11/03/2013

QUESTIONS:

ACADEMIC WRITING I
Ninuk Dian K

What do you find difficult about Academic Writing? What do you know about writing in your field? What do you need to know?
Please take a couple of minutes to discuss with your neighbors and then share

Sou rce: Swa les and Fea k (20 09) Aca de mic Wri ting For Gra dua te Stu den ts.

OBJECTIVES: STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO

Paraphrase Analyse topics Find and select ideas Organise ideas Write an essay

PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing is the use of anothers ideas in our own work. To paraphrase, we need to rewrite in our own words the ideas taken from the source. Paraphrases avoid excessive reliance on quotations and demonstrate that writer understand the source authors argument. A paraphrase always has a different sentence structure and word choice. When done well, it is much more concise than the original.

THE WRONG WAY TO PARAPHRASE #1: FAILURE TO CITE SOURCE

TECHNIQUE Paraphrases are signalled through clauses Example: Werner Sollors, in Beyond Ethnicity, argues that. These phrases indicate the source of the paraphrase and help integrate the borrowed ideas into essay. Paraphrases must be cited Not in quotation mark

Original Passage: They desire, for example, virtue and the absence of vice, no less really than pleasure and the absence of pain. Source: Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. On Liberty and Other Essays. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Quote is from page 169. Paraphrase: People want morality just as much as they want happiness. Explanation: This paraphrase is an accurate summary of the above passage, but is incorrectly paraphrased because it does not cite

11/03/2013

THE WRONG WAY TO PARAPHRASE #2: LACK OF SIGNIFICANT REWORDING

Original Passage: To the young American architects who made the pilgrimage, the most dazzling figure of all was Walter Gropius, founder of the Bauhaus School. Gropius opened the Bauhaus in Weimar, the German capital, in 1919. It was more than a school; it was a commune, a spiritual movement, a radical approach to art in all its forms, a philosophical center comparable to the Garden of Epicurus. Source: Wolfe, Tom. From Bauhaus to Our House. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1981. Quote is from page 10.

PARAPHRASE:
As Tom Wolfe notes, to young American architects who went to Germany, the most dazzling figure was Walter Gropius, founder of the Bauhaus School (10). Gropius opened the Bauhaus in the German capital of Weimar in 1919. It was, however, more than a school; it was a commune, a spiritual movement, a philosophical center like the Garden of Epicurus.

EXPLANATION:

THE RIGHT WAY TO PARAPHRASE

Original Passage: The Republican Convention of 1860, which adopted planks calling for a tariff, internal improvements, a Pacific railroad and a homestead law, is sometimes seen as a symbol of Whig triumph within the party. A closer look, however, indicates that the Whigs triumph within the party was of a very tentative nature. Source: Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. Quote is from page 175.

This excerpt is not a paraphrase at all; it is too similar to the source. Rather than summarizing the ideas, it uses the same words and structure as the original. This author has committed plagiarism by misrepresenting anothers work as his own.

PARAPHRASE:
Contrary to many historians, Eric Foner argues that the Republican platform of 1860 should not be understood as an indication of Whig dominance of the party (175). Explanation: This paraphrase is properly cited and represents an accurate and concise summary of the source.

NOTE TAKING AND PARAPHRASING

Good note-taking can improve paraphrases. When taking notes, do not copy words from a source read carefully, think, and then write, in your own words, the main ideas you have read. Be sure to note the source for proper citation.

11/03/2013

EXAMPLE, ORIGINAL

PARAPHRASE 1

Essay Oliver Sacks "An Anthropologist on Mars":

The cause of autism has also been a matter of dispute. Its incidence is about one in a thousand, and it occurs throughout the world, its features remarkably consistent even in extremely different cultures. It is often not recognized in the first year of life, but tends to become obvious in the second or third year. Though Asperger regarded it as a biological defect of affective contact innate, inborn, analogous to a physical or intellectual defectKanner tended to view it as a psychogenic disorder, a reflection of bad parenting, and most especially of a chillingly remote, often professional, "refrigerator mother." At this time, autism was often regarded as "defensive" in nature, or confused with childhood schizophrenia. A whole generation of parentsmothers, particularlywere made to feel guilty for the autism of their children.

The cause of the condition autism has been disputed. It occurs in approximately one in a thousand children, and it exists in all parts of the world, its characteristics strikingly similar in vastly differing cultures. The condition is often not noticeable in the child's first year, yet it becomes more apparent as the child reaches the ages of two or three. Although Asperger saw the condition as a biological defect of the emotions that was inborn and therefore similar to a physical defect, Kanner saw it as psychological in origin, as reflecting poor parenting and particularly a frigidly distant mother. During this period, autism was often seen as a defense mechanism, or it was misdiagnosed as childhood schizophrenia. An entire generation of mothers and fathers (but especially mothers) were made to feel responsible for their offspring's autism (Sacks, 2010).

PARAPHRASE 2

In "An Anthropologist on Mars," Sacks lists some of the known facts about autism. We know, for example, that the condition occurs in roughly one out of every thousand children. We also know that the characteristics of autism do not vary from one culture to the next. And we know that the condition is difficult to diagnose until the child has entered its second or third year of life. As Sacks points out, often a child who goes on to develop autism will still appear perfectly normal at the age of one (Sacks, 2010). Sacks observes, however, that researchers have had a hard time agreeing on the causes of autism. He sketches the diametrically opposed positions of Asperger and Kanner. On the one hand, Asperger saw the condition as representing a constitutional defect in the child's ability to make meaningful emotional contact with the external world. On the other hand, Kanner regarded autism as a consequence of harmful childrearing practices. For many years confusion about this condition reigned. One unfortunate consequence of this confusion, Sacks suggests, was the burden of guilt imposed on so many parents for their child's condition (Sacks, 2010).

WHAT IS YOUR ANALYSIS ON THOSE TWO PARAPHRASES?

Please Write your analysis!!

ESSAY TOPICS

TYPES OF ESSAY

Topics for an essay Many essays can be written on a single theme. They can differ in their essence, form, style of writing, meaning, trend and having different aims. These differences depend on the essay types.

Argumentative, Compare and Contrast, Narrative, Persuasive, Descriptive, Cause and Effect, Expository, Reflective, definitions, classification and Division, Symbolism, College Application, Analytical, Critical, Literary Analysis, College Admission, Interview, Character Analysis, Observation, Film analysis, Summary.

11/03/2013

ARGUMENTATIVE

ABORTION AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.

Topic: Analyze whether it is appropriate to make an abortion. Questions: What reasons may lead a woman to make an abortion? Can the decision to make an abortion be justified? What responsibilities does a woman take when she decides to make or not to make an abortion?

Argumentative essays suits the topics that usually acquire a strong social response and arguments as they deal with the protection of a certain point referred on the vital issues for the society. Correspondingly it becomes rather easy to choose a proper argumentative essay topic: its simply enough to remember a social issue which causes a lot or arguments, confrontations and usually has two opposite sides arguing one against the other.

EUTHANASIA. WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO DECIDE?

Topic: Analyze the phenomenon of euthanasia and its moral issues. Questions: Can euthanasia be given the same status with homicide? Why not? Does the family have the right to decide to stop the life of their member? Can euthanasia be justified by any means?

ANALYSING TOPIC, FINDING AND

ORGANISING IDEAS

FAS

EXERCISE ANALYSING TOPIC

ORGANISING IDEAS
General to specific: The general-to-specific approach opens an idea with a general statement and then leads into details that support and explain the general statement. The specific-to-general approach leads the reader to a general conclusion by first presenting detailed support of that conclusion.

The importance of immunization The problem of importance of the differentiation of geriatric and pediatric patient pathologies. Games and Violence Essay: The list of factors that can convert computer games into real-life violence stimulators.

Difficulties in making a movie from a book essay The major issues of the differences of a book and a movie made on the basis of the book. With partners, please discuss the topics: what types of essay can be generated from the topics? What ideas you need to write in the essay? How will you organise the essay?

11/03/2013

GENERAL TO SPECIFIC

ORGANISING ESSAY

Writing is a complex sociocognitive process involving the construction of recorded messages on paper or on some other material, and, more recently, on a computer screen. The skills needed to write range from making the appropriate graphic marks, through utilizing the resources of the chosen language, to anticipating the reactions of the intended readers. The first skill area involves acquiring a writing system, which may be alphabetic (as in European languages) or nonalphabetic (as in many Asian languages). The second skill area requires selecting the appropriate grammar and vocabulary to form acceptable sentences and then arranging them in paragraphs. Third, writing involves thinking about the purpose of the text to be composed and about its possible effects on the intended readership. One important aspect of this last feature is the choice of a suitable style. Because of these characteristics, writing is not an innate natural ability like speaking but has to be acquired through years of training or schooling (Swales & Feak, 1994, p. 34).

The problem-cause/process-solution approach will first describe the problem, then analyze the cause or responses to the problem, and then will lead to a solution.

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE:

Outline #1 Supporting arguments # 1 Supporting argument # 2 Opposing argument or arguments with further refutation Outline #2 Opposing argument or arguments with further refutation Supporting arguments # 1 Supporting argument # 2 Outline #3 Opposing argument #1 with further refutation Opposing argument #2 with further refutation, etc.

ESSAY OUTLINE

Essay outline

ACTIVITIES

Write your own essay Topic: Nursing care of TBC patients