Intel 4004: Leading Innovation since 1971

Hannah Deen Erik Sola Senior Division Group Website

How did you choose your topic? In 2011, we enrolled into a computer class named The Academy of Information Technology taught by Mrs. Awde. In this class we learned of many topics in the world of technology, but something that caught our eye was the unit on assembling and disassembling a computer. Our interest in the Central Processing Unit (CPU) came when we were taught that the one-inch by one-inch square ran the whole computer. Our minds were reeling and we wanted to know more, not just how the technology ran but when was the first one produced and why. Then when our AP-US history teacher Mrs. Hermes introduced the History Day Project, and told the class that the topic was turning points in history, we knew right away that the first CPU fit into this category perfectly.

How did you conduct your research? Research began with finding out when the first CPU was produced and by whom, by consulting Mrs. Awde our computer teacher. We were able to find that the first CPU was the Intel 4004 produced by the Intel Corporation in 1971. From here we decided to contact Intel directly to see if the company would release the manual on how the technology was produced and the company sent back links to primary sources in the Intel archives. After reading the mass amount of information sent by Intel, we picked out a few key components that were not described in the primary source and researched them separately. We consulted online encyclopedias and university websites that kept libraries on the 4004.

How did you select your presentation category? Our topic is about a technology so we thought that it would naturally fit in the technology category of website. To work on this project as a group we believe represents the teamwork used to create the Intel 4004. Technology is a field on building off of one another, which is shown within this project.

How does your project relate to the National History Day theme? Without a small fingernail sized chip much of the technology in the modern world would be nonexistent. If not for Federico Faggin, Marcian E. Hoff Jr., and Stanley Mazor in 1971, the search for artificial intelligence computers would not exist. The invention of the CPU changed every computer since its conception. Before this invention what was referenced as a computer were only computing calculators. The difference that came from the CPU is that it gave the computer the power to make decisions. From what time it is to scientific calculations the CPU decides it all. This microprocessor has changed the world and the age of technology. The Intel 4004, the first CPU, is a turning point in computer history, changing a calculator into a decision making machine.

Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: 1963 Curta Miniature All Purpose Calculator Vintage Print Ad. n.d. 10 January 2013 <http://www.ebay.com/itm/1963-Curta-Miniature-All-Purpose-Calculator-Vintage-PrintAd/400382625253?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item5d38aa05e5&ssPageName=RS S:B:SHOP:US:101>. We decided to use this image because it shows calculating prior to the Intel 4004. "4004 Manual MCS4." 1974. Intel Museum -- The Intel 4004. 12 November 2012 <http://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/Manual/msc4.pdf> We thought it was important to see the materials and process that took place when building the Intel 4004 and this manual provided us with that information. . 4004 MCS-4 Family. n.d. 10 January 2013 <http://www.cpu-zone.com/4004.htm>. From this website my partner and I used an image showing the Intel 4004. ENIAC =>1 Computador Digital! n.d. 10 January 2013 <http://iceagetmd.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/eniac-1%C2%B0-computador-digital/>. This image shows the ENIAC, another machine that was very useful and important before the Intel 4004. This image also shows the size of the ENIAC. Bit By Bit. n.d. 10 January 2013 <http://ds.haverford.edu/bitbybit/bit-by-bit-contents/chapterfour/4-8-project-px-and-the-eniac/>. This image shows the people responsible for the ENIACs creation. This image was the unveiling of the ENIAC another important event. Ferranti Mark I computer 1953. 2011. 10 January 2013 <http://armageddonchess.webs.com/apps/photos/photo?photoid=126030783>.

This image shows the data input and output of the Mark I, it also shows the amount of diffuculty to make calculations before the Intel 4004. Fay-Wolfe, Dr. Victor. The Importance of the CPU Erik Sola and Hannah Deen. 30 January 2012. We interviewed a local Professor on how the CPU changed the world. This brings the concept of the CPU to a level that is close to home and understandable to all. Halfcree, Gareth. Intels 4004 microprocessor turns 40. 15 November 2011. 10 January 2013 <http://hackerrevie.ws/>. This image is a schematic of the Intel 4004, it shows the complexity of the chip and the work that went into it. Hall of Fame. 2007. 13 January 2013 <http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/100.html>. This website help us create the Stanley Mazor webpage on our website, we pulled out a lot of important information on his contributions to the chip. Holman, Taylor. Trivia Tuesday: Intel & AMD, separated at birth. 6 November 2012. 6 January 2013 <http://www.neowin.net/news/trivia-tuesday-intel--amd-seperated-at-birth>. This page helped us realize the importance of the Intel 4004 and the corporation of Intel. . The Story of the Intel 4004. n.d. 14 November 2012 <http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-story-of-intel-4004.html>. This website contained an immense amount of information because it is the official Intel website. From here we used several pictures, quotes, and a timeline. Kopplin, John. An Illustrated History of Computers . 2002. 10 January 2013 <http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/HistoryPt3.htm>. This image shows the immense size of the Mark I, this Mark I was in Harvard .

Pioneer-10 and Pioneer-11. 2 March 2012. 20 January 2013 <http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer10-11.html>. The website gave us information and pictures on the NASA Pioneer-10 project and how the 4004 CPU was used in the probe. The Busicom Engineering Prototype Calculator. n.d. 13 January 2013 <http://www.intel4004.com/proto_calc.htm>. We used this website to get quotes and a picture of Federico Faggin, this page also had information of the Busicom 141-PF calculator. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). n.d. 14 January 2013 <http://www.edwardbosworth.com/My5155Text_V07_HTM/MyText5155_Ch01B_V07. htm>. This page had much information about the ENIAC and pictures that were used. The ENIAC Anniversary. 11 February 2011. 10 January 2013 <http://whyy.org/cms/radiotimes/2011/02/14/the-eniac-anniversary/>. This webpage had more information about the ENIAC and pictures from the ENIAC in Pennsylvania. The Intel 4004. n.d. 14 November 2012 <http://www.intel4004.com/>. This website had much information about the creation and process of the Intel 4004. The Manchester Mark 1. 1999. 10 January 2013 <http://www.computer50.org/mark1/gal1.html>. This image shows the Manchester Mark I, and also information about Mark I. Timeline of Intel Processors. 2013. 20 January 2013 <http://www.slideshare.net/meetdevraj/timeline-of-processors>.

This website had a slideshow of all the processors in order, my partner and I used a lot of information. Secondary Sources: Marshall Cavendish. Encyclopedia of Technology and Applied Sciences. New York: Brown Packaging Partworks Ltd., 2000. This helped us understand the process the computer goes through to send messages to the CPU. 40 Years of Intel: 1968 - 2008 Intel Milestones and Interesting Industry Factoids. 2012. 10 November 2012 <http://download.intel.com/pressroom/images/40th_Anniversary/Intel_timeline.pdf>. This timeline showed the importance of technology prior to the Intel 4004 and after it as well. A testimonial from Federico Faggin, designer of the 4004 and developer of its enabling technology. n.d. 20 January 2013 <http://www.intel4004.com/>. This webpage had information about the silicon gate technology that was used in order to physically create the Intel 4004. Alfred, Randy. Aug. 7, 1944: Still a Few Bugs in the System. 7 August 2008. 9 November 2012 <http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/08/dayintech_0807>. This showed people working on the Harvard Mark I, it shows the complexity of how hard it was to fix a single thing. Awde, Monica. Computer History in a Nutshell Hannah Deen. April 2012. This powerpoint was used to see how a CPU works in a computer, this powerpoint show was made by our Academy of Information Technology Teacher. Bellis, Mary. Inventors of the Modern Computer. n.d. 15 November 2012 <http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microprocessor.htm>.

This website had much information about the important people that helped make the Intel 4004 a reality. . Ted Hoff - First Microprocessor. 2013. 13 January 2013 <http://inventors.about.com/od/hstartinventors/p/Ted-Hoff.htm>. This website showed us the importance of the CPU in present day time, this website also had the President Barack Obama awarding Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanly Mazor, this is important because it shows how greatly appreciated they are for their work. . The History of the ENIAC. n.d. 15 November 2012 <http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/Eniac.htm>. This website had technical information about the ENAIC, it was used in order to create the ENIAC web page in our website. Brain, Marshall. How Microprocessors work. n.d. 14 November 2012 <http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm>. This page shows how a CPU works, it was vital to our understanding to the Intel 4004. Computer Vs. Brain. n.d. 14 November 2012 <http://library.thinkquest.org/C001501/the_saga/compare.htm>. This website showed a comparison to the computer and the human brain, it shows how much more advanced computers can be. Deffree, Suzanne. Intel 4004 is announced, November 15, 1971. 15 November 2012. 20 January 2013 <http://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/edn-moments/4401541/Intel-4004-isannounced--November-15--1971>. This website showed that the Intel 4004 was used in the Pioneer 10, an orbital spacecraft used by NASA.

Dunn, John M. The Computer Revolution. San Diego: Lucent Books, 2002. This book showed us the impact computers have on our everyday life, also shows how the CPU is a huge turning point. ENIAC =>1 Computador Digital! n.d. 10 January 2013 <http://iceagetmd.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/eniac-1%C2%B0-computador-digital/>. This picture was used in the ENIAC web page in our website. Faggin, Federico, et al. Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Intel 4004 Microprocessor Dave House. 25 April 2007. This book allowed us to see Federico Faggin viewpoints of the Intel 4004 and his perspcetives of how important it is. Fascinating facts about Ted Hoff inventor of the microprocessor in 1968. 2007. 13 January 2013 <http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/hoff.htm>. Here we could closely examine Ted Hoff's contribution to the Intel 4004 and why he was important to the project, we used this website to create a webpage for him. Hall of Fame. 2002. 13 January 2013 <http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/79.html>. This was another website to learn more about Ted Hoff. Intel. 4004 at 40. 2011. 18 January 2013 <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3U2XJ8sP2c&safe=active>. This video show the importance of the CPU today and how the 4004 started the CPU revolution. Intel 4004 - 1971 . 2009. 10 January 2013 <http://www.mynikko.com/CPU/PentiumMMX.html>. Here we used an image in order to show the size comparison of the Intel 4004 to a coin. It gives the general public an idea of how small it really was.

Intel 8008. n.d. 14 November 2012 <http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/8008/index.html>. We used this site in order to show what came directly after the Intel 4004. Intel Chips. 13 July 2012. 11 November 2012 <http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/corporateinformation/history-intel-chips-timeline-poster.pdf>. This is another timeline in order to compare other CPUs to the Intel 4004. Intel. Intel celebrates 40 years of Digital Revolution. n.d. 14 November 2012 <http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2011/11/15/intelcelebrates-40-years-of-digital-revolution>. This is a brief article on the 40th anniversary of the Intel 4004 and how it impacted the world of technology. Intel Timeline: A History of Innovation. 2011. 28 January 2013 <http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/historic-timeline.html>. This timeline gave a viewing object to our audience, so all can see the progression of tecnology thru time. Maran, Ruth. Computers Simplified 2nd Edition. Ontario: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 1995. This book shows on a very basic level how a computer works and all of its functions. Pioneer 10 Images. 2012. 21 January 2013 <http://www.zeably.com/Pioneer_10>. This is a website that provided pictures to the Pioneer-10 to better understand the project. The Plaque . 1980. 20 January 2013 <http://wwwpw.physics.uiowa.edu/pioneer/other/plaque.html>. This website gave a picture of the plaque displayed on the Pioneer-10.

Saborio, Kenneth R. Intel - Early Years. 2006. 14 January 2013 <http://www.krsaborio.net/intel/early-years.htm>. This shows the corporation of Intel and how it was in its early years compared to how it is doing now. Stanley Mazor. n.d. 13 January 2013 <http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digitallogic/12/285/1531>. This webpage gave us more information on Stanley Mazor it also showed his contribution to the Intel 4004, we used this information to create a webpage for him. Ted Hoff. 2012. 13 January 2013 <http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Ted_Hoff>. Here is another website describing Ted Hoff's role in the Intel 4004. The Computer Museum History Center. n.d. 14 January 2013 <http://ed-thelen.org/comphist/samp-collection.html>. On this website it showed where the Intel 4004 was used and all of its functions. The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. 2 August 2004. 10 January 2013 <http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/mark1.html>. Another image depicting the sheer size of the Mark I The Intel 4004. n.d. 20 January 2013 <http://www.geocities.ws/pikachu_n025/4004.htm>. This website is another source saying how the Intel 4004 was used in the Pioneer 10 orbital spacecraft Timeline of Computer History. 2006. 10 January 2013 <http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1944>. This timeline of computers allowed us to see in which order of event important events happened.

Torres, Gabriel. How a CPU Works. 26 September 2005. 14 November 2012 <http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/209>. This is website showing how a CPU works, a fundamental knowledge of how it works was necessary to complete this project. Visit the Intel Museum. n.d. 29 January 2013 <http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-visiting-intel.html>. This website gave us a picture of the Intel museum, where people can visit to see what the CPU has done for the world. "What is Microprocessor?" 2008. iWebTool Computer Glossary. 10 November 2012 <http://www.iwebtool.com/what_is_microprocessor.html>. This website shows how modern day CPUs work in comparison to early ones like the Intel 4004.