AAB10302 : ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDAL 1

DC Circuits
Analysis

08 September 2014
Electricity Law

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 Basic Circuits
 Simple Circuit
Consist of:

 A power source.
 A fuse or a circuit breaker.
 A switch.
 A load. Load Conductor
 A conductor.

+ -
Switch Fuse
24V source

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 Basic Circuits
 Open and Closed Circuits

 Closed circuit
- one continuous path from one of the source terminals,
through the load and back to the other terminals.
 Open circuit
- any interruption or break in the path.
 Short circuit
- there is a path form one source terminal to the other
without passing through the load.

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Basic Circuits

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 Ohm’s Law

 Ohm’s Law stated that:

The current in an electrical circuit is directly

proportional to the EMF (voltage) and inversely
proportional to the resistance
i.e. 1 volt causes 1 ampere to flow through
a resistance of 1 ohm.

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Ohm’s Law

1 volt causes 1 ampere to

flow through a resistance
of 1 ohm.

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 Ohm’s Law

 Ohm’s Law equation is,

V where, I = current in ampere
I = ------ V = voltage in volt
R R = resistance in ohms
 This law can determine,
 the correct size and length of wires to be used in
a circuit.
 the proper sizes of fuses and circuit breakers and
many other details of a circuit.

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 Ohm’s Law

 To find voltage : V =I x R V
 To find current : I =V / R
I R
 To find resistance : R =V / I

 If the voltage applied to a given circuit is doubled,

the current will be doubled.
 If the resistance is doubled and the voltage remains
the same, the current will reduced to one-half.

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 Ohm’s Law

V
I R

If the voltage applied to a

If the resistance is given circuit is doubled, the
doubled and the current will be doubled.
voltage remains the
same, the current will
reduced to one-half.

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 Ohm’s Law
 Series DC Circuits.
 A series circuit contain only one electron path.
 All current must pass through each unit of the circuit.
 If one unit of series circuit should be burned out, or open,
the entire circuit will no longer receive current.

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 Ohm’s Law
 Series Resistor Circuits.
 The current is the same in all parts of
the circuit.
IT = I1 = I2 = I3
 The total voltage equals the sum of
the voltages across the different parts
of the circuit.
VT = V1 + V2 + V3
 The total resistance equals the sum of the individual
resistances in the circuit.
RT = R1 + R2 + R3

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 Ohm’s Law

The current is the same in all parts of the circuit.

IT = I1 = I2 = I3

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 Ohm’s Law

The total voltage equals the sum of the voltages across the different parts of the
circuit.
VT = V1 + V2 + V3

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 Ohm’s Law

The total resistance equals the sum of the individual resistances in the circuit.
RT = R1 + R2 + R3

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Ohm’s Law

Voltage Divider

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 Ohm’s Law

 Voltage Divider
 Several resistors are connected in series
and connected across the power source,
it will create a voltage drop across each R1
resistor to form a voltage divider circuit
(voltage division). V1

 A voltage divider can provides voltages

R2
on either side of ground or reference V2
voltage (either + or -).

Voltage Divider

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 Ohm’s Law

 Parallel DC Circuits.

 More than one path for the electrons to flow.

 Voltage is the same across any of the path.
 The current through each path is inversely proportional
to the resistance of the path.
 The total resistance of the circuit is less than the lowest
resistance in a circuit.
 Most widely used circuit arrangement i.e. aircraft loads.
If one component fails, it has no effect on the others.

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Ohm’s Law

Parallel Circuit

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 Ohm’s Law
 Parallel Resistor Circuits.
 The total current supplied to the
network equals the sum of the
currents in the various branches.
IT = I1 + I2 + I3
 The voltage across a parallel combination is the same as the
voltage across each branch.
VT = V1 = V2 = V3
 The reciprocal of the equivalent resistance equals the sum
of the reciprocals of the branch resistances.
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

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Ohm’s Law

IT = I1 + I2 + I3

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Ohm’s Law

VT = V1 = V2 = V3

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 Ohm’s Law

RT = R RT = Product
n Sum

1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

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 Ohm’s Law

 Series-Parallel Networks (Complex Circuit)

 Consist of both series and parallel
circuits i.e. parallel resistors connected
in series with other resistors.

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 Ohm’s Law
 A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series can
sometimes be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or
the other.
 The same rules used to determine
volts, amperes and resistance
for series and parallel circuits.
 Typically, easiest to start at
the parallel branch first,
than add up to the series.

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 Kirchhoff’s Law

 Kirchoff’s Current (First) Laws (KCL) stated that:

The algebraic sum of the currents at any junction of

conductors in a circuit is zero.
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + …… or IT - I1 - I2 - I3 = 0

The amount of current flowing away from a point in a

circuit is equal to the amount flowing to that point.

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 Kirchhoff’s Law

The amount of current

flowing away from a point in
a circuit is equal to the
amount flowing to that
point.

IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + …… or IT - I1 - I2 - I3 = 0

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 Kirchhoff’s Law
 Kirchoff’s Voltage (Second) Laws (KVL) stated that:

The algebraic sum of the applied voltage and the voltage

drop around any closed circuit is equal to zero.
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + … or VT - V1 - V2 - V3 = 0

The voltage across each load must be exactly the same as

the voltage supplied by the source.

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 Kirchhoff’s Law

VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + … or VT - V1 - V2 - V3 = 0
The voltage across each load must be exactly the same as the voltage supplied
by the source.

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 Wheatstone Bridge

 Wheatstone Bridge
 Purpose is to measure unknown resistance with
great precision.
 Use in temperature indication i.e. carburetor air,
cabin air etc
 Use zero center scale meter (galvanometer) between
point A and B thus current can flow in either
direction.

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 Wheatstone Bridge

 Bridge is balanced, when

there is no potential
R1 R2
difference between point A

+
and B means no current
A B
flow through the meter.
This is done by adjusting the

-
RU R3
R3 if R1, R2 and Ru is known
value resistance.

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Wheatstone Bridge

R1 = 10K ohm, R2 = 1K ohm,

R3 = 250 ohm, find RU if the
bridge is said to be balanced

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 Wheatstone Bridge

Example
Find the unknown resistance (Ru) if R1=10K, R2=1K,
R3=250ohm when the bridge is balanced.
R1 R2
---- = ----
Ru R3

Therefore ; Ru = R1 x R3 = 10 x 0.25 = 2.5K

R2 1

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Wheatstone Bridge

Find the unknown value of RU

when the bridge is said to be
balanced

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 Wheatstone Bridge
 Wheatstone Bridge as a Temperature Sensor
Temp. Bulb
(Resistance Bulb) 11.8V
R1 A 13.2V
100 Ohm
100 Ohm R2 A 112 Ohm
100 Ohm
R1 R2

R4 RU

B
R4 R3 100 Ohm
100 Ohm
100 Ohm 100 Ohm 12.5 V
B 12.5V

+ - + -
25V 25V

Wheatstone Bridge at balanced When temperature increase,

temperature bulb resistance increase,
thus bridge unbalanced. Current flow
through instrumentation

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 Wheatstone Bridge
R1, R2 and R3 will be adjusted
Until the meter balance.
* The resistance value of
R2 bonding jumper is the
R1 sum of all three resistors.

- +

R3

Bonding Jumper

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 Internal Resistance

 Internal Resistance in a Power Supply (Batteries)

 Internal resistance mainly due to the electrolyte. Its varies

with temperature and concentration of the electrolyte.

 The larger a cell is constructed, the greater the electrode

contact area with the electrolyte, and thus the less internal
resistance it will have.

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 Internal Resistance

 Internal Resistance in a Power Supply (Generators)

 Internal resistance mainly due to the resistance of

the wires which form the internal windings.

 Internal Resistance in a Power Supply (Electronics)

 Internal resistance mainly due to the resistance of

the components within the power supply.

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Internal Resistance
Internal resistance
of a cell must be
low as possible
thus less voltage
lost.
CLOSED Circuit:
Terminal Voltage
= Emf – Lost volts.

OPEN Circuit:
Terminal Voltage
= Emf .

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Internal Resistance

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 Internal Resistance

 To construct a
battery with lower
internal resistance
than what one cell
can provide (for
greater current
capacity), we should
have to connect the
cells together in
parallel.

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