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Electric Circuits
Chapter 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Overview
• This chapter will introduce Ohm’s law:
a central concept in electric circuits.
• Resistors will be discussed in more
detail.
• Circuit topology and the voltage and
current laws will be introduced.
• Finally, meters for measuring voltage,
current, and resistivity will be
presented.
2
Resistivity
• Materials tend to resist the flow of
electricity through them.
• This property is called “resistance”
• The resistance of an object is a
function of its length, l, and cross
sectional area, A, and the material’s
resistivity:
l
R
A
3
Wire Gauge and Resistivity
The resistance of a wire is determined by
the resistivity of the conductor as well as
the geometry:
R l A
6
Conductance
We sometimes prefer to work with the
reciprocal of resistance (1/R), which is
called conductance (symbol G, unit
siemens (S)).
10
Power Dissipation
• Running current through a resistor
dissipates power.
2
v
p vi i 2 R
R
• The power dissipated is a non-linear
function of current or voltage
• Power dissipated is always positive
• A resistor can never generate power
11
Resistors
(a) typical resistors (b) power resistor
(c) a 10 TΩ resistor (d) circuit symbol
Power Dissipation
Ejemplo 2.4
• Tenemos una Resistencia de 560Ω,
está conectada a un circuito que hace
fluir una corriente de 42.4 mA a través
de ella. Calcule la tensión (voltaje) a
través de la Resistencia y la potencia
que está disipando.
13
Nodes Branches and Loops
• Circuit elements can be interconnected in
multiple ways.
• To understand this, we need to be familiar
with some network topology concepts.
• A branch represents a single element such
as a voltage source or a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between
two or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
14
Network Topology
• A loop is independent if it contains at
least one branch not shared by any
other independent loops.
• Two or more elements are in series if
they share a single node and thus carry
the same current
• Two or more elements are in parallel if
they are connected to the same two
nodes and thus have the same voltage.
15
Network Topology (Poll)
Determine el número de nodos y ramas en el siguiente circuito
A) 5 Nodos, 7 Ramas
B) 5 Nodos, 6 Ramas
C) 4 Nodos, 7 Ramas
D) 4 Nodos, 6 Ramas
16
Network Topology (Poll)
17
Kirchoff’s Laws
• Ohm’s law is not sufficient for circuit
analysis
• Kirchoff’s laws complete the needed
tools
• There are two laws:
– Current law
– Voltage law
18
KCL
• Kirchoff’s current law is based on
conservation of charge
• It states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.
• It can be expressed as:
N
i
n 1
n 0
19
Example of KCL Application (Poll)
v
m 1
m 0
21
Example: Applying KVL (Poll)
Find vR2 (the voltage across R2) and the
voltage vx.
A) vR2 = 32 V ; vx = 6 V. B)vR2 = 36 V ; vx = 4 V.
C) vR2 = 32 V ; vx = 4 V. D) vR2 = 36 V ; vx = 6 V.
M
Ley de Kirchoff de Voltajes v
m 1
m 0
Series Resistors
• Two resistors are considered in
series if the same current pass
through them
• Take the circuit shown:
• Applying Ohm’s law to both
resistors
v1 iR1 v2 iR2
• If we apply KVL to the loop we
have:
v v1 v2 0
24
Series Resistors II
• Combining the two equations:
v v1 v2 i R1 R2
• From this we can see there is an
equivalent resistance of the two
resistors:
Req R1 R2
25
Voltage Division
• The voltage drop across any one
resistor can be known.
• The current through all the resistors is
the same, so using Ohm’s law:
R1 R2
v1 v v2 v
R1 R2 R1 R2
26
Parallel Resistors
• When resistors are in parallel,
the voltage drop across them
is the same
v i1R1 i2 R2
• By KCL, the current at node a
is
i i1 i2
27
Current Division
• Given the current entering the node, the
voltage drop across the equivalent
resistance will be the same as that for the
individual resistors
iR1 R2
v iReq
R1 R2
A. 14.4 Ω
B. 12.4 Ω
C. 14.409 S
D. 16.4 Ω
Respuesta 14.4 Ω
29
Resistors
Respuesta 11 Ω
30
Resistors
Ejemplo 2.10
Respuesta 11.2 Ω
31
Resistors Practice
Respuesta 19 Ω
32
Resistors Practice
Determine la conductancia equivalente Geq de la siguiente figura
Ejemplo 2.11
Respuesta 10 S
33
Resistors Practice
Determine la conductancia equivalente Geq de la siguiente figura
Respuesta 8 S
34
Resistors Practice
a) I= 4 A; vab=18 V
b) I= 8 A; vab=56 V
Respuesta
c) I= 4 A; vab=28 V
I= 4 A; vab=28 V
d) I= 4 A; vab=-28 V
36
Resistors Practice
37
Resistors Practice
38
Final de Sesión
Conceptos: N
Req R1 R2 Req Rn
Conexiones en Serie n 1
R1 R2
Req
Conexiones en Paralelo R1 R2
iR2 iR1
Divisor de corriente i1 i2
R1 R2 R1 R2
R1 R2
Divisor de voltaje v1 v v2 v
R1 R2 R1 R2
Wye-Delta Transformations
• There are cases where
resistors are neither parallel
nor series
• Consider the bridge circuit
shown here
• This circuit can be simplified
to a three-terminal equivalent
40
Wye-Delta Transformations II
• Two topologies can be
interchanged:
– Wye (Y) or tee (T)
networks
– Delta (Δ) or pi (Π)
networks
– Transforming between
these two topologies often
makes the solution of a
circuit easier
41
Wye-Delta Transformations III
• The superimposed wye
and delta circuits shown
here will used for reference
• The delta consists of the
outer resistors, labeled a,b,
and c
• The wye network are the
inside resistors, labeled
1,2, and 3
42
Delta to Wye
• The conversion formula for a delta to
wye transformation are:
Rb Rc
R1
Ra Rb Rc
Rc Ra
R2
Ra Rb Rc
Ra Rb
R3
Ra Rb Rc
43
Wye to Delta
• The conversion formula for a wye to
delta transformation are:
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Ra
R1
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Rb
R2
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Rc
R3
44
Wye and Delta Exercises
Ejemplo 2.14
45
Wye and Delta Exercises
46
Wye and Delta Exercises
49
D’Arsonval Meter Movement
• Below is an example of a D’Arsonval
Meter Movement
50
Ammeter
• It should be clear that the basic meter
movement directly measured current.
• The needle deflection is proportional to the
current up to the rated maximum value
• The coil also has an internal resistance
• In order to measure a greater current, a
resistor (shunt) may be added in parallel to
the meter.
• The new max value for the meter is:
51
Voltmeter
• Ohm’s law can be used to convert the meter
movement into a voltmeter
• By adding a resistor in series with the
movement, the sum of the meter’s internal
resistance and the external resistor are
combined.
• A voltage applied across this pair will result
in a specific current, which can be measured
• The full scale voltage measured is:
52
Ohmmeter
• We know that resistance is
related the voltage and current
passing through a circuit
element.
• The meter movement is already
capable of measuring current
• What is needed is to add a
voltage source
• By KVL:
E
Rx ( R Rm )
Im
53
Ohmmeter II
• The internal resistor is chosen such that
when the external resistor is zero, the meter
is at full deflection
• This yields the following relationship
between measured current and resistance
I fs
Rx 1 ( R Rm )
Im
Req R1 R2 Req Rn
Conexiones en Serie n 1
R1 R2
Req
Conexiones en Paralelo R1 R2
iR2 iR1
Divisor de corriente i1 i2
R1 R2 R1 R2
R1 R2
Divisor de voltaje v1 v v2 v
R1 R2 R1 R2