Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien

OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTE (E-UTRA)

T. Zemen
April 24, 2008

Outline

Part I - OFDMA and SC/FDMA basics

Multipath propagation Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) Soft frequency reuse Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) Single carrier/frequency division multiple access (SC/FDMA)

Part II - Time-variant channel estimation for OFDM

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References
Motorola, Long Term Evolution (LTE): Overview of LTE Air-Interface, Technical White Paper, 2007 Rohde&Schwarz, UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology Introduction, 2007. Freescale, Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer, 2007. 3GPP TS 36.2111, Physical Channels and Modulation (Rel. 8), March, 2008. H. G. Myung, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazin, pp. 30-38, September, 2006. U. Sorger, I. De Broeck, and M. Schnell, Interleaved FDMA - A New Spread Spectrum Multiple-Access Scheme, Proc. IEEE ICC 98, Atlanta, GA, pp-1013-1017, June, 1998. T. Zemen and C. F. Mecklenbrauker, Time-Variant Channel Estimation using Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 53, no. 9, September 2005, pp. 3597-3607.
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Time-Variant Multipath Propagation

scatterer

v velocity
1 ej2f1 t (t 1 )

path attenuation time delay Doppler shift

receiver

0 ej2f0 t (t 0 ) user v scatterer

2 ej2f2 t (t 2 )

L number of paths

Time-variant channel impulse response

L 1

h(t , ) =
=0
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ej2f t (t )

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OFDM Fundamentals (I)

Single carrier versus multi carrier
f single carrier f multi carrier

d[0] d[1] d[2]

d[1]

d[2]

d[3]

d[4]

d[5]

d[6]

d[0]

d[7]

d[3] d[4] d[5] d[6]

t

d[7]
0 NTC

0 TC

1/TC Chip rate N Number of subcarriers d [0] . . . d [7] Data symbols

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OFDM Fundamentals (II)

Orthogonal subcarriers
magnitude 1 Df

...

...

0 fq f q+1

fq = q /(NTC )
q {0, . . . , N 1} Subcarrier index
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OFDM Fundamentals (III)

Processing steps
subcarriers
f1 t

symbols (BPSK)
*(+1)

modulated subcarriers
t

2*f

*(-1)

3*f

*(+1)

Efciently implementable by means of an inverse discrete Fourier transform.

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OFDM Fundamentals (IV)

Cyclic prex insertion

T S

TS OFDM symbol duration. A copy of the signal tail (length TG ) is inserted at the beginning of each OFDM symbol. Absorbs multipath components.
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OFDM Fundamentals (V)

OFDM time frequency representation
5 MHz Bandwidth FFT Guard Intervals Symbols Frequency Time Sub-carriers

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OFDM System Design

No inter-symbol interference: Guard interval larger than the delay spread TD GTC = TG > TD Spectral efciency: Symbol duration much larger than delay spread NTC = TS TD Inter-carrier interference: Symbol rate much higher than Doppler shift fD 1/TS fD G cyclic prex length in number of chips N number of subcarriers
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Receiver Side Processing

Drop cyclic prex and perform DFT Channel partitioned in N parallel frequency at channels Simple equalization - complexity grows with N log(N )
g[0] n[0]

d[0]
...

y[0]

q subcarrier index
g[q] n[q]
...

d data symbol g subcarrier channel coefcient n additive noise y received symbol

d[q]

y[q]

...

d[N-1]
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...

...

y[N-1]
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OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTE (E-UTRA)

...

OFDMA (I)

Orthogonal time-frequency grid

frequency a subcarrier

time an OFDM symbol

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OFDMA (II)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
frequency user 1 user 2 user 3 user 4 user 5 user 6

frequency diversity

time

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OFDMA (II)
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
frequency user 1 user 2 user 3 user 4 user 5 user 6

time time diversity

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LTE Parameters (Downlink)

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LTE Resource Grid (Downlink)

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LTE Resource Blocks (Downlink)

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OFDMA (III)
Time-variant frequency-selective channel
frequency

frequency diversity

time time diversity

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OFDMA (III)
Time-frequency pattern
frequency

frequency diversity

user 1 user 2 user 3 user 4

time time diversity

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Soft Frequency Reuse (I)

At cell boundaries the signal to interference ratio (SIR) is approx. 0 dB due to frequency reuse 1 DS-CDMA uses soft handover at the cell boundary OFDM based air interface allows soft frequency reuse for users at the cell boundary

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Soft Frequency Reuse (II)

b- s Su rier r ca

po w er de ns ity

BS 2

subcarr ier

MS 22

BS 1

Pow er de n

MS 21

sity
MS 11

MS 31

MS 12

MS 32

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3 OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTEBS (E-UTRA)

s ca ubrr ie r

Po

ity ns de r we

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LTE Uplink

Power consumption in user equipment (UE) terminals is limited by battery OFDM requires large dynamic range due to high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) Linear power ampliers with wide dynamic range have bad efciency Single carrier/Frequecy division multiple access (SC/FDMA) used for the uplink in LTE

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Comparison OFDMA vs. SC/FDMA

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SC/FDMA Distributed vs. Localized

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SC/FDMA

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Processing Steps

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PAPR comparison

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Conclusions - Part I

OFDM enables wireless communication in frequency selective channels Channel equalization in the frequency domain Low complexity implementation - fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms Time and frequency diversity can be exploited SC/FDMA is OFDM with precoding PAPR of SC/FDMA is 2dB smaller compared to OFDMA

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Outline

Part I - OFDMA and SC/FDMA Basics Part II - Time-variant channel estimation for OFDM
Signal model Discrete prolate spheroidal sequences Reduced-rank channel estimation Mean square error (MSE) sensitivity to velocity of user equipment

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Time-Variant Channel Estimation for OFDM

Signal model for a single at-fading subcarrier q {0, . . . , N 1}

ym,q = gm,q dm,q + zm,q
ym,q C , received symbol on subcarrier q at discrete time m {0, . . . , M 1} zm,q C , additive noise dm,q C data symbol

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LTE Pilot Pattern

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Reduced-Rank Channel Description

Second order statistic is unknown Doppler bandwidth upper bounded by Dmax Estimation per frequency-at subcarrier q {0, . . . , N 1}

Basis Expansion
D 1

gm , q
i =0

i ,q ui ,m

for

m {0, . . . , M 1} ,

DM

gm,q channel coefcient for subcarrier q at time m ui ,m basis function i ,q expansion coefcient

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Slepian Basis Expansion

D. Slepian et al. (1961,1978) asked, which sequences have
M 1

|u m | 2 |um |2

maximum time concentration =

m =0 m=

while being bandlimited in [Dmax , Dmax ]

M 1 =0

sin(2Dmax ( m)) ui , = i ui ,m ( m)

Discrete prolate spheroidal (DPS) sequences ui [m]

Doubly orthogonal on {, . . . , } and {0, . . . , M 1} Subspace has dimension D = 2Dmax M + 1

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Slepian Sequences

0.15

0.1

0.05

M = 256 block length 1/TS = 49 ks1 symbol rate vmax = 100 km/h velocity fC = 2 GHz carrier
u0[m] u1[m] u [m] 2 u [m] 3 u4[m] 50 100 150 200 250

0.05

0.1

D = 5 dimensions

0.15

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Time-Variant Channel Estimation

Signal model for a single subcarrier q

ym,q = gm,q dm,q + zm,q
ym,q C , received symbol on subcarrier q at discrete time m zm,q C , additive noise i ,q C , basis expansion coefcient

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Time-Variant Channel Estimation

Signal model for a single subcarrier q

D 1

y m ,q =
i =0

ui ,m i ,q dm,q + zm,q

ym,q C , received symbol on subcarrier q at discrete time m zm,q C , additive noise i ,q C , basis expansion coefcient

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Pilot Based Channel Estimation (I)

D 1

y m ,q =
i =0

ui ,m i ,q dm,q + zm,q

Time multiplexed pilot and data symbols, dm = bm + pm (pilots are known at the receiver side). bm {1 j}/ 2 for m / P and bm = 0 for m P pm = {1 j}/ 2 for m P and pm = 0 for m /P P= J pilot symbols i M M + J 2J | i {0, . . . , J 1}

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Pilot Based Channel Estimation (II)

... omitting q
Basis function vector f m = Coefcient estimates = G 1
mP

u0,m . . . uD 1,m

RD ,
f ym pm m

where = [ 0 , . . . , (D 1) ]T and the correlation matrix G=

l P

flfH l .

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MSE Sensitivity to User Velocity

MSEM =
Thomas Zemen

1 M

M 1

m |2 E |gm g
m =0 April 24, 2008 36/37

OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTE (E-UTRA)

Conclusions - Part II

Detailed channel information at receiver side difcult to acquire Discrete prolate spheroidal sequences describe the subspace of band-limited sequences Reduced-rank channel description using DPS sequences allows for simple UE algorithm Mean-square error (MSE) is practically independent of user velocity

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