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Wireless LAN Technology: Chapter 10 (Pahlavan)
Wireless LAN Technology: Chapter 10 (Pahlavan)
WLAN
Coverage area Data rate Batter consumption IEEE 802.11 and HIPERLAN IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth, HomeRF
WPAN
Cost of infrastructure Coverage area You own, no service charge Analogy with PSTN/PBX
LAN History-2
Emerged to enable sharing of expensive resources such as printers & to ease wiring problems Early 1980s: Three standards are developed
Distinct PHY and MAC layers & topologies, but same management and bridging ~1985: Think coax Thin coax TP wiring Shorter segments, but ease of installation, lower cost, increased data rate
Thick coax
MAU MAU MAU
Terminator
MAU: Medium Attachment Unit AUI: Attachment Unit Interface UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair
Hub-and-Spoke Architecture
Server
Figure 10.1: Evolution of the LANs from thick to thin cable and then to star topology using TP.
Thick/Think/TP ~ 10Mbps Interconnect LANs in different buildings to share computing resources High speed multimedia applications Interconnect LANs FDDI (fiber distributed data interface): 100 Mbps in mid-1980 Mid-1990: 100 Mbps fast Ethernet (802.3) Mid-1990: 100VG-AnyLAN (802.12) Late-1990: Gigabit Ethernet (802.3)
LAN History-3
802.3, 802.4, 802.5 are wired LANs 802.9: ISO Ethernet 802.6: MAN 802.11, 802.15, 802.16: Wireless local net 802.14 Cable modem 802.10 Security management
Higher Layers
802 Overview and Architecture
802.3 PHY
802.4 PHY
802.5 PHY
802.6 PHY
802.9 802.11 802.12 802.14 802.15 802.16 PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY
WLAN Industry
Data rate (2 Mbps vs. 54 Mbps) Frequency band regulation (Licensing) Method of data delivery (Service vs. own)
Early Experiences
IBM Switzerland
Late 1970 Factories and manufacturing floors Diffused IR technology Could not get 1 Mbps 1980 100 Kbps DSSS around 900 Mhz CSMA as MAC Experimental licensing from FCC Frequency administration was problematic, thus abandoned ~1985 1.73 GHz Abandoned after FCC difficulties
Motorola
What we learned
Unlicensed Bands
FCC dilemma
WLAN requires ~o(10 MHz) WWAN uses 2*25 MHz tens of billions Avoid 1-2 GHz, approve higher frequencies Motorola Altair (18-19 GHz) Release unlicensed frequency bands
802.4L802.11 Shoe-box sized APs (LAN extension) LANWLAN did not materialize
More bands
20 MHz in PCS band 10 for voice, 10 for data Rules (based on CSMA)
Three basic rules 1. Listen before talk (or transmit) LBT Protocol 2. Low transmitter power 3. Restricted duration of transmissions
1992 HIPERLAN completed 23 Mbps 200 MHz, 5.15-5.35 & 17.1-17.3 GHz FCC responded by U-NII bands in 1997 OFDM based WLANs
Shift in Marketing
Early 1990s expectation of LANWLAN shift did not happen Two new directions 1: Boost the power, directional antennas
Cross-building interconnect Alternative (T1) were expensive Range is fairly good (Tens of kms)
Building Cross-connect
(b)
Wired Backbone
(c)
(a)
Figure 10.5 Different forms of WLAN products (a) LAN-Extension (b) Inter-LAN Bridge (c ) PCMCIA cards for laptops
Shift in Marketing
Horizontal vs. vertical integration Traditionally horizontal (end products) New vertical markets (solutions)
Figure 10.7: Fusion of Computers and Communications in the InfoPAD project at the University of California, Berkeley.
Figure 10.9: The urban/outskirts combat scenario for the SUO-SAS project
New Interest in EU
Explosion in 2000
Japan
Small office sizes Laptops replacing PCs WLAN is seen part of the WWAN Cellular Unlicensed, high-data rate Broadband Internet access Home networking
EU
US
To fixed network
Connection Point
Intelligent Office
Smart Home
Ad hoc setup
WLAN
Position Location
PSTN
Telephone Wiring
Internet
Virtual connection
Cable Net
Cable or Satellite
What is a HAN?
Phone appliances
Standard phone Inter Comm Cordless phone
Location / Navigation
locating children and pets navigating handicaps
Home Computing
Desktop computer Laptop Printer Scanner QuickCam
PROGRAM
Applications diversity Number of users Bandwidth requirements Coverage area System administration Installation and maintenance
HAN Technologies
TP phone lines
Relatively good distribution Suitable for Ethernet connection Also used for phone and xDSL Poor distribution Used for multi-channel TV signal distribution Cable-modems are required Excellent distribution Line quality is poor Frequency selective channel & impulse noise Data-rate limitations and complex DSP Ideal Bandwidth, coverage, security, interference, reliability etc.
Power lines
Wireless
HPNA
Ethernet compatible LAN over home phone lines Stand-alone adapter to connect to any device with 10Base-T interface to phone jacks Shares the medium through FDM Up converts the Manchester coding to HPNA band MAC layer is the same as 802.3 Incorporates the legacy hardware and software
Network camera
Home Gateway
Laptop
Internet
Desktop
telephone
Printer
Multimedia PC Webphone
Camera Scanner
Figure 10.18: Phone line wirings shared among three technologies using FDM. (a) POTS uses 20 Hz 3.4 kHz (b) xDSL uses 25 kHz 1.1 MHz, and (c) HomePNA uses 2 MHz 30 MHz
1 Mbps type rates AM band is avoided Some use in smart appliances Interference, noise, multi-path, fading makes it a challenging medium FSK and QPSK is used for low-rates OFDM for high rates CSMA is used as MAC
Figure 10.16: (a) Typical Power line transfer function (b) Typical noise level in the power lines
AM radio
3 kHz - 148.5 kHz (EU) HF band (1 - 30 MHz) 9 kHz - 490 kHz (US)
frequency
Figure 10.19: Frequency bands for low- and high-speed data communications over power lines.
Internet
Meter reading
communications through outside AC lines to the meter
Head control/security
Control network
on/off, light dimmer, HVAC control
Smart appliances
Sense other appliances on the power lines, breakdown alert, access through web site, email
Security systems
Sensors network through power lines
PROGRAM
Home Server
Security
HPNA Internet
Cable, xDSL, v.90
Home RF
Power Line
PROGRAM
Wireless
802.16 HIPER-ACCESS DBS Wired xDSL Cable Modem
Wireless PSTN
HomeRF SWAP
Grandmas Brownies 3 cups flour 1 cup grated chocolate 1 cup sugar 1 stick butter
Control Point
USB Camera Game Pad Printer Phone Cable
1394
Stereo
TV
HomePNA