Circuit Theory Laws

Digital Electronics
• Principles of Electrical Engineering

• Presented by

• Prof.Dr. Ebtisam Saied

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• Lecture 1&2

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 Circuit Theory Laws
This presentation will
• Define voltage, current, and resistance.
• Define and apply Ohm’s Law.
• Introduce series circuits.
o Current in a series circuit
o Resistance in a series circuit
o Voltage in a series circuit
• Define and apply Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
• Introduce parallel circuits.
o Current in a parallel circuit
o Resistance in a parallel circuit
o Voltage in a parallel circuit
• Define and apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law. 4
 Electricity – The Basics
An understanding of the basics of electricity
requires the understanding of three fundamental
concepts.

•Voltage
•Current
•Resistance
A direct mathematical relationship exists between
voltage, resistance, and current in all electronic
circuits.  5
Voltage, Current, & Resistance
Current – Current is the flow of electrical
charge through an electronic circuit. The
direction of a current is opposite to the
direction of electron flow. Current is
measured in AMPERES (AMPS).

Andre Ampere
1775-1836
French Physicist 6
 Voltage
Voltage – Voltage is the electrical force that
causes current to flow in a circuit. It is
measured in VOLTS.

Alessandro Volta
1745-1827
Italian Physicist 7
 Current
Current – Current is the flow of electrical
charge through an electronic circuit. The
direction of a current is opposite to the
direction of electron flow. Current is
measured in AMPERES (AMPS).

Andre Ampere
1775-1836
French Physicist 8
 First, An Analogy
The flow of water from one tank to another is a good analogy for
an electrical circuit and the mathematical relationship between
voltage, resistance, and current.
Force: The difference in the water levels ≡ Voltage

Flow: The flow of the water between the tanks ≡ Current

Opposition: The valve that limits the amount of water ≡ Resistance

Force
Flow

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Opposition
 Anatomy of a Flashlight

Switch Switch
Light Light
Bulb Bulb

Battery - +
Battery

Block Diagram Schematic Diagram

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 Flashlight Schematic

Current

Resistance

- + - +
Voltage

• Closed circuit (switch closed) • Open circuit (switch open)

• Current flow • No current flow
• Lamp is on • Lamp is off
• Lamp is resistance, uses energy • Lamp is resistance, but is not
to produce light (and heat) using any energy
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 Current Flow
• Conventional Current assumes
that current flows out of the
Conventional
positive side of the battery,
Current
through the circuit, and back to
the negative side of the battery.
This was the convention
established when electricity was
first discovered, but it is incorrect!
• Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow out
of the negative side of the battery,
through the circuit, and back to Electron
Flow
the positive side of the battery.
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 Engineering vs. Science
• The direction that the current flows does not affect what the
current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which
convention is used as long as you are consistent.
• Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In
general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas
the engineering disciplines use Conventional Current.
• Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional
Current .

Electron Conventional
Flow Current

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 Ohm’s Law
• Defines the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance in an electric circuit
• Ohm’s Law:
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the voltage
applied to it and is inversely proportional to the resistor’s value.
• Stated mathematically:

V
V + -
I
R I R

Where: I is the current (amperes)

V is the potential difference (volts)
R is the resistance (ohms)
Ohm’s Law Triangle

V V
I ( amperes, A )
I R R

V V
R ( ohms,  )
I R I

V
V  I R ( volts, V )
I R
 Example: Ohm’s Law
Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and has a bulb
with a resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how
much current will be drawn from the battery?

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 Example: Ohm’s Law
Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and has a bulb
with a resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how
much current will be drawn from the battery?

Solution:
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR    0.04 A  40 mA
R 150 
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 Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
• Components are connected • Both ends of the components are
end-to-end. connected together.
• There is only a single path for • There are multiple paths for
current to flow. current to flow.

Components 18
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
 Series Circuits
Characteristics of a series circuit
• The current flowing through every series component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the resistances
(i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
• The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR2) is equal to the
total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ +
VT VR2
- -

- +
RT 19
VR3
 Example: Series Circuit
Example:
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s
V
Voltage Law.
R1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

- 20
RT +
VR3
 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
R T  R1  R2  R3
R T  220   470   1.2 k
R T  1890   1.89 k

Current Through Each Component:

VT
IT  (Ohm' s Law) V
RT
12 v I R
IT   6.349 mAmp
1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit :

IT  IR1  IR2  IR3  6.349 mAmp
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 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:

VR1  IR1  R1  (Ohm' s Law)

VR1  6.349 mA  220 Ω  1.397 volts

VR2  IR2  R2 (Ohm' s Law)

VR2  6.349 mA  470 Ω  2.984 volts V
I R
VR3  IR3  R3 (Ohm' s Law)
VR3  6.349 mA  1.2 K Ω  7.619 volts

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 Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
VT  VR1  VR2  VR3
12 v  1.397 v  2.984 v  7.619 v
12 v  12 v

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 Parallel Circuits
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
• The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocal: 1 1 1 1 1
   RT 
RT R1 R2 R3 1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
• The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal
to the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

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RT
 Example: Parallel Circuit
Example:
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• Use the results to
IT verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

IR1 IR2 IR3

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

25 25
RT
 Example: Parallel Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
470  2.2 k 3.3 k
R T  346.59 

Voltage Across Each Component:

Since this is a parallel circuit :

VT  VR1  VR2  VR3  15 volts

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 Example: Parallel Circuit
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1  (Ohm' s Law)
R1
V 15 v
IR1  R1   31.915 mAmps
R1 470 

V
V 15 v
IR2  R2   6.818 mAmps I R
R2 2.2 k 

VR3 15 v
IR3    4.545 mAmp
R3 3.3 k 

VT 15 v
IT    43.278 mAmp 27
RT 346.59 
 Example: Parallel Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
IT  IR1  IR2  IR3
43.278 mAmps  31.915 mA  6.818 mA  4.545 mA
43.278 mAmps  43.278 mAmps

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 Summary of Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in a
series circuit equals the total applied
voltage.

Gustav Kirchhoff Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

1824-1887
German Physicist
The total current in a parallel circuit equals
the sum of the individual branch currents.

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