Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Technology Department of Computer Engineering and information

Technology

First Class

Year 2010-2011

Fundamentals of Electronic Circuit Design

Contents 1- Structure of an Atom 1.1 Material Photo effective 2- Material types (Conductor, and Semiconductor, Insulator) 3- Intrinsic semiconductor 3.1 Extrinsic semiconductor (P-type and N-type) 4- P-N Junction (Diode) 4.1 Diode Equivalent cct. 4.2 Diode DC analysis 5- Diode AC applications 5.1 Rectifier 5.2 Clipper circuits 5.3 Clamper circuits 6- Zener Diode 7- Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 8- Field Effect Transistor FET 8.1 Junction Field Effect Transistor ( JFET) 8.2 Metal Oxide Semiconductor field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) Reference 1-Thomas L .Floyd Electronsic Devices 2005. 2-U.A Bakshi Electronics Engineering First Edition ,2008 3-Jacob MillmanMicroelectronics second Edition 1987

1.Structure of an Atom
Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali

1.1 The nature of the Atom The atom consists of a central nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons ,as shown in the Fig.1 The nucleus consists of positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutron. The basic particles of negative charege are called electrons In a normal atom the number of protons is equal to the number electrons .The number of protons in an atom is called as its atomic number .While the atomic weight is approximately equal to the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Electron + Nucleus

Fig.1 Atom structure

Orbital

The charge of proton ( inside the nucleus) equal to the electrons charge. The fource of the the attraction between electron and proton follows by Columb's Law.

1-2 The Number of Electron in Each orbit(or shell)

Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali

The electrons which are revolving round the nucleus ,do not move in same orbit .The electrons are arranged in the different orbits at an orbit can contain maximum number of electrons (Ne)can be calculated by the formula Ne= 2n 2 ,n is the number of orbil.The first orbit can occupy electrons ( 2 12 =2) The maximum number of electrons that can exist in the second shell is Ne=2 (2) 2 =8 The maximum number of electrons that can exist in the third shell Ne=2 (3) 2 =8 All shells in a given atom must be completely filled with electrons except the outer (Valence )shell 1-3 Bohr Atom The hydrogen contain one electron in his orbital call (Bohr Atom). There are two attractive Forces FP : Potential Force FK : Kinetic Force.
FP =
FK =

q2 40 r 2

(1)
FK

FP r +

m v2 r

(2)

where q: electron Charge = 1.602 *10-19 C m : electron mass = 9.11*10-31 Kg

0 : permittivity of air = 8.859 *10-12 F/m

)+Fig. (2) Bohr Atom (H

v : velocity of electron (m/sec) r : radius of the orbit (m) The condition for equilibrium the two force is equal, that lead to
Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali

q2 40 r 2 v2 =

m v2 r

(3)
q
2

40 m r

The stationary state is determined by the condition, the angular momentum of electron in this state be integral multiple of
nh 2

h /( 2 )

as

mvr=

(4)

where h : Plank'c constant = 6.626 * 10-34 J.sec n : orbital number

nh 2 m r

v =

(5)

by using Eq. (3) by Eq. (5) the result is

h 2

r =

m q2

n2

(6)

by using Eq.(3) with Eq.(6) the r by

q2

v =

1 2 h 0 n

(7)

1-4Atomic Energy There are two types of energy at the atom. iPotential Energy EP of electron at distance from the nucleus
Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali

EP =

q2 4 0 r

(8

ii.

Kinetic Energy EK for the electron moving around the nucleus

m v2 2

EK =

(9)

therefore the total Energy are ET = Ek+Ep

ET = Ek + Ep = ET = q4 8 0 r = q2 m v2 + 2 4 0 r
2 2 2

m q4 1 8h 0 n

(Joule)

(10)

Putting values of m ,q, o , h 2 in equation (10) for electron inhydrogenatom ,we have ET = 13.6 (ev) n2

ev : the electron volt unit.

Example Determine the first three allowed electron energies in the hydrogen atom and draw the energy level diagram
ET = 13.6 (ev) n2

For the First energy level n=1

Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali

ET =

13.6 12

(ev) = 13.6ev

For the second energy level n=2

ET = 13.6 22 (ev) = 3.39ev

For the third energy level n=3

ET = 13.6 32 (ev) = 1.51ev
(n =

(Ionization Level ET = 0 ev

4= n ve 78.0E= T 3= n ve 65.1E= T 2=n ve 14.3E= T S.G) 1=n ) ve 6.31ET = .Nucl (Ground Level )

(+Fig. The Energy levels of Bohr atom (H

1-5 Atomic Energy Levels The energy level of shell one is lowermost while the energy level of valence shell is highest .More energy level indicates that the electrons of that shell are loosely bound to the nucleus as having highest energy level .The concept of energy level is shown in the Fig.(3)
Energy level increases from first shell to valence shell as the distance from the nucleus the increases

Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali

Lowest energy level

Valence shell highest energy level

Fig.(3) Concept of energy level The Ionization level is the level of number n = . The atom by ionize is absorbed energy equal to the level energy. An electron which is not subjected to the force of attraction of the the nucleus is called a free electron .More the number of free electrons ,better is the conductivity of the metal 1.6Photo Affective The electron in ground state (G.S) absorbed an light (Photon) then transfer to upper state this case call photon absorbsion, if the photon transfer from upper state to lower state radiate photons this case call photon emission. The photon Energy EPh calculated by
hC

EPh = h f =

(11)

where f : Photon frequency (Hz)

: Photon wavelength (m)

C=3*108 (m/sec) Hint: Angistrom (A0) = 10-10 m

Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali

a-

Absorbsion The electron absorb energy when it excite from lower energy

level to higher energy level . Fig.(4). The energy of final orbital can calculate his energy by
E 1 E 2 = hf

(12) E2 EPh E1
Fig.(4) Absorbsion

If photon Energy greater or equal to the Energy level then the electron transfer to level n= Inf., the atom in this case call Ionize and this phenomena call Photo ionization see Fig. (5). =n

EPh >=E1
Fig.(5) Photo Ionization

E1

b-

Emission In this case the electron loss the amount of energy as photon

(Light), this phenomena called (Emission).It jump from higher energy level to lower energy . The Photon energy calculated by
E 2 E1 = hf

.(13)

E2 EPh E1
Fig.(6) Emission
Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali

2 Material Types
There are three type of material : i. ii. iii. Insulator is very poor conducting material the energy gap between valance band and conduction band very high. Conductor is excellent conducting material the energy gap between valance band and conduction band very small. Semiconductor is subtended material between conductor and Insolate material, the energy gap between valance band and conduction band small, for that the semiconductor is transfer case between conducted and insolated material.(two types intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor) Energy Band, its know as group of orbital have the same performance. There are two type of Bands, Valance Band (V.B) and Conduction Band (C.B). The electron in C.B call free electrons, this electrons cause conducing in material. As shown Fig.(). Energy Gap (E.G), its the region separates between valence band and conduction band. The energy gap is

Eg =EC - EV

. (14)

2.1 Metals, Semiconductors and insulators (on the basic of band diagram) The different electrical behavior of materials can be explained qualitatively in terms of their energy band diagrams because each solid has its own Ec characteristics energy band structure as shownband in Fig(7). Conduction Conduction band
Eg Valence band E ev Ev
Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali

E E(ev) ev

Forbidden gap Valence band

Valence Eg >=3ev band Ec x x Metals Semicoducors Conductors Ev Conduction band Insulators Forbidden gap

Fig.(7) Band diagram for conductor, semiconductor and insulator

Dr.Ekbal Hussian Ali