Chassis Design

Principles and Analysis

List of Chapters
Foreword Authors Preface Origins and Objectives Acknowledgements List of Plates List of Figures List of Tables 1. Maurice OlleyHis Life and Times 1.1. Reminiscences 1.2. ChronologyMaurice Olley 1.3. Holyhead Road 1.4. Olleys Associates 1.5. Introduction to the Monographs 1.6. Suspension (General Discussion) Fixed Steering Angle Part C: Four-Wheel Model Examples 2.5. Lateral Weight Transfer Effect (Wheel Pair) Introduction Distribution of the Roll Moment (about the Ground) Roll Moment Effects Roll Moment EffectsAnalysis Based on the Layout of Figure 2.30 and Notation of Figure 2.29 2.6. Calculating Steady-State Steering Characteristics with Lateral Load Transfer Distribution (LLTD) Introduction Tires Summary of Steady-State Equations Some Variations Tire Lateral Forces 2.7. Traction Effects Introduction Rolling Resistance Combined Longitudinal and Lateral Tire Force Power Required 2.8. Neutral Steer Point and Static Margin Introduction Neutral Steer Point 2.9. Swing Axle Introduction Approximate Figuring of Swing Axle Roll Moments Swing Axle De-Stabilizing the Swing Axle 2.10. Summary of Steady-State Steering (Primary Effects) 2.11. Summary of Calculations in Sections 2.4 through 2.9 Section 2.4 Section 2.5 Section 2.6 Section 2.7 Section 2.8 Section 2.9

2. Tires and Steady-State CorneringSlip Angle Effects (Primary) 2.1. Introduction Part A: Simplified Tire Models 2.2. Tires Effect of Slip Angle on Lateral Force Mathematical Representation of Lateral Force vs. Slip Angle Further Study of Parabola Notes on the Olley Tire Model Note on Wheel and Tire Part B: Bicycle Model Examples 2.3. Steady-State Turns (General Discussion) Introduction Steady-State Turns Camber SteerIn a Parallel Independent Front Suspension (IFS) Roll Steer Changes in Steer Angle at the Front Wheels 2.4. Calculating Steady-State Steering Characteristics (Bicycle Model) Introduction Measuring Steering Characteristics Examples Conventional Constant Radius/Variable Speed Skid Pad Test The Infinite Skid Pad (Testing at Constant Speed)

Chassis Design
Principles and Analysis
3. Steady-State CorneringSteer Effects (Secondary) 3.1. Introduction Note on Understeer/Oversteer as Measured in Skid Pad Tests 3.2. Roll Effects Inclined Roll Axis 3.3. Wheel Control (Rear Axle) Rear Axle Hotchkiss Rear Axle Torque Tube Rear Axle (and Panhard Rod) Four-Link Rear Axle Three-Link and Panhard Rod Offset Torque Arm Swing Axle Geometry 3.4. Wheel Control (Front Suspensions and Steering) Roll Steer of Front Wheels Front Axle Forward Steering Geometry in Roll Leaf Spring Geometry Front Axle Center Point Independent Front Suspension Wishbone Suspension Rear Steering Linkage Forward Steering Linkage 3.5. Understeer and Oversteer Effects, Front and Rear 3.6. Torque Steer 3.7. Lateral Deflection Steer Flexibility of Steering Linkage Timing of Lateral Deflection Steer Rear-Steer Effects 3.8. Straight Running 3.9. Suspension Geometry Effects Toe-In and Camber Camber-Change Variations (Wishbone Suspension) Caster Kingpin Angle Wheelfight 3.10. Effect of Road Surface 3.11. Wind Handling Introduction Yaw Damping Due to the Tires Path of Car Factors Affecting Wind Handling 3.12. Summary 4. Transient Cornering 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Checkerboard Test (Stonex) 4.3. Qualitative Transient Description (Schilling) Turn without RollNo Understeer or Oversteer Turn with Roll 4.4. Linear Analysis 4.5. CAL Results (Segel) 4.6. Turn Entry Transient (Olley) 4.7. Moment of Inertia and Wheelbase Introduction Estimated k2/ab in Plan View 4.8. Steering when Moving Forward Time Response Response Plots for a Modern Car Steering when Moving Forward, Steady State 4.9. Steering when Moving in Reverse Comments on Steering in Forward and Reverse Time Response in Reverse 4.10. Boat Steering and Truck in Reverse Boat Steering Truck in Reverse 4.11. Note on Ackermann /R Approximation 4.12. Summary 5. Ride 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Dry Friction 5.3. Fluid Damping 5.4. Steel Springs: Work Storage Analysis 5.5. Work Stored in Springs Round Wire Helical Spring in Compression, or Torsion Rod 5.6. Toggles and Self-Leveling 5.7. Two Degrees of Freedom 5.8. The Rowell and Guest Treatment Spring Center O CG of Sprung Mass Pitch Stability Oscillation Centers 5.9. Actual Ride Frequencies 5.10. Height of Oscillation Centers and Sprung CG 5.11. Additional Material on the Two-Degree-of-Freedom Ride Model 5.12. Unsprung Weight 5.13. Independent Suspension

Chassis Design
Principles and Analysis
5.14. Multiple Suspension 5.15. Summary Rear Axle Side Shake Camber Change or Swing Arm Action Roll Cambering 6.15. Summary 7. Suspension Linkages 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Front Suspension with No Offsets (First Approximation) Camber Change 7.3. Steering Linkage (without Anti-Dive) 7.4. Effect of Anti-Dive on Steering Linkage Layout 7.5. Wheel Motions with Arm-Planes at an Angle to the Transverse Plane 7.6. Greater Accuracy (Allowance for Offsets) Camber (Inclination) Change () Tread Change (One Wheel) 7.7. Comparison ExampleFront Suspension without and with Offsets 7.8. Link Suspension Rear Axle 7.9. Rear Axle Linkage with Offsets 7.10. Ride Rates and Wheel Rates 7.11. Camber Thrust 7.12. Toe-InSwing Axle with Diagonal Pivot 7.13. Wheel RatesWishbone Suspension 7.14. Tread [Track] Change Radius 7.15. Effect of Camber Change on Wheel Rate 7.16. Vertical Rate of Arm and Torsion Spring 7.17. Position of Springs 7.18. Summary 8. Roll, Roll Moments and Skew Rates 8.1. Introduction 8.2. The Roll Axis Axle Independent without Tread [Track] Change Independent with Tread Change Swing Axle 8.3. Intermediate Designs of Independent Suspension 8.4. De Dion Axles 8.5. Skew Rates [Warp] 8.6. Longitudinal Interconnection Compensated Suspension Total Roll Rate for Compensated Suspension Skew Rate 8.7. Roll Stability Scale Effects

6. Oscillations of the Unsprung 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Shimmy Dynamics and Its Cures Center-Point Steering Kingpin in the Wheel Plane Drag-Link Springs Shimmy Shackle Compensated Tie Rods Independent Suspension Mechanisms 6.3. Wheelfight Introduction Steering Gear Resonance Wheelfight Cures Effect on Wheelfight (Schilling, Handling Factors, 1938) 6.4. Caster Wobble (Olley) Case StudyChevrolet with Dubonnet IFS Road Speed Road Surface Engine Mount SummaryCaster Wobble 6.5. Wheel Hop Introduction Damping of the Sprung and Unsprung Masses Harmonic Wheel Hop Absorbers Frequency of Wheel Hop Shock Absorbers 6.6. Fore and Aft Forces 6.7. Washboard Roads 6.8. Brake Hop 6.9. Reverse Power Hop Note on Reverse Power Hop (Offset Torque Arm) 6.10. Axle Tramp Sculling Action 6.11. Crane-Simplex Linkage 6.12. Damping of a Swing Axle 6.13. Note on Raised Roll Center without Swing Axle 6.14. Handling Factors (Report by Robert Schilling, GMPG, 1938) Waddle and Side Chuck Wheelhouse Clearance Tire Scrub Scrub Damping

Chassis Design
Principles and Analysis
Roll Stabilizer 8.8. Roll Axis Measurement 8.9. Summary 9. Fore and Aft Forces 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Maximum Traction Front Drive Grades 9.3. Brake Distribution 9.4. Brake Dive 9.5. Anti-Dive Geometry 9.6. Power Squat 9.7. Mercedes Single-Joint Swing Arm 9.8. Vehicles with Axles Controlled by Leaf Springs Wind-Up of Unsymmetrical Spring Note on Wind-Up Stiffness of Leaf Springs 9.9. Inclination of Leaf Springs 9.10. Anti-Dive Front Wishbone Suspension 9.11. Sudden Brake Application 9.12. Summary 10. Leaf SpringsCombined Suspension Spring and Linkage 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Circular Bending e 10.3. Parallel Cantilever 10.4. Theoretical Single Leaf 10.5. Figuring a Leaf Spring 10.6. Cantilever Spring 10.7. Equal Leaves and Equal Spacing 10.8. Combined Spring Rate (with Unbalanced Springs) 10.9. Effective Torque Arm 10.10. Roll Rates 10.11. Shackle EffectsSymmetrical and Unsymmetrical Springs With Symmetrical Leaf Springs Shackle Effects, Unsymmetrical Springs 10.12. Spring Testing 10.13. Summary
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Appendix A

Slip Angle Sign Conventions A.1 Introduction A.2 SAE Sign Convention A.3 Olleys Sign Convention A.4 Summary

Appendix B Fiala/Radt Nondimensional Tire Representation B.1 Introduction B.2 Derivation B.3 Advantages of Tire Nondimensionalization Appendix C Technical Papers by OlleySummaries and Reviews Appendix D Olley Correspondence Appendix E Balloon Tires and Front Wheel Suspension Appendix F Sense of Direction Appendix G Development of the Flat Ride Index About the Authors

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