Ohm’s Law

by:
Muhamad Abdul Jalil (09330271)
A. Standart of competence:

5. To apply electricity concept in various

problem and a variety technology product.

B. Basic competence :

5.1. To Formulates the mulberry of electricity is

closed series ( one loop)
C. Indicator :

1. To formulate the mulberry of electric current strength

inclosed series (the electric current strength).
2. To formulate the mulberry of electric resistance
strength series (the electric resistance strength).
3. To formulate the mulberry of tension insimple closed
series uses Kirchof Law II.
 Ohm’s Law
Current through an ideal conductor is
proportional to the applied voltage
– Conductor is also known as a resistor
– An ideal conductor is a material whose resistance does not change
with temperature

For an ohmic device,

Voltage  Current  Resistance

V  IR
V = Voltage (Volts = V)
I = Current (Amperes = A)
R = Resistance (Ohms = Ω)
 Current and Voltage Defined
Conventional Current: (the current in electrical circuits)
Flow of current from positive terminal to the negative
terminal.
- has units of Amperes (A) and is measured using ammeters.

Voltage:
Energy required to move a charge from one point to another.
- has units of Volts (V) and is measured using voltmeters.

Think of voltage as what pushes the electrons

along in the circuit, and current as a group of
electrons that are constantly trying to reach a
state of equilibrium.
 Ohmic Resistors
• Metals obey Ohm’s Law linearly so long as
their temperature is held constant
– Their resistance values do not fluctuate with
temperature
• the resistance for each resistor is a constant

Most ohmic resistors will behave

non-linearly outside of a given range of
temperature, pressure, etc.
 Voltage and Current Relationship
for Linear Resistors
Voltage versus Current
for a 10 ohm Resistor
0.6
0.5
Current (A)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Voltage (V)

Voltage and current are linear when resistance is held constant.

 Ohm’s Law continued
The total resistance of a circuit is dependant on
the number of resistors in the circuit and their
configuration

Series Circuit Rtotal  R  R1  R2  ...

1 1 1 1
Parallel Circuit     ...
Rtotal R R1 R2
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Current into junction = Current leaving junction
I in  I out
The amount of current that enters a junction is
equivalent to the amount of current that leaves the
junction
Iin I1

I in  I1  I 2  I out
I2 I1
I in  I out  0
I2 Iout
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Sum of all voltage rises and voltage drops
in a circuit (a closed loop) equals zero

Vin   VoltageAcrossEachResistor
Vin  V1  V2  ...
Net Voltage for a circuit = 0
V1 V2

V  V1  V2
V  V1  V2  0
V
 Series Circuit

Current is constant
• Why?
– Only one path for the
current to take
V  V1  V2  V3
V  IR I  I1  I 2  I 3
R  R1  R2  R3
Series Equivalent Circuit

V1  I  R1 V2  I  R2 V3  I  R3
R  R1  R2  R3

V  V1  V2  V3
V  I  R1  I  R2  I  R3
V  I   R1  R2  R3 
V  IR
 Parallel Circuit

V  IR
V  V1  V2  V3
I  I1  I 2  I 3  I1  I 23
Voltage is constant where I 23  I 2  I 3
1 1 1 1
• Why?   
– There are 3 closed R R1 R2 R3
loops in the circuit
 Parallel Equivalent Circuits

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 
   let   so    
R R1 R2 R3 R 23 R2 R3 R  R1 R23 
1 1 1 1
and     R  R123 I  I1  I 2  I 3
R123 R1 R23 R
1 I1  I 2  I 3
V  I  R   I1  I 2  I 3   
1 1 1 1 1 1
   
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
We’ve now looked at how basic electrical
circuits work with resistors that obey
Ohm’s Law linearly.

We understand quantitatively how these

resistors work using the relationship V=IR,
but lets see qualitatively using light bulbs.
 Matur
THANKYOU