Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROJECT
NAME:MEEMANSA SHARMA
CLASS:12
ROLL NUMBER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• WHAETSTONE BRIDGE
• METER BRIDGE
• POTENTIOMETER
Kirchhoff's
Circuit Laws
Outline :-
• Concepts /Description
• Example Problems
Kirchhoff’s Laws
• What are Kirchhoff’s Laws?
Kirchhoff’s laws govern the conservation of charge
and energy in electrical circuits.
• Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. The junction rule
2. The closed loop rule
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law goes by several names
as Kirchhoff’s First Law and Kirchhoff’s Junction
Rule. According to the Junction rule, in a circuit,
the total of the currents in a junction is equal to
the sum of currents outside the junction.
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law goes by several names as
Kirchhoff’s Second Law and Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule.
According to the loop rule, the sum of the voltages
around the closed loop is equal to null.
Junction Rule
•“At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the
sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the
sum of currents flowing out of that node, or: The
algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors
meeting at a point is zero”.
• The sum of currents entering the junction are thus
equal to the sum of currents leaving. This implies that
the current is conserved (no loss of current).
∑𝐼𝑖𝑛= ∑𝐼𝑜𝑢t
∑∆𝑉𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝=0
Solution:
1.
Example :
Find current i3 at the node shown
Solution
Currents i1 and i2 are flowing into the node and currents i3 and i4 are
flowing out of the node. Apply Kirchhoff's law of current at the given node.
i1+i2 = i3+i4
2+9=i3+4
Solve for i3
i3=7 A
Example :
Find currents i3 and i4 at the nodes N1 and N2 shown below.
Solution
We are not given any information whether i3 and i4 flow into or out of the
nodes. We assume i3 flowing out of node N1 and i4 flowing out of
node N2 as shown below (in red) and use Kirchhoff's current law.
At node N1, i1 flows into N1 and i2 and i3 flow out of N1, hence
i1 = i2 + i3
Substitute by known quantities
5 = 9 + i3
Solve for i3
i3=−4
Because i3 is negative, i3 flows into node N1
At node N2, i3 and i5 flows into N2 and i4 flows out of N2, hence
i3+i5 = i4
Substitute by known quantities
−4+10 = i4
Solve for i4
i4=6
Because i4 is positive it therefore flows out of node
Example
Use Kirchhoff's Law of Voltage and all possible closed loops to write
equations involving voltages in the circuit below and explain the signs of
the voltages.
Solution
Step 1: Set negative and positive polarities for all voltages (sources and
Step 2: Set arrows from the negative to the positive polarity of each
Step 3: Use Kirchhoff's Law of Voltage to write the equation following the
rule:
Loop L1L1: The arrow of the voltage source ee is in the same direction as
the loop hence positive. The arrows of voltages VR1VR1 and VR2VR2,
across the resistors, are against the direction of the loop hence negative.
e−VR1−VR2=0e−VR1−VR2=0
Loop L2L2: The arrows of the voltage VR2VR2 is in the same direction of
the loop hence positive. The arrows of voltages VR2VR2, is against the
VR2−VR3=0VR2−VR3=0
Loop L3L3: The arrows of the voltage source ee is in the same direction as
the loop hence positive. The arrows of voltages VR1VR1 and VR3VR3, are
e−VR1−VR3=0e−VR1−VR3=0
Example
In the circuit below e1=20e1=20 Volts, VR2=5VR2=5 Volts
e1−Vr1−VR2=0e1−Vr1−VR2=0
20−5−VR2=020−5−VR2=0
VR2=15VR2=15 A
Apply Kirchhoff's law of voltage to loop L2L2 and write the equation
Vr2+e2−VR3=0Vr2+e2−VR3=0
15+10−VR3=015+10−VR3=0