TOPIC 1

Module Code: IET04108

Module Name: Fundamentals of Industrial
Engineering
Staff Name: Sir. EFB
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s Laws.

Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
• Real-world devices that are modeled by resistors: incandescent light
bulbs, heating elements (stoves, heaters, etc.), long wires
• Resistance is measured in Ohms (W)
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Ohm’s law
It states,
“The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current
moving through the resistor.”
Consider
Basic laws of electrical circuits
The voltage passing in a circuit is directly proportional to the current
Hence,
VI
By removing the proportionality sign,
V= IR
Where,
V= Voltage
I= Current
R= Resistance
Basic laws of electrical circuits
•Example
 
Consider the following circuit
+
115V R M S V R
(a c ) (1 0 0 W a tt lig h t b u lb )
_

Determine the resistance of the 100 Watt bulb.

V2
P  VI   I 2R
R
V 2 1152
R  132.25 ohms
P 100
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
It states,
“The sum of the current entering a node (junction point) equal to the sum of
the currents leaving.”

Ia Ic

Ib Ia + Ib = Ic + Id
Id

I a, I b , I c , a n d I d c a n e a c h b e e ith e r a p o s itiv e
o r n e g a tiv e n u m b e r .

• The algebraic sum of the currents entering a node equal to zero.

Basic laws of electrical circuits
Example
Consider the following circuit
4 A
2 A

-1 A 6 A
Find the current Ix

IX
9 A
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
It states,
“For any loop in an electrical circuit, the sum of the electrical voltage
across the loop is zero.”
Consider the following circuit

+ –
v2(t) +

v1(t) + v3(t)
–
–
Basic laws of electrical circuits
The sum of voltages around a loop is zero:
n

 v (t )  0
j 1
j

A loop is any closed path through a circuit in which no node is

encountered more than once
• KVL= The sum of voltages around any loop in a circuit is zero
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Wheatstone bridge
A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure an
unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit,
one leg of which includes the unknown component. The primary
benefit of the circuit is its ability to provide extremely accurate
measurements.
The Wheatstone Bridge was originally developed by
Charles Wheatstone to measure unknown resistance values and as a
means of calibrating measuring instruments, voltmeters, ammeters,
etc, by the use of a long resistive slide wire. Although today digital
multimeters provide the simplest way to measure a resistance.
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Consider
Basic laws of electrical circuits
•By  replacing R4 above with a resistance of known or unknown value in
the sensing arm of the Wheatstone bridge corresponding to RX and
adjusting the opposing resistor, R3 to “balance” the bridge network, will
result in a zero voltage output. Then we can see that balance occurs
when:

The Wheatstone Bridge equation required to give the value of the

unknown resistance, RX at balance is given as:
VOUT= (VC – VD) = (VR2-VR4) = 0
Also
VC =
Basic laws of electrical circuits
•At  balance,
VC = VD
Hence;

R2(R3+R4) = R4(R1+R2)
R2R3 + R2R4 = R4R1 + R4R2
R2R3 = R4R1
R X = R4 =
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Example
Consider the following circuit Calculate the output voltage across
points C and D and the value of resistor R4 required to balance the
bridge circuit.
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Moving Coil Galvanometer
What is a galvanometer?
A galvanometer is a device that is used to detect small electric current
or measure its magnitude. The current and its intensity is usually
indicated by a magnetic needle’s movement or that of a coil in a
magnetic field that is an important part of a galvanometer.
What is a Moving Coil Galvanometer?
A moving coil galvanometer is an instrument which is used to measure
electric currents. It is a sensitive electromagnetic device which can
measure low currents even of the order of a few microamperes.
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Moving-coil galvanometers are mainly divided into two types:
• Suspended coil galvanometer
• Pivoted-coil or Weston galvanometer

Moving Coil Galvanometer Principle

A current-carrying coil when placed in an external magnetic field
experiences magnetic torque. The angle through which the coil is
deflected due to the effect of the magnetic torque is proportional to
the magnitude of current in the coil.
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Construction and diagram
• The moving coil galvanometer is made up of a rectangular coil that has
many turns and it is usually made of thinly insulated or fine copper wire
that is wounded on a metallic frame. The coil is free to rotate about a
fixed axis. A phosphor-bronze strip that is connected to a movable torsion
head is used to suspend the coil in a uniform radial magnetic field.
• A cylindrical soft iron core is symmetrically positioned inside the coil to
improve the strength of the magnetic field and to make the field radial.
• The spring is used to produce a counter torque which balances the
magnetic torque and hence help in producing a steady angular deflection.
A plane mirror which is attached to the suspension wire, along with a
lamp and scale arrangement is used to measure the deflection of the coil.
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Parts of the MCG
 It consists of 
• Permanent horse shoe magnets
• Coil
• soft iron core
• A phosphor-bronze fibre
• Lower suspension spring
• non-metallic frame
• Scale
• Pointer
• mirror
 Basic laws of electrical circuits
Diagrams
Basic laws of electrical circuits
Advantages of MCG
• Not affected by a strong magnetic field
• Have a high torque to weight ratio
• Very accurate and reliable
• Their scales are uniform

Disadvantages of MCG
• There is a possibility of damage to the phosphor-bronze fibre due to high
stresses
• Fatigue causes the lower suspension spring to work inefficiently
ASSIGNMENT 01
1. Explain theory behind force on a moving charge.

NOTE:
Use sketches and diagrams where necessary
Submit before 10th December 2020.