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pht trin ca mi quc gia u ph thuc rt nhiu vo pht trin ngun nhn lc, do vy, chin lc pht trin ngun nhn lc, c bit l ngun lao ng cht lng cao l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng trong pht trin kinh tx hi ca mi quc gia. CHLB c l mt trong nhng quc gia to c s pht trin kinh tx hi cao nh lm tt chin lc pht trin ngun nhn lc, trong h thng o to ngh kp c coi l m hnh o to c hiu qu, phn no cung cp mt s kinh nghim cho chng ta tham kho. Thc hnh ngh Ct gt kim loi Trng Cao ng cng nghip Vit c CHLB c, h thng o to ngh l s kt hp gia vic hc trong mt mi trng c s gn gi vi thc t sn xut ca cng ty v mt c s c nng lc chuyn mn v s phm v nghip v dy ngh ca cc trng ngh, theo cc Cng ty tp trung vo vic cung cp cc kin thc v k nng thc t, c bit l kin thc v k nng ph hp vi cng ngh sn xut ca Cng ty, cn cc nh trng cung cp khi kin thc l thuyt v c bn nhiu hn. Do pht trin trn hai nn tng kt hp nh vy, nn h thng o to ngh ny cn gi l h thng o to ngh kp. B lut o to ngh nm 1969 p dng CHLB c c coi l nn tng c bn ca s pht trin h thng o to ngh kp. B lut ny a ra cc iu l chi tit v tch cc, nhn mnh trch nhim ca x hi i vi vic o to ngh. ng thi bo m cho cc nhm x hi quan tm n o to ngh, ch yu gii ch s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng, c nh hng mang tnh quyt nh n h thng o to ngh v kh nng t chc o to ca ton t nc. Ngoi ra, B lut ny cn l c s php l cho h thng o to kp thnh h thng tiu chun cht lng ngh ch cht CHLB c. H thng o to ngh kp CHLB c c mt s u im sau: Sau khi tt nghip trung hc ph thng bt buc, theo quy nh ca Chnh ph CHLB c, hc sinh c th tham gia vo hc ngh la tui 15-18. Tham gia vo h thng o to ngh, hc sinh c th la chn hnh thc o to ton b ti trng hoc h thng o to ngh kp. Hin nay, 2/3 hc sinh trong nhm tui ny chn hnh thc o to ngh kp. Tiu chun c la chn vo h thng o to ngh kp ph thuc vo cht lng hc ngh ca hc sinh. Cc hc sinh tham gia h thng ny, c dy cc k nng c bn cho ngnh ngh chn v sau c o to chuyn su. Hc sinh c th theo hc ngnh ca mnh 3 ngy ti cng ty, nhng ngy cn li hc ti trng ngh hoc hc sinh c th s dng nhiu thi gian hn ti cng ty, v cng c th tham gia hc ngoi gi ti trng ngh. Hin nay, trong chng trnh hc ca h thng o to ngh kp th cc mn chuyn ngnh chim 60% v cc mn ph thng chim 40%. Chi ph o to thng do Chnh quyn bang tr cho phn hc ti trng theo chng trnh, cc hc sinh c mc hc bng thp ( bng khong 42% ca lao ng ph thng). Cn cc cng ty tr

chi ph trc tip cho vic o to thc hnh ti cng ty. Thng thng, cc cng ty chi trung bnh 2-3% tng qu tin lng ca h cho o to ban u. Tn m hnh o to ngh kp cn gn lin vi c ch qun l h thng o to ngh c. Chng hn, Chnh quyn Bang chu trch nhim qun l trng ngh v Chnh ph Lin bang chu trch nhim qun l o to ngh ti cng ty. Vic dy ngh ti cng ty u do cc cng ty trc tip t chc, song vic kim sot li do Cng on cng vi s tham gia ca cc quan st vin v hi ng cng nhn ti cng ty thc hin. Trn thc t, cng on tham gia vo mi cng on ca h thng o to kp trong cng ty, t qu trnh la chn hc sinh cho n duy tr mt chng trnh hc hin i, kim sot cht lng v bo v cng nhn khi nguy c nh b tr lng thp hoc khng c o to y . - H thng o to ngh kp c iu chnh bi nhu cu cung cp v tr o to ca cc cng ty. Cc cng ty l ngi quyt nh s lng cng nhn c o to v o to theo chuyn ngnh no. Cng ty c quyn t do la chn cc ng c vin c tham gia o to. Tuy nhin, trong vic thc hin nhng chc nng nh vy, cng ty phi tun th hng lot nhng quy ch do Chnh ph Lin bang t ra vi s t vn ca cc on th x hi. - Sau khi hc sinh tt nghip t h thng o to ngh kp, tnh hnh vic lm ca hc sinh ni chung tt, phn ln hc sinh xin c vic lm ngay. Theo bo co v h thng o to kp ca B Gio dc v Khoa hc CHLB c cho bit, sau 6 thng hc sinh tt nghip t h thng o to ngh kp, khong 60% hc sinh nhn c vic lm vi hp ng khng hn ch, c ngha l hp ng trong thi gian 3-4 nm, ri sau k tip hoc hp ng vnh vin nu c hai bn mong mun, 10% tht nghip, 17% tham gia qun ng hoc nhn hp ng ngn hn (t 6 tun cho n 5 nm) v 13% tham gia o to tip. Trong s nhng hc sinh c vic lm ngay, 78% hc sinh c lm vic theo ng chuyn ngnh o to. Thng thng, cc hc sinh theo hc cc kha o to ngh trong cc cng ty ln c c hi vic lm ln hn so vi hc sinh theo hc cc kha o to trong cc cng ty nh. Theo s liu thng k, c khong 80% hc sinh tt nghip hc ngh trong cc cng ty ln c li lm vic ti cng ty o to. Ch s ny khim tn hn nhiu i vi o to trong cc cng ty nh, s dng cha n 1/2 s hc sinh h o to. Song, nh cht lng o to ca h thng o to ngh kp, nn c hi vic lm ca cc hc sinh tt nghip khng c cng ty o to thu vn cao. Hn na, thng xuyn din ra qu trnh trao i gia hng t chc o to v hng khng t chc o to, nn vic iu chnh v cc quyt nh o to v s dng c din ra theo iu kin th trng lao ng. Mt yu t ch cht to ra hiu qu cao ca h thng o to ngh kp c l cht lng cao, ch i ng tt l cc ng c khuyn khch mnh ca gio vin trong c hai b phn, ti trng ngh v ti cng ty. Kh nng cung cp cc gio vin c cht lng cao l mt tiu chun chnh yu, cho php cc hng thc hin qu trnh o to trong h thng o to kp. Cc gio vin o to ti hng c la chn t cc xng v phng lm vic ca cng ty v phi c t nht 5 nm kinh nghim lm vic. H cn phi l nhng ngi c nng lc s phm v chuyn mn tham gia ging dy. Cc yu cu chuyn mn l mt chng ch th chnh thc ca ngnh cng vi 1,5 nm o to thm ti cc lp hc bui ti ca trng k thut v k thi tt nghip, xc nhn trnh v c chuyn mn ln s phm. i vi nhng ngi c la chn lm gio vin, h c quyn li i km l c chuyn hn t v tr sn xut nh l cng nhn c xanh sang v tr lm vic ca tng lp nhn vin c trng, vi 20 gi dy trong mt tun, thay cho khong thi gian tng gp i lm vic ti ni sn xut. Nhng quyn li ny l ng c thc s cho php lp tr tham gia i ng ging dy ti h thng o to ngh kp C th khng nh, h thng o to ngh kp l m hnh o to chim v tr quan trng trong h thng o to CHLB c, c th gii cng nhn l m hnh o to tin tin vi mc ch chnh l pht trin mt lc lng lao ng cht lng cao vi quy m ngy cng tng. Thanh Minh

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