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CHAPTER Three

Hydraulic Turbines

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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

 According to type of energy loss

 Impulse turbine e.g. Pelton wheel
ΔProtor = 0 degree of reaction = 0

 Reaction turbine e.g. Francis turbine

ΔProtor ≠ 0 degree of reaction ≠ 0

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DEGREE OF REACTION
 Degree of reaction or reaction ratio (R) is defined
as the ratio of static pressure drop in the rotor to
the static pressure drop in the stage or as the ratio
of static enthalpy drop in the rotor to the static
enthalpy drop in the stage.
 Degree of reaction (R) is an important factor in
designing the blades of a turbine, compressors,
pumps and other turbo-machinery. It also tells
about the efficiency of machine and is used proper
selection of machine for the required purpose.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

 According to direction of flow of fluid

 Tangential flow e.g. Pelton wheel

 Radial flow e.g. Francis turbine
 Axial flow e.g. Kaplan turbine
 mixed flow e.g. modern Francis turbine

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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

 According to direction of flow of at inlet

 High head turbine e.g. Pelton wheel

 Medium head turbine e.g. Francis turbine
 Low head turbine e.g. Kaplan turbine

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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

 According to specific speed of turbine

 High specific speed turbine

e.g. Kaplan turbine
 Medium specific speed turbine
e.g. Francis turbine
 Low specific speed turbine
e.g. Pelton turbine

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HYDRAULIC TURBINES

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HYDRAULIC TURBINES
 Gross Head
Gross head is basically defined as the
difference between the head race level and tail
race level when water is not flowing. Gross
head will be indicated by Hg.
 Net Head
Net head is basically defined as the head
available at the inlet of the turbine. Net head is
also simply called as effective head.

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HYDRAULIC TURBINES

Net head, H = Gross head (Hg) – head loss due to friction (hf)

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EFFICIENCIES OF A TURBINE

There are following important efficiencies

 Hydraulic efficiency

 Mechanical Efficiency

 Volumetric efficiency

 Overall Efficiency

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HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY
Hydraulic efficiency is basically defined as the
ratio of power given by water to the runner of
turbine to the power supplied by the water at
the inlet of the turbine. Hydraulic efficiency will
be indicated by ηh.
 Hydraulic efficiency (ηh) = R.P/ W.P
R.P = Power delivered to the runner of turbine
W.P = Power supplied at the inlet of turbine or
water power

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MEHANICAL EFFICIENCY

 Mechanical efficiency is basically defined as the

ratio of power available at the shaft of the
turbine to the power delivered to the runner of
the turbine. Mechanical efficiency will be
indicated by ηm.
 Mechanical efficiency (ηm) = S.P/ R.P

S.P = Power available at the shaft of the turbine

R.P = Power delivered to the runner of turbine

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VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
Volumetric efficiency is basically defined as the
ratio of the volume of the water actually striking
the runner of the turbine to the volume of water
supplied to the turbine.
Volumetric efficiency will be indicated by ηv.

Volumetric efficiency (ηv) = Volume of the water

actually striking the runner of the turbine /
Volume of water supplied to the turbine

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EFFICIENCIES OF A TURBINE

 Overall efficiency is basically defined as the

ratio of the power available at the shaft of the
turbine to the power supplied by the water at
the inlet of the turbine. Overall efficiency will be
indicated by ηo.

Overall efficiency, ηo = S.P/W.P

ηo = ηm x ηh

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

The Pelton wheel is an impulsive turbine used

for high heads of water. It has the following
main components:
 Nozzle,

 Runner and buckets,

 Casing, and

 Breaking jet.

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

 u1 = u2 = u
 v1 = c v
 cv….Coefficient of velocity of nozzle
 H= net head = HG -HF

 L… Length of penstock
 V … velocity of fluid in penstock
 D … diameter of penstock

 Inlet velocity triangle (straight line)

 Vw1 = V1
 Vr1 = V1 - u1

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

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