Practical current source

vL Rp v i i L L s R p is iL

vL= iL RL When RL = 0 ( SC Condition)

then iLSC= iS

RL = (OC Condition) then vLOC= vL

When

vLoc R p is iLsc is

Practical voltage source

vL vs Rs iL
Also vL= iL RL When RL = 0 ( SC Condition)
then iLSC= iL

RL = (OC Condition) then vLOC= vS

When

voc vs iLsc vs Rs

Equivalent practical sources

Head of current = +

RTH RN VTH I N RTH

Example
Use source transformation to find Ix
1 1V 1A 2 3 Ix

1 1V 1A

2 3 Ix

2 1A 1 1A 3 Ix

2 1A 1A 1 3 Ix

2 2A 1 3 Ix

1 2V

2 3 Ix

2 2 1 IX A 1 2 3 6 3