification Parameters

Standard Working voltage Temperature range Sizes
Specifications
IS 1554/694-1990 Up to 1100V -15 Deg C to +70 Deg C Suitable sizes
Table -: Invertors specification Inverter Technical Specifications Parameters

Input Voltage range Recommended solar power as input Output Voltage AC outputs DC inputs Output power Output current distortion MPP range at DC rated output Mains frequency range Maximum Efficiency Operating mode Power factor (Cos) Ambient temperature range Relative humidity Protection Type Automatic turn on Resetting time after AC deactivation Protection Solar generator / Grid decoupling
Specifications
Vpmin=500 VDC to Voc=820 VDC 500-580 kWp 510 VAC (Phase), 400 VAC (Line) 5 Connectors (L1, L2, L3, N and PE) 4 minimum 500 kW or above Less than 2% 500- 820 VDC 50 Hz +/- 0.4% Greater than 95 % Maximum Power Point Tracking (>1% accuracy) 1 0-40 C 95% non-condensing IP20 When sufficient solar generator power is available Minimum 2 minutes Ground fault monitoring, Reverse polarity protection, Over voltage protection. Through high insulation transformer.
54
Table -: Transformer specification at 33 kV side Parameters

Transformer No. of Phases Type Cooling type Installation Primary voltage HV LV Vector Group Percentage impedance Secondary voltage Toppings and windings Regulation at unity power factor Regulation @ 0.8 power factor Max Efficiency @ 36% load Efficiency (25~125% of load) @ unity power factor Efficiency (25~125% of load) @ 0.8 power factor Insulation class Enclosure First filling of oil Applicable standards
Specifications
1.25 MVA, 415/33 KV, 5 Nos 3 Copper wounded transformer. Oil cooled (ONAN) Outdoor 415V 33000 volts 415 volts Dyn 11 5% 33 kV at 33kV panel 33 kV side 1.32 % 4.68 % >99% 98.5~99% 98~98.9% Class-A Welded steel tank and bolted cover construction. Confirms to IS 335 IS2026
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Table -: Transformer specification for grid interfacing at 33/132 kV Parameters

Transformer No. of Phases Type Cooling type Installation Primary voltage HV LV Vector Group Percentage impedance System voltage Toppings and windings Regulation at unity power factor Regulation @ 0.8 power factor Max Efficiency @ 36% load Efficiency (25~125% of load) @ unity power factor Efficiency (25~125% of load) @ 0.8 power factor Insulation class Enclosure First filling of oil Applicable standards
Specifications
6.50 MVA, 33/132 KV, 1 No. 3 Copper wounded transformer. Oil cooled (ONAN) Outdoor 415V 33000 volts 11000 volts Will match with the grid requirement 5% 33kV at 33 kV panel 11 kV side 1.32 % 4.68 % >99% 98.5~99% 98~98.9% Class-A Welded steel tank and bolted cover construction. Confirms to IS 335 IS2026
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Table -: Monitoring system specification
Monitoring system Technical Specifications

The system is an innovative monitoring and analysis system for large PV plants. It is upgradeable with CAN bus compatible System components (like junction boxes). The system supports the diagnostic and monitoring functions for these components. Monitoring of central inverters and junction boxes to string level. Measurement & storage of the temperature, irradiation, string level current values, etc. Transmits the data required for monitoring, such Monitoring Central system as yields and the system efficiency, to the Internet portal, where the data is converted into straightforward diagrams and stored. A constant target/actual analysis should enable malfunctions to be detected in their initial stages and an immediate notification is sent to a definable group of people. Remote-controlled connection / disconnection should reduce service outlay on site. The long-life electronic safety feature will optimize system availability. Data Communication modem (analogue/Ethernet), CAN open interface for
String monitoring junction boxes
connecting the system components, RS 232 interface.
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7 POWER EVACUATION AND INTERFACING WITH GRID

It is important that the power plant is designed to operate satisfactorily in parallel with grid, under the voltage and frequency fluctuation conditions, so as to export the maximum possible units to the grid. It is also extremely important to safeguard the system during major disturbances like tripping, pulling and sudden over loading during the fluctuation of the grid loads on the generating unit in the island mode, under fault/feeder tripping conditions.
7.1
Power Evacuation System
The Direct Current (DC) from modules is converted into Alternating Current (AC) by Inverters. The inverter outputs are given to a junction box which is connected (using 415V XLPE cable) to the LV Panel in the control room. The output from LV Panel is stepped up to 11kV by, Oil cooled, outdoor type transformer located near the control room. The HV side of transformer is connected to 11kV HT Panel in the control room (using 11kV XLPE cable). The LV and HT Panels have all necessary metering and protection as per Power Evacuation schematic. From the HT panel, 11kV XLPE cable runs to 11kV metering panel and then to Double Pole (DP) Structure. DP structure is connected to existing 33/132 kV grid by suitable Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced (ACSR) conductor. The Power evacuation system comprises of following major components: 1. Transformer Oil immersed type with Off circuit tap changer with all accessories 2. 415V Low Voltage (LV) Panel 3. 11kV High Tension (HT) Panel 58
4. 11kV Metering Panel 5. LT & HT cables 6. Control & Power evacuation cables
7.2
Transformers
The proposed transformer shall be installed outdoor suitable for hot, humid and tropical climate. The transformer will be free from annoying hum and vibration when it is in operation, even at 10% higher voltage over the rated voltage. The noise level will be in accordance with respective standards.
The transformer will be designed and constructed so as not to cause any undesirable interference in radio or communication circuits. The oil filled transformer will be capable of operating continuously at its rated output without exceeding the temperature rise limits as given below over design ambient temperature of 50 deg C.
In oil by thermometer 50 deg C In winding by resistance 55 deg C
The transformer will be designed to withstand without injury, the thermal and mechanical effect of short circuit at its terminal with full voltage maintained behind it for a period of 1 second. The transformer will be capable of continuous operation at the rated output under voltage and frequency variation without injurious heating at that particular tap for all tap positions.
Phase connections will be delta on LV side and star on HV side. HV side shall be resistance earthed. HV side shall be suitable for connection to 11kV HT panel. 59
LV side shall be suitable for connection to LV panel. Transformer will be designed for over fluxing withstand capability of 110% continuous and 125% for at least 1 minute. Further it shall be capable of withstanding 140% of rated voltage at the transformer LV terminal for a period of 5 seconds to take into account sudden load throw off conditions. Overloads will be allowed within conditions defined in the loading guide of applicable standard. Under these conditions, no limitations by terminal bushings, off circuit tap changers or other auxiliary equipment shall apply.
7.3
HT, LV & 11KV Metering Panel
Under the normal climatic and earthquake conditions, the HT and LV panels will meet the following requirements: a) The physical alignment of 11kV and 415V switchgear panels along with incoming and outgoing feeder connections, supporting insulators & structures of bus bars will not get disturbed and there will not be any internal flashover and/or electrical fault. b) All relays, transducers, indicating instruments, devices in switchgear panels will not mal-operate. c) Current carrying parts, supporting structure, earth connection etc. will not get dislocated and /or will not break or distort. d) Co-ordination with other systems All equipments will have necessary protections. Each switchgear will be provided with necessary arrangement for receiving, isolating, distributing and fusing of 230V AC and 11OV DC supplies for various control, lighting, space
60
heating and spring charging circuits. DC supply for control shall be duplicated for each board which shall run through auxiliary bus wires.
11kV Lightning Arrestor will be of non-linear resistor type. Unless otherwise modified in this specification the lightning arrestor shall comply with IS 3070(Pt.1)1974 or the latest version thereof.
7.4
Cables
11kV cables will be unearthed grade suitable for use in medium resistance earthed system, with stranded & compacted aluminium conductors, extruded semi-conducting compound screen, extruded XLPE insulated, extruded semiconducting compound with a layer of non- magnetic metallic tape for insulation screen, extruded PVC (Type ST-2) FRLS outer sheathed, multi-cored conforming to IS 7098 (Part II) IEC-60502 for constructional details and tests.
7.5
LT Power Cables
LT Power Cable will be 1100V, unearthed grade, multi-core, stranded aluminium conductor, XLPE insulated with PVC outer sheath made on FRLS PVC compound. All other details will be as applicable. Minimum conductor cross section of power cables will be 4 Sq.mm
7.6
Control cables
Control cables will be 1100V Grade, multi-core, minimum 2.5 Sq.mm cross section, stranded copper conductor having 7 strands, PVC insulated, and outer sheath made of FRLS PVC compound. In situations where accuracy of measurement is or voltage drop in control circuit is not warrant, higher cross 61
sections as required will be used. 4 sq.mm copper conductor cables will be used for CT circuits all other specifications remaining same.
7.7
Power Evacuation Cable
3 Core XLPE insulated, aluminium cable confirming to IS 7098 of required length shall be provided for power evacuation.
7.8
Grid Synchronization Scheme
The output power from the LV panel is taken to set-up transformer, where the voltage is stepped up from 415V to 11kV. The output of the transformer is fed to HT panel and from the HT panel to Double Pole (DP) structure. From DP structure, ACSR conductors run to another DP structure located near the existing 33/132 kV grid at about 10 km from the project site. Single pole (SP) structures are provided at equal intervals. The number of single pole structures required is determined based on sag calculation. The location of DP and SP structures will be decided during detailed engineering. Air Breaker (AB) switch is provided near DP structure to facilitate isolation of the power plant from the grid during emergency. Jump conductors are used to connect the DP structure to the existing 33/132 kV grid. A single line diagram (SLD) for depicting the power evacuation scheme is enclosed as annexure 9.
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8 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

Photovoltaic system consists out of two parts. 1. Direct current (DC) side 2. Alternating current (AC) side
Solar PV array generates DC Power at a very high voltage and need to be handled carefully.
8.1
1 2
DC side of the power plant

PV modules convert Sun light into DC Power. PV modules are connected in series & parallel to create necessary voltage & current. The series & parallel connections are done as per the design.
The output of PV array is connected to junction boxes and outputs of the several junction boxes are connected to main combiner box.
This generated DC power is passed through the Inverter to convert DC power into AC power.
8.2
AC side of the power plant
1 The output of the Inverter will be AC power at 415V. 2 This converted AC power at 415V is connected to LV panel and stepped up to 11kV using a step-up transformer. 3 From 11 kV the power is stepped up to 33 kV and is connected to HT panel and from HT panel to Double Pole conductor. 63
4 AC Power is transmitted through overhead line to the 33/132 kV substation located at about 10 km from the project site. 5 Both on DC side of generation as well as AC side of conversion, protection and safety devices are provided to ensure safe and reliable operation of the complete Solar Power Generating system. 6 Monitoring and Analysis system provided with the power plant will record, store and transfer data that are essential for the same purpose.
8.3
Mode of Operation
The PV system basically consists of the following components:
1 PV arrays convert Sun light into DC Power. 2 This generated DC power is passed through the Inverter to convert DC power into AC power. 3 This converter AC power at 415V is stepped up to 33 kV using a step-up transformer. 4 AC power at 33 kV is connected to the Grid at the same voltage. 5 Both on DC side of generation as well as AC side of conversion, protection and safety devices are provided to ensure safe and reliable operation of the complete Solar Power Generating system. 6 Monitoring and Analysis system provided with the power plant will record, store and transfer data that are essential for the same purpose.
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8.4
Maintenance requirements
The main objectives of the maintenance section focus on keeping the plant running reliably and efficiently as long as possible with any break down. Reliability is impaired when a plant is thrown to forced and unforeseen outages. The following measures will help in reducing the break down maintenance and also help in planning for preventive maintenance. 1 Careful logging of operation data and periodically processing it to determine abnormal or slowly deteriorating conditions. 2 Careful control and supervision of operating conditions. Wide and rapid variations in voltage and frequency conditions do contribute to increased maintenance. 3 Regulate routine maintenance work such as keeping equipment clean, cleaning of module, proper maintenance of inverters etc. 4 Correct operating procedures. 5 Frequent testing of plant equipment by Walk Down checks to internal condition of equipments such as module performance, inverter efficiency test, monitoring system testing etc. 6 Close co-ordination with the manufacture to effect improvements in plant layouts and design, use of better material, introduction of such facilities as lightning protection, etc.
8.5
Spare parts management system
The primary objectives of spare parts management system will be to ensure timely availability of proper spare parts for efficient maintenance of the plant 65
without excessive build up on non-moving and slow moving inventory. A provision of 2% of equipment cost is kept for purchase of spare parts for smooth functioning of the plant. The spare parts management system for this project will cover the following areas: 7 Maintaining the proper condition of all spares and consumables. 8 Spare parts indenting and procurement policy. 9 Ordering of critical mandatory and recommended spares. 10 Judicious fixation of inventory levels and ordering levels for spare parts based on past experience.
8.6
Maintenance of O & M Manuals
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) manual for the various sections of the plant in adequate number of copies shall be made available to the plant personnel. It is also proposed to have a sound and slide show for the education and training of the operators.
The set points as per O&M manual will be reviewed and any revisions required at the pre-commissioning and commissioning stage will be incorporated for operator guidance.
8.7
Operation & maintenance Organization of the Plant
The organization proposed ensures that the proposed power plant will be headed by the plant Engineer, holding the full charge of the power plant operations, reporting directly to the project promoters. The staffing
66
recommended here takes care of the operation, maintenance and the related record keeping.
The plant Engineer should be a graduate engineer with relevant experience in a power plant. Generally, the power plant will be similar to unmanned type. However, two more technicians would be required for regular monitoring and few people will be engaged for regular cleaning of the Solar Modules.
8.8
Training
During the commissioning of the plant training will be imparted to the Engineer and supervisors. This operational training shall cover the following: 1 The nature, purpose and limitations of all plant and equipment. 2 The detailed operating instructions on each section and equipment of the plant. 3 Normal startup and shutdown Program for the plant. 4 The emergency procedures and all related HSE issues according to the standards. 5 The basis for the training shall be the plant's Operation and Maintenance Manual, Contract document and drawings provided by the manufacturer.
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
PROTECTION
AND
WASTE
Photovoltaic (PV) technologies have distinct environmental advantages for generating electricity over conventional technologies. The operation of
photovoltaic systems does not produce any noise, toxic-gas emissions, or greenhouse gases. Photovoltaic energy not only can help to meet the growing worldwide demand for electricity, but it can do so without incurring the high economic and environmental costs of burning fossil fuels and installing power lines. Compared to burning coal, every giga watt-hour of electricity generated by photovoltaics would prevent the emission of about 10 tons of sulphur dioxide, 4 tons of nitrogen oxides, 0.7 tons of particulates, and up to 1000 tons of carbon dioxide.
It has been proposed to use CIS Thin modules which does not contain toxic material (eg. Lead, cadmium). Independent studies and reports have confirmed PV Modules are safe to people, animal life and the environment during any anticipated application or use.
PV solar modules represent a 90% reduction in harmful air emissions when used to displace conventional energy generation technologies. Solar electricity is generated with no air emissions, no waste use and no waste production while preventing the environmental impacts associated with traditional fossil fuels.
68
A 2006 Progress in Photovoltaic Research and Applications study showed that the active semiconductor material used within Solar PV Modules presents the best energy payback time of all existing solar technologies.
Solar PV Modules are classified as "waste for recovery" and nonhazardous in accordance with the German Waste Code, European Waste Legislation and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards.
As part of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be implemented for the Power Plant as a whole, monitoring of Noise level and water quality both at source and in the ambient at the plant site will be done regularly as per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines after the plant is commissioned.
69
10 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE POWER PLANT

The organization proposed ensures that the proposed power plant will be headed by the plant manager, holding the full charge of the power plant operations, reporting directly to the project promoters. The staffing
recommended here takes care of the operation, maintenance and record keeping.
The plant manager should be a graduate engineer with minimum of 10 years of experience out of which at least five years should have been worked in a power plant.
Shift supervisors should be provided housing nearby the power plant premises. It is considered that these personnel will be available for 24 hours for meeting any emergency requirements of the operation of the plant.
The plant manger will be in charge for both technical and administrative functions. The organization under plant manager shall be divided into operation and maintenance group. The plant operation team will work in three shifts per day. Each shift will be controlled by a shift supervisor. There will be an additional shift supervisor who will function as reliever.
70
10.1 Training
During the commissioning of the plant training will be imparted to the operators and shift supervisors, this operational training shall be to acquaint the operators with the following: The nature, purpose and limitations of all plant and equipment. The detailed operating instructions on each section and equipment of the plant. Normal startup and shutdown Program for the plant. The emergency procedures.
The basis for the training shall be the plant's operating and maintenance manual, contract document, drawings which is provided by the manufacturer.
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10.2 Plant Operation Organization Chart
PLANT MANAGER 1
PLANT ADMIN HEAD 1
PLANT SUPERVISOR Shift No.1 1 No.
PLANT SUPERVISOR Shift No.2 1 No.
PLANT SUPERVISOR Shift No.3 1No.
PLANT SUPERVISOR Reliever 1 No.
PLANT HELPER Shift No.1 3 No.
PLANT OPERATOR Reliever 3 No.
PLANT HELPER Reliever 2 No.
ACCOUNTANT 1
SECURITY Shift No.1 1 No.
SECURITY Shift No.2 1No.
SECURITY Shift No.3 1 No.
SECURITY Reliever - 1 No.
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10.3 Project Implementation Strategy

It is envisaged that the project will have the below mentioned phase of activities. These phases are not mutually exclusive; to implement the project on fast track basis some degree of overlapping is envisaged.
Project Development Finalization of the Equipment and Contracts Procurement and Construction Plant Commissioning and performance testing
10.4 Project Development

In a power project, development of the project plays an important role. Almost 50 % of the work is done if one achieves power purchase agreement from the NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd (NVVN). Apart from the above the below listed tasks will be under project development: 1. Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) 2. Participation in RFQ/submission of application with documents for
registration with NVVN 3. Expedite LOI from NVVN 4. Power purchase agreement (PPA) with NVVN 5. Financial closure
10.5 Finalization of the Equipments and Contracts

In the power plant PV modules, invertors and transformers are the long lead items and the planning schedule for the project implementation should provide 73
adequate time period for the installation of these equipment. The specifications for major equipment like the Modules, Invertors and Transformer design shall be drawn up at an early stage of the project. Program of design information, from the equipment suppliers, that satisfies the overall project schedule shall be drawn up. Since, the project execution calls for closer coordination among the contractors, consultants and the company, proper contract co-ordination and monitoring procedures shall be made to plan and monitor the project progress.
10.6 Procurement and Construction

The procurement is an important function of the implementation of the project. Once the purchase order is placed, the project team follows up regularly to ensure smooth and timely execution of the contract and for obtaining technical information for the inter-package engineering. When the contract for the equipment are awarded, detailed program in the form of network are tied up with the supplier to clearly indicate the owner's obligations and the suppliers responsibilities. And upon placement of the purchase order, the project team follows up regularly to ensure smooth and timely execution of the contract and or obtaining technical information for the inter-package engineering. The procurement activity includes review of
drawings, expediting, stage and final pre-delivery inspection, supervision of installation and commissioning. To expedite supplies from the manufacturers, regular visits to the supplier's works will have to be undertaken by the project engineers/consultants. The manufacturing program and quality plans finalized at the time of award of 74
contract. Regular reports shall be prepared indicating the schedule variations, if any, their likely impact on the delivery schedule, and the recommendations to meet with the schedules. During construction, the erection and commissioning phase of all the contracts proceed simultaneously. Adequate power and water shall be made available for the construction. Construction manager of Saisudhir Energy takes the overall responsibility of the site.
10.7 Erection and Commissioning Phase

The commissioning phase in a project is one where design, manufacturing, erection and quality assurance expertise are put to test. The commissioning team will be from manufacturer of the equipment, consultant and the company. As discussed in the earlier section, staff identified to operate the plant will be involved in the commissioning phase of the project itself.
When construction phase is complete, the check list designed to ensure that the plant has been properly installed with appropriate safety measures. The commissioning team will follow the operating instructions laid down by the plant and equipment manufacturer. The plant shall be subjected to a performance test, after the successful completion of the performance test of the plant, the plant will be taken over by the company. It is responsibility of the company to ensure that major civil work shall have to be planned in the non-monsoon period. All the statutory clearances like pollution control board clearance will be obtained much before of the start of the project commissioning.
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11 PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The cost of the power project is estimated, on the basis of the prevailing prices rates and the estimation is for the installation of power generation facilities described in the earlier sections of this report.
The cost of the solar power plant, presented in this section of the report covers all the costs associated with the construction of the plant and included civil construction cost, cost of equipment for power generation, cost of auxiliaries and utilities. We have also taken the reference of CERC considered capital cost for approving the purchase tariff for solar photovoltaic based power plants in the country.
Table -: Project Cost Estimate

Particulars Land Civil Works PV Modules Module mounting Structures BOS ( Balance of System ) including Combiner Box, Invertors, data logging System etc. Transmission Line. 12 KM Length Terminal equipments at evacuation point Prel. & Pre Operative Expenses (Includes IDC Rs. 26 Mn) TOTAL Rs. Mn 102.04 40.36 320.00 50.00 90.60 10.00 7.00 30.00 650.00
The Solar PV based power plant promoted by Saisudhir Energy Limited is planned as an IPP. This power plant will supply power through APTRANSCO Grid to NVVN on a long term power purchase agreement (PPA) as per the guidelines of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). 76
11.1 Plant Operation

The Gross generation of power in the proposed power plant will be 5 MW. Solar power plants do not require any reactive power for its main plant components and auxiliary equipment. The estimated energy generation, considering the losses for 25 years (project life of the power plant) is depicted in the below table.
Years 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37
Net Export to Grid (GWh) 2.33 9.32 9.23 9.14 9.05 8.95 8.87 8.78 8.69 8.60 8.52 8.43 8.35 8.26 8.18 8.10 8.02 7.94 7.86 7.78 7.70 7.62 7.55 7.47 7.40 7.32
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11.2 Salable Electricity

The Gross generation of power in the proposed power plant will be about 9.63 million units per annum at PV array in AC side after the PV array losses, the net energy exportable to the grid after the PV array losses is estimated to be about 9.32 million units. This surplus energy from the plant is connected to APTransco 33/132 kV substation located about 10 km from the project site and sold to NVVN on long term power purchase agreement as per the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) guidelines.
11.3 Sale Price of Electricity

As per the financial analysis carried out, it is envisaged that a power purchase agreement would be entered into with NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Limited (NVVN). Saiduhir energy has signed a power purchase agreement with NVVN at a price of ` 12.00 per kWh. This tariff has been accepted by NVVN after a competitive bidding carried out to purchase solar power on long term basis.
11.4 Sale Price of carbon credits

Certified Emissions Reductions or CER's are a "certificate" just like a stock. A CER is given by the CDM Executive Board to projects in developing countries to certify they have reduced green house gas emissions. Developed countries buy CER's from developing countries under the CDM process to help them achieve their Kyoto targets. The Kyoto protocol is defined by UNFCCC.
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The existing protocol is defined up to 2012 i.e protocol expires by 2012. The European Union, the major buyer of the carbon credits from green energy projects from the developing countries restricted the use of CERs if no agreement is reached on Kyoto protocol by 2012 by developing countries including US. There are many market uncertainties in selling CERs generated, majority of which depends on the policy decisions of the developing countries and US to join the Kyoto protocol agreement for reducing carbon emissions. Keeping the above CER market uncertainties in view, the prices of CERs are considered for the current project at 12 per CER which works out to INR 7.5Mn.
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Table -2: Assumptions for Financial Projections

Assumptions Supporting Financial Projections Installed Capacity Average Working days / Annum Plant Load Factor Tariff O&M Expenses (on Project Cost) Escalation in O&M Interest on Term Loan Loan repayment Period / years Moratorium From COD/Years Interest on Working capital Income Tax ( Regular) Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) Incentives MNRE Subsidy ( Rs. Million) Tax holiday / years Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Revenue Carbon Emission Remittance (CRE) price Exchange rate Outputs Generation GWh 9.32 Euro / ton Rs / Euro 12 67 Assumed Assumed 0.00 10 MNRE Guidelines As per Sec. 80IA of Income Tax Act,1961 years years MW Days % Rs / kWh Input value 5.00 365.00 21.28% 12.00 0.53% 5.72% 11.50% 13 1 13.00% 32.45% 18.50% Data Source Proposed Industry norms As per the commitment from Vendor Already PPA Signed with NTPC NVVN CERC Tariff regulations 2009 (reference) CERC Tariff regulations 2009 (reference) Assumed Assumed Assumed Assumed As per latest Budget 2011 As per latest Budget 2011
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Means of Finance Share Capital - 30% Term Loan - 70% TOTAL

Interest On Term Loan
Rs. Mn 195.00 455.00 650.00
(Rs.million) Particulars / Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Opening Term Loan Repayment Quarter I Quarter II Quarter III Quarter IV Loan Repayment Outstanding Term Loan Quarter I Quarter II Quarter III Quarter IV Interest Quarter I Quarter II Quarter III Quarter IV Total Interest on Term Loan
455.00
446.25
411.25
376.25
341.25
306.25
271.25
236.25
201.25
166.25
131.25
96.25
61.25
26.25
0.00 0.00 0.00 8.75 8.75 455.00 455.00 455.00 455.00 446.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 446.25 437.50 428.75 420.00 411.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 411.25 402.50 393.75 385.00 376.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 376.25 367.50 358.75 350.00 341.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 341.25 332.50 323.75 315.00 306.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 306.25 297.50 288.75 280.00 271.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 271.25 262.50 253.75 245.00 236.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 236.25 227.50 218.75 210.00 201.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 201.25 192.50 183.75 175.00 166.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 166.25 157.50 148.75 140.00 131.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 131.25 122.50 113.75 105.00 96.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 96.25 87.50 78.75 70.00 61.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 35.00 61.25 52.50 43.75 35.00 26.25
8.75 8.75 8.75 0.00 26.25 26.25 17.50 8.75 0.00 0.00
13.08 13.08 13.08 13.08 52.33
12.83 12.58 12.33 12.08 49.81
11.82 11.57 11.32 11.07 45.78
10.82 10.57 10.31 10.06 41.76
9.81 9.56 9.31 9.06 37.73
8.80 8.55 8.30 8.05 33.71
7.80 7.55 7.30 7.04 29.68
6.79 6.54 6.29 6.04 25.66
5.79 5.53 5.28 5.03 21.63
4.78 4.53 4.28 4.03 17.61
3.77 3.52 3.27 3.02 13.58
2.77 2.52 2.26 2.01 9.56
1.76 1.51 1.26 1.01 5.53
0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 1.51
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Table -3: Estimation of Depreciation

Estimation of Depreciation
Apportionment of Pre-operatives Particulars Land Civil Works PV Modules Transmission Line. 12 KM Length Total Actual Cost 102.04 40.36 320.00 157.60 620.00 Pre-Operative Exp 4.94 1.95 15.48 7.63 30.00 Contingencies 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(Rs.million) Total Cost 106.98 42.31 335.48 165.23 650.00
Calculation of Book Depreciation (SLM) Particulars Land Civil Works PV Modules Transmission Line. 12 KM Length Total Deprectiaton per annum on SLM Basis Cost 106.98 42.31 335.48 165.23 650.00 Depreciation 0.00 40.20 318.71 156.96 515.87 20.63
(Rs.million) Residual Value 106.98 2.12 16.77 8.26 134.13
82
Income Tax Income Tax as per MAT (18.5%) on profit As per IT (30%+5%+3%) =32.45% on profit Tax provision 2011-12 1.94 1.94 2012-13 2013-14 7.92 8.12 8.61 9.09 9.58 10.07 10.55 11.03 11.52 12.00 21.05 21.05
(Rs.million) 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 12.48 21.89 21.89 12.96 22.73 22.73 13.44 23.57 23.57
Income Tax as per MAT (18.5%) on profit As per IT (30%+5%+3%) =32.45% on profit Tax provision
Note:
2025-26 13.91 24.40 24.40
2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 13.92 24.42 24.42 13.65 23.94 23.94 13.37 23.45 23.45
2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37 13.09 22.96 22.96 12.81 22.46 22.46 12.52 21.96 21.96 12.23 21.45 21.45 11.93 20.93 20.93 11.63 20.41 20.41 11.33 19.87 19.87 11.02 19.33 19.33
Tax holiday as per Sec 80IA of IT Act, 1961 is considered for the first 10 years from commercial operation. However, tax is paid as per Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) at 18.50% on profits. The tax so paid is available for credit up to 10 years. The amount will be shown as asset in Balance Sheet. Since the tax paid in the first year cannot be utilized for adjustment in 11 year, it is charged to Profit and Loss statement. Subsequent payments of tax till 10th year are considered as asset and are adjusted to tax payable from 11th years onwards.
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Table -4: Project Profit & Loss Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow, Project IRR and Working Capital
Summary of the Projections for 5 MW Factor Project Cost Equity - 30% Debt - 70% Project IRR Equity IRR DSCR - Min DSCR - Avg
Projected Profitability Statement
Particulars Net Export to Grid(Units in Mn) Tariff (Rs /KWh) CDM Revenue Power Revenue Total Revenue Expenses Direct Cost - O&M Expenses Employee Cost Administrative Expenses Interest and Financial Charges Depreciation Total Expenses Profit Before Tax (PBT) Income Tax Profit After Tax (PAT) EBDITA over Total Revenue PBT over Total Revenue PAT over Total Revenue 0.87 0.03 0.01 13.30 5.16 19.36 10.47 1.94 8.54 96.98% 35.10% 28.61% 3.46 0.11 0.04 52.33 20.63 76.57 42.79 42.79 96.98% 35.85% 35.85% 3.66 0.12 0.04 49.81 20.63 74.26 43.91 43.91 96.77% 37.16% 37.16% 3.87 0.12 0.04 45.78 20.63 70.45 46.53 46.53 96.56% 39.78% 39.78% 4.09 0.13 0.04 41.76 20.63 66.65 49.16 49.16 96.32% 42.45% 42.45% 4.33 0.13 0.04 37.73 20.63 62.87 51.79 51.79 96.08% 45.17% 45.17% 4.58 0.14 0.04 33.71 20.63 59.10 54.41 54.41 95.81% 47.94% 47.94% 4.84 0.15 0.04 29.68 20.63 55.34 57.03 57.03 95.53% 50.75% 50.75% 5.11 0.15 0.04 25.66 20.63 51.60 59.65 59.65 95.23% 53.62% 53.62% 5.41 0.16 0.04 21.63 20.63 47.88 62.26 62.26 94.91% 56.53% 56.53% 5.72 0.17 0.04 17.61 20.63 44.17 64.86 21.05 43.82 94.56% 59.49% 40.18% 6.04 0.18 0.04 13.58 20.63 40.48 67.46 21.89 45.57 94.20% 62.50% 42.22% 6.39 0.19 0.04 9.56 20.63 36.81 70.05 22.73 47.32 93.81% 65.55% 44.28% 6.75 0.20 0.04 5.53 20.63 33.16 72.63 23.57 49.06 93.39% 68.65% 46.38% 7.14 0.21 0.05 1.51 20.63 29.54 75.20 24.40 50.80 92.94% 71.80% 48.50% 7.55 0.22 0.05 20.63 28.45 75.25 24.42 50.83 92.47% 72.57% 49.02% 7.98 0.23 0.05 20.63 28.89 73.77 23.94 49.83 91.96% 71.86% 48.54% 8.44 0.24 0.05 20.63 29.36 72.27 23.45 48.82 91.42% 71.11% 48.04% 8.92 0.25 0.05 20.63 29.86 70.76 22.96 47.80 9.43 0.26 0.05 20.63 30.38 69.23 22.46 46.76 9.97 0.28 0.05 20.63 30.93 67.68 21.96 45.72 10.54 0.29 0.05 20.63 31.52 66.11 21.45 44.65 11.14 0.31 0.06 20.63 32.14 64.51 20.93 43.58 11.78 0.32 0.06 20.63 32.79 62.89 20.41 42.48 12.45 0.34 0.06 20.63 33.48 61.24 19.87 41.37 13.16 0.35 0.06 20.63 34.21 59.56 19.33 40.24 2011-12 (3 months) 2.33 12.00 1.87 27.97 29.84 9.32 12.00 7.49 111.86 119.36 9.23 12.00 7.42 110.75 118.17 9.14 12.00 7.35 109.64 116.98 9.05 12.00 7.27 108.54 115.81 8.95 12.00 7.20 107.46 114.66 8.87 12.00 7.13 106.38 113.51 8.78 12.00 7.06 105.32 112.37 8.69 12.00 6.99 104.26 111.25 8.60 12.00 6.92 103.22 110.14 8.52 12.00 6.85 102.19 109.04 8.43 12.00 6.78 101.17 107.95 8.35 12.00 6.71 100.16 106.87 8.26 12.00 6.64 99.15 105.80 8.18 12.00 6.58 98.16 104.74 8.10 12.00 6.51 97.18 103.69 8.02 12.00 6.45 96.21 102.66 7.94 12.00 6.38 95.25 101.63 7.86 12.00 6.32 94.29 100.61 7.78 12.00 6.25 93.35 99.61 7.70 12.00 6.19 92.42 98.61 7.62 12.00 6.13 91.49 97.62 7.55 12.00 6.07 90.58 96.65 7.47 12.00 6.01 89.67 95.68 7.40 12.00 5.95 88.78 94.72 7.32 12.00 5.89 87.89 93.78
Unit Rs. Mn Rs. Mn Rs. Mn % % times times
Value 650.00 195.00 455.00 13.63% 18.89% 1.35 1.65

Rs Mn
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37
90.84% 90.22% 89.56% 88.85% 88.10% 87.29% 86.44% 85.52% 70.33% 69.50% 68.63% 67.71% 66.75% 65.73% 64.65% 63.52% 47.51% 46.95% 46.36% 45.74% 45.09% 44.40% 43.67% 42.90%
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Projected Balance Sheet

Particulars Share Capital Reserves & Surplus Term Loan Other Liabilities Total Fixed Assets Less : Depreciation Net Block Debtors Other Assets Bank Account Total
Rs. Mn 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 195.00 8.54 51.33 95.23 141.77 190.93 242.72 297.13 354.16 413.81 476.07 519.88 565.45 612.77 661.84 712.64 763.47 813.29 862.11 909.91 956.67 1,002.39 1,047.04 1,090.62 1,133.10 1,174.47 1,214.71 455.00 446.25 411.25 376.25 341.25 306.25 271.25 236.25 201.25 166.25 131.25 96.25 61.25 26.25 24.40 24.42 23.94 23.45 22.96 22.46 21.96 21.45 20.93 20.41 19.87 19.33 658.54 692.58 650.00 650.00 5.16 25.79 644.84 624.21 20.52 20.52 7.92 (6.82) 39.94 658.54 692.58 701.48 713.02 727.18 650.00 46.43 603.57 20.33 16.04 61.54 650.00 67.06 582.94 20.00 24.65 85.44 650.00 87.70 562.30 19.67 33.74 111.47 743.97 763.38 650.00 108.33 541.67 19.34 43.32 139.64 650.00 128.97 521.03 19.02 53.39 169.94 785.41 650.00 149.60 500.40 18.70 63.94 202.38 785.41 810.06 650.00 170.24 479.76 18.38 74.97 236.94 810.06 837.32 650.00 190.87 459.13 18.06 86.49 273.63 837.32 846.13 650.00 211.51 438.49 17.75 65.44 324.44 846.13 856.70 650.00 232.14 417.86 17.45 43.55 377.85 856.70 869.02 650.00 252.78 397.22 17.14 20.82 433.84 869.02 883.09 932.04 982.88 1,032.23 650.00 273.41 376.59 16.84 0.00 489.66 650.00 294.05 355.95 16.54 24.40 535.14 650.00 314.68 335.32 16.24 24.42 606.90 650.00 335.32 314.68 15.95 23.94 677.66 1,080.56 1,127.87 1,174.14 1,219.35 1,263.49 650.00 355.95 294.05 15.66 23.45 747.40 650.00 376.59 273.41 15.37 22.96 816.12 650.00 397.22 252.78 15.09 22.46 883.80 650.00 650.00 417.86 438.49 232.14 211.51 14.81 14.53 21.96 21.45 950.43 1,016.00 1,306.55 650.00 459.13 190.87 14.25 20.93 1,080.49 1,306.55 1,348.51 1,389.34 1,429.03 650.00 479.76 170.24 13.98 20.41 1,143.88 650.00 500.40 149.60 13.71 19.87 1,206.15 650.00 521.03 128.97 13.44 19.33 1,267.29
701.48 713.02 727.18
743.97 763.38
883.09 932.04 982.88 1,032.23
1,080.56 1,127.87 1,174.14 1,219.35 1,263.49
1,348.51 1,389.34 1,429.03
Cash Flow Statement

Particulars Realisations Total Inflow O&M Expenses Employee Cost Admin Cost Interest on Longterm Debt Loan Repayment Income Tax Total Outflow Net Cash Flow
Rs, Mn 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37 9.32 119.36 118.35 117.32 116.14 114.98 113.83 112.69 111.57 110.45 109.35 108.25 107.17 106.10 105.04 103.99 102.95 101.92 100.90 99.89 98.89 97.90 96.92 95.95 95.00 94.05 9.32 119.36 118.35 117.32 116.14 114.98 113.83 112.69 111.57 110.45 109.35 108.25 107.17 106.10 105.04 103.99 102.95 101.92 100.90 99.89 98.89 97.90 96.92 95.95 95.00 94.05 0.87 0.03 0.01 13.30 1.94 16.14 3.46 0.11 0.04 52.33 8.75 7.92 72.60 3.66 0.12 0.04 49.81 35.00 8.12 96.75 21.61 3.87 0.12 0.04 45.78 35.00 8.61 93.42 23.89 4.09 0.13 0.04 41.76 35.00 9.09 90.11 26.03 4.33 0.13 0.04 37.73 35.00 9.58 86.81 28.17 4.58 0.14 0.04 33.71 35.00 10.07 83.53 30.30 4.84 0.15 0.04 29.68 35.00 10.55 80.26 32.44 5.11 0.15 0.04 25.66 35.00 11.03 77.00 34.57 5.41 0.16 0.04 21.63 35.00 11.52 73.76 36.69 5.72 0.17 0.04 17.61 35.00 58.54 50.81 6.04 0.18 0.04 13.58 35.00 54.85 53.41 6.39 0.19 0.04 9.56 35.00 51.18 55.99 6.75 0.20 0.04 5.53 35.00 2.75 50.28 55.82 7.14 0.21 0.05 1.51 26.25 24.40 59.56 45.48 7.55 0.22 0.05 24.42 32.23 71.76 7.98 0.23 0.05 23.94 32.19 70.76 8.44 0.24 0.05 23.45 32.18 69.74 8.92 9.43 0.25 0.26 0.05 0.05 22.96 22.46 32.18 32.21 68.72 67.68 9.97 10.54 0.28 0.29 0.05 0.05 21.96 21.45 32.26 32.34 66.63 65.57 11.14 0.31 0.06 20.93 32.44 64.49 11.78 0.32 0.06 20.41 32.56 63.39 12.45 0.34 0.06 19.87 32.72 62.27 13.16 0.35 0.06 19.33 32.91 61.14
(6.82) 46.76
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Project IRR and Equity IRR Returns: Project IRR Outflow: Inflow: PAT Depreciation Interest Salvage Value Total Project IRR Cost Rs. Mn 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32 2032-33 2033-34 2034-35 2035-36 2036-37
(650.00) 8.54 5.16 13.30 (650.00) 27.00 13.63% 42.79 20.63 52.33 115.75 43.91 20.63 49.81 114.35 46.53 20.63 45.78 112.95 49.16 20.63 41.76 111.56 51.79 20.63 37.73 110.16 54.41 20.63 33.71 108.75 57.03 20.63 29.68 107.35 59.65 20.63 25.66 105.94 62.26 20.63 21.63 104.53 43.82 20.63 17.61 82.06 45.57 20.63 13.58 79.79 47.32 20.63 9.56 77.52 49.06 20.63 5.53 75.23 40.24 20.63 134.13 72.94 71.46 70.46 69.45 68.43 67.40 66.35 65.29 64.21 63.12 62.00 195.00 50.80 20.63 1.51 50.83 20.63 49.83 20.63 48.82 20.63 47.80 20.63 46.76 20.63 45.72 20.63 44.65 20.63 43.58 20.63 42.48 20.63 41.37 20.63 -
Equity IRR Outflow: Inflow: PAT Depreciation Loan Repayment Salvage Value Total Equity IRR (195.00) 8.54 5.16 0.00 (195.00) 18.89% 13.70 42.79 20.63 8.75 54.67 43.91 20.63 35.00 29.54 46.53 20.63 35.00 32.17 49.16 20.63 35.00 34.80 51.79 20.63 35.00 37.42 54.41 20.63 35.00 40.05 57.03 20.63 35.00 42.67 59.65 20.63 35.00 45.28 62.26 20.63 35.00 47.89 43.82 20.63 35.00 29.45 45.57 20.63 35.00 31.21 47.32 20.63 35.00 32.96 49.06 20.63 35.00 34.70 40.24 20.63 0.00 134.13 45.18 71.46 70.46 69.45 68.43 67.40 66.35 65.29 64.21 63.12 62.00 195.00 50.80 20.63 26.25 50.83 20.63 0.00 49.83 20.63 0.00 48.82 20.63 0.00 47.80 20.63 0.00 46.76 20.63 0.00 45.72 20.63 0.00 44.65 20.63 0.00 43.58 20.63 0.00 42.48 20.63 0.00 41.37 20.63 0.00
86
Working Capital
Years Month Ended Realisations Total Inflow O&M Expenses Employee Cost Admin Cost Interest on Longterm Debt Loan Repayment Income Tax Total Outflow Working Capital Requirement Cumulative Working Capital Requirement Jan 0.29 0.01 0.00 2011-12 Feb 0.29 0.01 0.00 Mar April 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 13.30 1.94 15.54 6.22 6.82 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.30 (9.02) May 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.30 (9.02) June 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 13.08 13.38 4.06 Jul 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.30 (9.02) Aug 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.30 (9.02) 2012-13 Sept Oct 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 13.08 13.38 4.06 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.30 (9.02) (30.16) Nov 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.30 (9.02) Dec 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 13.08 13.38 4.06 Jan 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.30 (9.02) Feb 9.32 9.32 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.30 (9.02) Mar 16.82 16.82 0.29 0.01 0.00 13.08 8.75 7.92 30.05 13.23 (39.94) April 9.32 9.32 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.32 (9.00) May 9.32 9.32 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.32 (9.00) June 9.23 9.23 0.31 0.01 0.00 12.83 8.75 21.90 12.67 Jul 9.23 9.23 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.32 (8.91) Aug 9.23 9.23 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.32 (8.91) 2013-14 Sept Oct 9.23 9.23 9.23 9.23 0.31 0.01 0.00 12.58 8.75 21.65 12.42 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.32 (8.91) Nov 9.23 9.23 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.32 (8.91) (68.50) Dec 9.23 9.23 0.31 0.01 0.00 12.33 8.75 21.39 12.17 Jan 9.23 9.23 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.32 (8.91)
Rs Mn Feb 9.23 9.23 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.32 (8.91) Mar 16.65 16.65 0.31 0.01 0.00 12.08 8.75 8.12 21.14 4.49 (69.66)
0.30 0.30 0.30
0.30 0.30 0.60
(2.20) (11.22)
(7.16) (16.18)
(25.20) (21.14)
(39.19) (35.12)
(44.15) (53.17)
(48.94) (57.94)
(45.28) (54.19) (63.10)
(50.68) (59.59)
(56.34) (65.25) (74.16)
87
Table -5: Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)

Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
Details A - SERVICE Net Profit after Tax Depreciation Interest on term Loan TOTAL - A B - DEBT Installment on Term Loan Interest on Term Loan TOTAL - B DSCR Min DSCR Avg DSCR
Rs Mn.
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 8.54 5.16 13.30 27.00 13.30 13.30 2.03 1.35 1.65 42.79 20.63 52.33 115.75 8.75 52.33 61.08 1.90 43.91 20.63 49.81 114.35 35.00 49.81 84.81 1.35 46.53 20.63 45.78 112.95 35.00 45.78 80.78 1.40 49.16 20.63 41.76 111.56 35.00 41.76 76.76 1.45 51.79 20.63 37.73 110.16 35.00 37.73 72.73 1.51 54.41 20.63 33.71 108.75 35.00 33.71 68.71 1.58 57.03 20.63 29.68 107.35 35.00 29.68 64.68 1.66 59.65 20.63 25.66 105.94 35.00 25.66 60.66 1.75 62.26 20.63 21.63 104.53 35.00 21.63 56.63 1.85 43.82 20.63 17.61 82.06 35.00 17.61 52.61 1.56 45.57 20.63 13.58 79.79 35.00 13.58 48.58 1.64 47.32 20.63 9.56 77.52 35.00 9.56 44.56 1.74 49.06 20.63 5.53 75.23 35.00 5.53 40.53 1.86 50.80 20.63 1.51 72.94 26.25 1.51 27.76 2.63 50.83 20.63 71.46 -
88

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Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district.

Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

SO2 SP VCB XLPE

% C H Ha Kg kV kW kWe kWp Lt M m2 m3 Mg Mm MW MWe Tons

Power plant operates on the principle of

Infrastructures, Solid Waste Management and Irrigation etc.,

The depreciation computed is on straight line basis.

TECHNICAL FEATURES 40 Power Evacuation

OTHER FACILITIES 41 42 Mode of Implementation Project Time Frame

PROJECT COST 43 Project Cost

1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

1.2 Power Scenario in India

Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in India as of 31 Mar 2010

Table 1-: Actual Power Supply Position

NOTE :- * AS PER ACTUAL ORDERS , THE CAPACITY COMES TO 78900.4 MW

Table 1-: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12

Table 1-: Installed capacity of all states as on 31.03.2010 (in MW)

Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh as of 31 Mar 2010

Thermal Gas Diesel

Table 1-: Actual Power Supply Position

Table 1-: Projects planned for 11th Plan

CAPACITY LIKELY YEAR / (MW) DATE OF COMMISSIONIN G

Table 1-: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12

Table 1-: Likely Capacity Addition During 11th Plan

50.00 500.00 500.00 234.00 420.00 120.00 500.00

50.00 500.00 500.00 234.00 420.00 120.00 500.00

445.00 464.00 233.00 366.00

445.00 464.00 233..00 366.00

1.3 Justification for the project

Social well being:

Economic well being:

Environmental well being:

2 DETAILS ABOUT THE PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION IN ANANTAPUR DISTRICT

2.2 Area and population in Anantapur District

2.3 Rainfall and Climate

2.5 Proposed Project location

Location map of Anatapur district in India:

Map showing proposed project site within Anantapur

Proposed Project site for 5 MW SPV Power Project at Veerapura

2.6 Land requirement and layout of the proposed Project

2.7 Land availability and acquisition for the project

E respectively. Solar radiation available is for Anatapur in Andhra Pradesh is

considered for simulation of project parameters.

Table -: Temperature details considered for design:

2.8 Simulation report of the power plant

3.1 Existing Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

3.2 Thin film modules

Comparison between Crystalline, Thin film and CPV Technologies

Lesser space required per Largest space requirement MW

Limited inverter flexibility Lower cost per Watt Sensitive

High maintenanc e required, so high maintenance cost

Well known, and lower cabling losses

Suitability for Grid Technology

Conclusion on selection of technology

4 POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA

Design and Simulation projections by PVSYST

PV Power Plant Energy Production

inefficiencies. System availability largely driven by inverter downtime.

PV power plant capacity factor

Selection of Inverter and Components

Selection of Monitoring System

Design criteria for Cables and Junction boxes and

5 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONETS OF THE POWER PLANT