TRNG I HC KINH T QUC DN

CNG TRNH THAM GIA XT GII

GII THNG TI NNG KHOA HC TR VIT NAM
NM 2013
----------o0o----------

TN CNG TRNH:

Phn tch hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi

Vit Nam trong giai on 2008-2011

Thuc nhm ngnh khoa hc : Khoa hc, x hi v nhn vn

H Ni, 2013

MC LC
TM TT.........................................................................................................1
1. M hnh l thuyt:...................................................................................4
2. Phn tch, nh gi kt qu thc nghim:...............................................5
3.

Kt lun v kin ngh:..........................................................................15

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................19

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1: ng bao d liu (DEA)...................................................................4

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1: Kt qu c lng hiu qu k thut (TE) hiu qu k thut thun
(PE) v hiu qu quy m (SE) ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai on 20082011...................................................................................................................6
Bng 2: Bng xp hng hiu qu k thut ca cc NHTM Vit Nam giai
on 2008-2011.................................................................................................9
Bng 3 : Kt qu c lng ch s Malmquist bng DEA..............................11
Bng 4 : Kt qu c lng m hnh Tobit nm 2011....................................13

TM TT
Nghin cu ny ca chng ti nhm nh gi hiu qu hot ng v
phn tch cc nhn t nh hng ti hiu qu hot ng ca ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam trong bi cnh nn kinh t din bin phc tp v ngnh
ngn hng ang ng trc nhiu kh khn, thch thc. u tin, trn c s
la chn cc bin s c trng phn nh tnh hnh hot ng ca ngn hng,
chng ti xy dng mt ng bao bin i din cho nhng ngn hng c
hiu qu hot ng tt nht o lng hiu qu v lm cn c so snh mc
chnh lch hiu qu hot ng gia cc ngn hng vi nhau. ng thi,
phn tch xu hng thay i hiu qu hot ng qua cc nm nh s dng ch
s Malmquist, n cho thy c bao nhiu ngn hng nng lc nng cao hiu
qu hot ng ca mnh trong giai on 2008-2011 y th thch va qua.
Sau , tin hnh phn tch thc nghim cc nhn t c nh hng v xu
hng tc ng ca n ti hiu qu hot ng o lng c trn, vi
b s liu v kt qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam giai
on 2008-2011. S dng m hnh Tobit nhm xc nh nhng nhn t no c
kh nng quyt nh v lng ha tc ng ca cc nhn t n hiu qu
hot ng ca cc ngn hng. Cui cng, kt qu thc nghim l c s
chng ti a ra cc hng i cho cc ngn hng thng mi, ng thi gi
mt s chnh sch kinh t v qun l hot ng ca h thng ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam trong nhng giai on tip theo.
T kha: Hiu qu hot ng, ng bao bin, ch s Malquist, m hnh
Tobit.

LI GII THIU:
DEA l phng php c s dng kh ph bin trong cc nghin cu
trn nhiu lnh vc, c bit l trong lnh vc kinh t, nhm o lng hiu
qu hot ng, xu hng bin ng nng sut ca cc ch th kinh t. Xut
pht t nhu cu thc tin, cng vi s pht trin m hnh l thuyt DEA,
nhiu nghin cu thc nghim nhm nh gi nng lc hot ng trong lnh
vc Ngn hng- Ti chnh c cc nh nghin cu tin hnh, in hnh c
th k n Miller v Noulas (1996), Berger v Mester (2001), Casu v
Molyneux (2000) H s dng DEA quc gia khc nhau nhm r sot
hiu qu hot ng trong lnh vc ngn hng. Kt qu t c phn nh mt
cch r nt cu trc, quy m, tim lc ti chnh to nn s khc bit gia cc
ngn hng cc khu vc kinh t khc nhau.
T nm 2008-2011, nhn chung hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng
mi trong mt mi trng v m khng my thun li, lm pht gia tng
( nm 2008 l 19,89%, nm 2011 l 18,58%)1, cn cn thng mi thm ht
ln, th trng ti chnh trong nc v quc t din bin phc tp, li sut, t
gi, gi vng bin ng mnh... Nn kinh t chu tc ng tiu cc ca cuc
khng hong ti chnh v suy thoi kinh t ton cu, sau l vn lm pht
cao v hin nay l suy gim tc tng trng kinh t trong nc. Do mi
trng kinh doanh v hot ng ngn hng gp nhiu kh khn, i hi cc
ngn hng phi c mt ni lc mnh m, phn ng nhanh nhy trc din
bin phc tp ca tnh hnh kinh t, ng thi khng ngng nng cao nng
lc kinh doanh, nng lc cnh tranh c th tn ti v pht trin trong s
sng lc ngy cng kht khe ca th trng ti chnh trong thi k nn kinh t
tng cng m ca, hi nhp. Tuy nhin, h thng ngn hng nc ta
khng c s th hin ng mong i trong thi k y bin ng va qua.
Thng thn nhn vo vn , tc tng trng h thng ngn hng l tng
i nhanh. Tuy nhin, s tng trng v s lng khng gn lin vi mt cu
1

Ngun: B k hoch v u t

trc hp l v cht lng tng trng. Bn cnh , tn dng ngn hng tng
trng nhanh, quy m tn dng so vi GDP tng nhanh lm cho h thng
ngn hng d b tn thng t nhng s thay i bt li ca nn kinh t.
Nhiu vn v hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi c t
ra, yu cu phi c ci nhn ton din v t chc ny. Hn na, ngun s liu
ca thi k nghin cu ny bo m tnh ng b hn, y hn, c tin
cy cao hn, cp nht v phn nh tt vic nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca
cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.
Trn th gii c nhiu nghin cu p dng thnh cng phng php
bao d liu (DEA) trong phn tch hot ng ca cc ngn hng, bn cnh ,
cng c nhiu nghin cu i su vo chng thc, nh gi kt qu ca DEA
thng qua vic so snh vi phng php tip cn tham s (SFA). La chn
cch tip cn, phng php nghin cu khc nhau s dn ti kt qu c
lng khc nhau. Vit Nam mt khong trng cn tn ti trong cc nghin
cu l c rt t cc cng trnh i su nh lng hiu qu hot ng ca cc
ngn hng, m ch yu l s dng cc phng php nh tnh truyn thng,
do tnh thuyt phc cha cao v khng phn nh c ngha thc tin.
u tin, trong nghin cu ny nhm nghin cu s i lm r hiu qu hot
ng ca cc ngn hng, xu hng bin ng ca n nh th no. Thng qua
bng xp hng da trn nng lc hot ng ca cc ngn hng s cho thy
mt bc tranh ton cnh v nng lc hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng
mi Vit Nam trong giai on 2008-2011 va qua. Tip theo da trn hiu
qu hot ng c lng c, chng ti s i phn tch v lng ha nh
hng ca cc nhn t chnh ti hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng
thng mi.
Bi vit ny cu trc nh sau:
Phn 1: M hnh l thuyt
Phn 2: Phn tch, nh gi kt qu thc nghim
Phn 3: Kt lun v kin ngh

1. M hnh l thuyt:
DEA ( data evelopment analysis) l phng php c bn trong c
lng hm sn xut v hiu qu k thut. DEA s dng m hnh ton tuyn
tnh v hm khong cch. N c gi l phng php bao d liu bi n s
dng nhng bin tt nht ng vi mc u vo xc nh to thnh mt
ng bao bin.
Hnh 1: ng bao d liu (DEA)

Sau khi qui hoch tuyn tnh cc bin tt nht trong b s liu thnh
ng bao gii hn (trn hnh minh ha l ng ni cc im A B C), ta s
c hnh dung v tnh hiu qu trong vic s dng cc yu t u vo ca s
liu m t bng cc im nm di ng bao bin (E, F). Mi yu t u ra
(q) c t trong mi quan h ph thuc vi cc yu t u vo (x1, x2 ,x3 ,x4 ). V vy cc im gi tr nm di ng bao bin cho thy mc
hiu qu ca mt s liu i din. y, ta xt n thang o cho mc hiu
qu l TE ( Tng hiu qu k thut):
TE= SE PE
Trong trng hp hiu qu khng i theo qui m. DEA s xc nh
tng hiu qu k thut ca doanh nghip thng qua bi ton sau :

Vi cc rng buc:

Ch s nng sut nhn t tng hp (TPF):

K thut qui hoch cc bin s trong phng php tip cn phi tham s
c s dng o lng ch s Malmquist (ch s nng sut nhn t tng
hp). TFP phn snh s thay i o hiu qu k thut, tin b cng ngh,
hiu qu thun, hiu qu qui m v nng sut nhn t tng hp.
Xc nh ch s Malmquist tc l ta gi thit cng ngh sn xut s thay
i ng vi tng thi k. Qua s kim nghim vic thay i l do yu t
no gy ra. Thng qua nghin cu Malmquist TFP c th phn ra thnh 2
thnh phn l TEC v TC.
Malmquist TFP index = TEC X TC
Cng thc ny hm rng tng trng ca TFP c th c gii thch
bng ci tin trong hiu qu k thut v tin b cng ngh.
2. Phn tch,
nh gi kt qu thc nghim:
s
Chng ti s s dng phng php bao d liu DEA nh c gii
thiu trn c lng hiu qu k thut 35 ngn hng thng mi Vit
Nam trong giai on t 2008-2011. Ngun s liu s dng c ly t cc
bo co ti chnh, bo co thng nin ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai
on 2008-2011. Qua qu trnh nghin cu, tm hiu iu tra s liu nhm
nghin cu la chn mt bin u ra v ba bin u vo s dng chy
m hnh DEA.

u ra : Li nhun trc thu

u vo :

1. Ti sn s nh
2. Chi ph tin lng
3. Vn ch s hu

Bng tm tt kt qu c lng hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng

thng mi giai on t nm 2008-2011 nh sau:
Bng 1: Kt qu c lng hiu qu k thut (TE) hiu qu k thut
thun (PE) v hiu qu quy m (SE) ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai
on 2008-2011
Tiu ch
mean
min
TE
max
median
mean
min
PE
max
median
mean
min
SE
max
median

2008
2009
2010
2011
0. 468
0. 597
0. 622
0. 571
0. 028
0. 066
0. 106
0. 102
1. 000
1. 000
1. 000
1. 000
0. 423
0. 590
0. 578
0. 524
0. 490
0. 668
0. 729
0. 643
0. 035
0. 142
0. 120
0. 138
1. 000
1. 000
1. 000
1. 000
0. 445
0. 637
0. 782
0. 647
0. 931
0. 874
0. 854
0. 892
0. 753
0. 464
0. 254
0. 446
1. 000
1. 000
1. 000
1. 000
0. 963
0. 931
0. 902
0. 921
Ngun: Kt qu tnh ton ca nhm nghin cu

Bng kt qu trn phn nh mt bc tranh ton cnh v hiu qu

trong hot ng ca cc Ngn hng thng mi ca Vit nam giai on 20082011. Hiu qu thp l tnh hnh hot ng chung trong thi gian qua. Nghin
cu qua tng nm ch ra rng hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng c ci
thin t nm 2008-2010, hiu qu k thut trung bnh tng t 0.468 n 0.622,
n nm 2011 th hiu qu k thut gim xung cn 0.571 nhng mc gim
khng ng k. Tuy c s chuyn bin tch cc nhng xt trung bnh ton
thi k th hiu qu k thut ca h thng NHTM Vit Nam vn ch mc
trung bnh. C th thy rng cc ngn hng thng mi vn cha tn dng ht
nng lc ca cc yu t u vo. Con s ny chng t cc ngn hng vn cn

rt nhiu c hi nng cao hiu qu hot ng thun ty nu bit khc phc

nhng hn ch hin ti ca mnh. Hiu qu k thut TE c quyt nh bi
hai b phn cu thnh l hiu qu quy m (SE) v hiu qu k thut thun ty
(PE). Trong giai on ny, hiu qu quy m lun cao hn hiu qu k thut
thun ty. iu cho thy s ng gp ca hiu qu quy m vo hiu qu
ton b l ch yu. Hiu qu k thut thun ty trung bnh t 0.490 nm
2008 v tng ln 0.643 nm 2011, cao nht vo nm 2010 vi gi tr PE l
0.729. PE c s tng trng gp phn lm hiu qu k thut tng ln nhng
phi hiu qu thun ty vn mc cao. iu ny c th l gii bi thc trng
hot ng ca ngnh ngn hng trong giai on va qua, l tc tng v
s lng cc ngn hng v tc m rng quy m ca tng ngn hng l
tng i nhanh. Tuy nhin s tng trng v s lng khng gn lin vi
mt cu trc hp l v cht lng tng trng. Trong , t ra vn v tn
dng nng, quy m tn dng so vi GDP tng nhanh lm cho h thng ngn
hng d b tn thng t nhng thay i bt li t nn kinh t. iu ny dn
n hiu qu thun ty PE ca cc ngn hng trong nhng nm qua l kh
thp. Yu t hiu qu quy m th li c xu hng gim, so vi nm 2008 th
nm 2011 gim 4.2%, cn 0.892. Tuy nhin, hiu qu quy m ca cc ngn
hng thng mi Vit Nam vn c nh gi kh cao, iu ny chng t l
h pht huy c li th ngun vn, quy m hot ng, trnh ca lc
lng lao ng mt cch hp l gip tit kim c chi ph sn xut , nng
cao li nhun trong hot ng kinh doanh. Tuy nhin nhng nm gn y th
hiu qu quy m li c xu hng gim. Nhng con s ny cng phn nh
ng thc trng NHTM Vit Nam giai on ny. Trong bi cnh nn kinh t
th gii ang ri vo khng hong nh vy, h thng ngn hng thng mi
ca Vit Nam cng khng trnh khi b nh hng. Hn na ngnh Ngn
hng ca chng ta so vi nhng ngnh ngn hng ca th gii th cn rt non
tr. Cc dch v m cc ngn hng thng mi cung cp hin nay cn n
iu, thiu tnh a dng, ch yu l cc sn phm truyn thng. V qun tr

hot ng v cng ngh ca cc ngn hng vn cn yu km. Cng tc qun

tr ri ro ca cc ngn hng cha thc s hiu qu, hu qu li rt nhiu n
xu, n kh i dn n thiu thanh khon cc b ti mt s ngn hng.
C th mc xp hng ca cc NHTM Vit Nam c th hin trong
bng xp hng di y.
Bng 2: Bng xp hng hiu qu k thut ca cc NHTM Vit Nam giai
on 2008-2011.
M
ngn
hng
LPB

Tn vit tt

MDB

Lienvietpost
bank
MDB

VCB

Vietcombank

ACB

ACB

WEB

Western
Bank
Seabank

SEAB
ANK
TCB
HBB
MSB

Techcomban
k
Habubank

EAB

Maritime
Bank
DongA Bank

CTG

VietinBank

4 NM
Tn ngn hng

Ngn hng Thng mi C phn

Bu in Lin Vit
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Pht trin M Kng
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Ngoi thng Vit Nam
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Chu
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Phng Ty
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
ng Nam
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
K thng Vit Nam
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Nh H Ni
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Hng Hi
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
ng
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Cng thng Vit Nam

20
08

xp hng
20 20
09 10

A+ A+

20
11
B+

A+ A+ A+ A+
A+ A+ A+

A+ A+ A+ A+
A+ B+

B+ A+ A+ A+
B+

B+

B+

C+

B+ A+

C+

B+

MBB

MB

BIDV

BIDV

EIB

Eximbank

SHB

SHB

SGB

SaiGonbank

STB

Sacombank

DCB

Oceanbank

KLB
VIB

Kienlong
Bank
VIB

VPB

VPBank

NVB

Navibank

VAB

VietAbank

MHB

MHB

PNB
HDB

Southern
Bank
HDBank

ABB

ABBank

NAB

Nam A Bank

Ngn hng Thng mi C phn

Qun i
Ngn hng u t v Pht trin
Vit Nam
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Xut nhp khu Vit Nam
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Si Gn H Ni
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Si Gn Cng thng
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Si Gn Thng Tn
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
i Dng
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Kin Long
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Quc t Vit Nam
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Vit Nam Thnh Vng
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Nam Vit
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Vit
Ngn hng Pht trin Nh ng
bng Sng Cu Long
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Phng Nam
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Pht Trin TP. H Ch Minh
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
An Bnh
Ngn hng Thng mi C phn
Nam

B+ A+

C+

C+

C+

A+

C+

C+

C+

C+

C+

C+

B+

C+

B+ A+

B+

C+

B+ A+

C+

C+

C+

C+

C+

C+

C+

C+

Ngun: Kt qu tnh ton ca nhm nghin cu

10

Bng xp hng cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam giai on 20082011 cung cp mt ci nhn trc quan v nng lc hot ng ca cc ngn
hng. Nhn chung, cc ngn hng u c s ci thin trong cht lng hot
ng , v vy m th hng khng ngng c ci thin. Tuy nhin s lng
cc ngn hng ch t loi C lun chim phn ln trong bng xp hng. iu
ny chng t s gia tng nhanh chng s lng cc ngn hng trong nhng
nm qua nhng khng i lin vi mt cu trc hp l v cht lng tng
trng cao, bn vng. N cng l nguyn nhn chnh cho nhng bt n trong
h thng ngn hng nhng nm va qua.
Tip theo, nhm nghin cu chng ti s s dng phn mm DEA c
lng ch s Malmquist phn tch c th hn s thay i hiu qu k thut
(effch), thay i cng ngh (techch) v ch s thay i nng sut tng hp
(tfpch)
Bng 3 : Kt qu c lng ch s Malmquist2 bng DEA
Nm
Effch
Techch
Pech
2008-2009
1.547
0.903
1.723
2009-2010
0.976
0.955
0.968
2010-2011
0.857
0.913
1.001
2008-2011
1.09
0.923
1.186
Ngun: Kt qu tnh ton ca nhm nghin cu

Sech
0.898
1.008
0.856
0.918

Tfpch
1.397
0.931
0.782
1.006

Xt trn ton giai on nghin cu th hiu qu hot ng ca cc

NHTM c xu hng tt hn. Ch s nng sut tng hp tng 0.6%, hiu qu
k thut tng 0.9%, ngoi tr thay i cng ngh gim 7.7%. iu ny cho
thy tng hiu qu k thut l nguyn nhn chnh ng gp vo tng trng
nng sut nhn t tng hp TFP. S thay i ngc chiu v xu hng gia
hiu qu k thut v tin b cng ngh cho thy giai on ny cc ngn hng
2

Malquist l ch s nhn t tng hp c o lng bng s thay i ca TFP qua 4 nm

t 2008 n 2011. Trong : effch: Thay i hiu qu k thut; techch thay i tin b
cng ngh; pech: thay i hiu qu thun; sech: thay i hiu qu quy m v tfpch l thay
i nng sut nhn t tng hp.

11

thng mi quan tm nhiu hn ti hiu qu k thut m chnh xc hn l

hiu qu k thut thun. Bi hiu qu k thut thun trong nhng nm ny
tng mnh 18.6% trong khi hiu qu quy m li gim 8.2%. Tin b cng
ngh ng vai tr rt ln trong vic gim thiu chi ph sn xut, nng cao
nng sut v lm tng li nhun cho cc ngn hng. Tuy nhin u t vo
cng ngh cn ngun vn ln. y l kh khn m hu ht cc ngn hng
thng mi hin nay Vit Nam ang gp phi. N cng ng ngha vi ch
nhng ngn hng ln mi c kh nng thay i cng ngh tin tin, cn
nhng ngn hng nh th kh c kh nng tip cn vi cng ngh, thit b
hin i nng cao nng sut lao ng, ci thin hiu qu hot ng. Chnh
v vy m tin b cng ngh cha c thc s c nhiu ng gp vo vic
nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.
i su vo nghin cu phn tch cc nhn t nh hng n hiu qu
hot ng k thut (TE) ca cc ngn hng thng mi nhm nghin cu s
s dng kt qu c lng m hnh Tobit tiu biu cho nm 2011, s dng
quan st 31 ngn hng thng mi vi mc ngha thng k 5% . Qu trnh
nghin cu, phn tch s liu chng ti tm ra nhng nhn t c th a
vo m hnh nh t l vn ch s hu trn mt lao ng (VHD/LD), s nm
kinh nghim (NKN), s chinh nhnh (CN) v tng d n ca cc ngn hng
thng mi (DN).
Bng kt qu c lng m hnh tobit phn tch cc yu t tc ng
n hiu qu hot ng ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam 2011 :
Bng 7 : Kt qu c lng m hnh Tobit nm 20113

Kt qu nghin cu t c lng m hnh Tobit vi cc bin gm: TE: Tng hiu qu k thut (bin ph
thuc ); VHD/LD: Bnh qun vn huy ng trn mt n v lao ng; NKN: S nm kinh nghim; CN: S chi
nhnh; TDN: Tng d n.

12

TE
VHD/LD
NKN
CN
TDN

Coef.
-5.29E-08
0.024557
0.001288
-3.40E-09

Std.
1.74E-08
0.003966
0.00054
1.56E-09

P>|t|
0.005
0.000
0.024
0.038

Ngun: Kt qu tnh ton ca nhm nghin cu

Nhn vo kt qu cho thy: Vi mc ngha 5%, tt c cc bin s u

c ngha.
- S nm kinh nghim v s chi nhnh nh hng cng chiu n hiu
qu k thut TE.
- Vn huy ng/ lao ng v d n cho vay nh hng m n hiu qu
k thut TE.

S nm kinh nghim: l nhn t rt quan trng trong hot ng

ti chnh, n to ra s khc bit ln gia cc t chc hot ng lu nm v

cc t chc mi c thnh lp. S d cc ngn hng vi b dy hot ng th
s c mt h thng quy trnh qun l ri ro tt, th hin kh nng nhy bn
trong x l v kim sot cc hot ng tn dng tim n nhiu ri ro. Bn cnh
, qua qu trnh hot ng lu di ngn hng sng lc, phn loi, chm
im cc khch hng khc nhau, t gip cho quyt nh cho vay ca ngn
hng nhanh chng hn v hn ch ri ro ti a. S nm hot ng ln cng s
gip cho cc ngn hng xy dng c lng tin i vi mt lng ln khch
hng.

D n: Tng d n cng ln th TE cng thp ch ra thc trng

hot ng ngn hng trong nhng nm qua, l vn tng trng tn dng

nng. Hu ht cc ngn hng theo ui chin lc tng trng tn dng nhanh
trong khi nng lc qun tr ri ro ca cc ngn hng cn nhiu hn ch v

13

chm c ci thin, c bit l cc NHTMCP quy m nh hoc cc ngn

hng mi chuyn i dn n n xu tng nhanh hn d n tn dng. Mt b
phn khng nh vn tn dng ca ngn hng tp trung u t vo cc lnh vc
tim n nhiu ri ro, chng hn bt ng sn, chng khon. Khi cc lnh vc
ny, c bit l th trng bt ng sn, chng khon ng bng v gi gim
su ko theo n xu cho vay lnh vc ny tng nhanh e da kh nng thanh
khon ca cc ngn hng.

S chi nhnh: Nhn chung th s chi nhnh v tng d n c mi

quan h cng chiu. Tuy nhin kt qu thc nghim li a ra mt kt lun

mi. Trong khi tng d n c nh hng m n TE th s chi nhnh v
phng giao dch ca cc ngn hng c nh hng dng n TE. Nu xem
xt k th chng khng nhng khng mu thun vi nhau, m cn ph hp vi
c im ca ngnh ngn hng hin nay ca nc ta. S gia tng mng li
kinh doanh c lp vi tng d n cho vay ca chnh ngn hng , bi thc
t cho thy rng hot ng cho vay tp trung ch yu mt s a bn hot
ng nht nh, thng l cc ni tp trung nhiu doanh nghip tham gia sn
xut, c bit n xu ca cc ngn hng ch yu l do cho cc tp on nh
nc vay vn. S vn gii ngn cho cc tp on nh nc chim phn ln
d n tn dng cc ngn hng, m trong nhng nm qua, hot ng ca cc
tp on ny i xung r rt, sn xut kinh doanh km hiu qu, u t dn
tri, lng ph, cc khon n ti ngn hng khng c kh nng chi tr, cc
khon n qu hn cha c thanh ton cho ngn hng xy ra thng xuyn.
V th tt yu dn n t l n xu khng ngng tng cc ngn hng. Mt
ln na, cn nhc li s quan tm hng u ca cc nh u t l s an
ton ti chnh, mt ngn hng ln, uy tn l ngn hng s hu mt mng li
cc chi nhnh, phng giao dch ph khp cc ni c cn knh dn vn, gip
cho hot ng s dng vn n c i tng mun s dng v s dng vn
c hiu qu hn. Mng li cc chi nhnh m rng, nng cao kh nng cung
cp c nhiu dch v ti chnh cho nhiu i tng khc nhau, a dng ha

14

ri ro, ng thi tng cng dch v chm sc khch hng ngy mt tt hn.
V th, s chi nhnh l nhn t c nh hng dng ti TE.

Vn huy ng/ lao ng: c nh hng m n TE

ng thi vi tng trng tn dng nng th cc ngn hng cng phi ra

sc u tin hot ng huy ng vn. V vy s gia tng bt thng ca hot
ng huy ng vn cng bo ng tnh hnh hot ng km an ton ca ngn
hng. Ngun huy ng khng p ng cc yu cu v an ton nh d tr
bt buc khin cho cc ngn hng phi huy ng tin trn cc th trng phi
chnh thc ( nh lch lut nng li sut huy ng qu mc cho php, li sut
qua m) lm cho ngn hng phi chu nhiu chi ph cao lm cho TE ca
ngn hng gim xung.
3. Kt lun v kin ngh:
Kt lun
Bi nghin cu nhm mc ch o lng hiu qu k thut, phn tch xu
hng bin ng ca hiu qu k thut, ng thi nh gi nh hng ca cc
nhn t ti hiu qu k thut ca h thng ngn hng thng mi nc ta. Kt
qu nghin cu gip cho cc ngn hng cn nhc trong vic chn la hng
i ca ngn hng trong thi gian sp ti t c hiu qu hot ng tt
nht. ng thi cung cp cc nh qun l ci nhn tng quan v thc trng
hiu qu k thut cng vi cc nhn t v xu hng tc ng ti hiu qu k
thut ca cc ngn hng, t a ra k hoch nhm nng cao hiu qu k
thut v kh nng cnh tranh ca h thng ngn hng thng mi hin nay
Vit Nam cho ph hp vi yu cu i mi v i hi ca xu hng hi nhp
kinh t quc t. Cc kt qu chnh m nhm nghin cu ghi nhn c l:
Th nht, c s chnh lch rt ln v hiu qu k thut gia nhm cc
ngn hng hot ng tt nht ( nhm ngn hng xp loi A) v nhm cc
ngn hng hot ng km hiu qu ( nhm cc ngn hng xp loi C). Trong
s ngn hng xp loi C vn chim u th. cng chnh l thc trng

15

hin nay ca ngnh ngn hng Vit Nam, s lng ngn hng nhiu, nhng
quy m ca hu ht cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam l nh, nh hn so
vi cc ngn hng c quy m trung bnh ca khu vc. Hiu qu hot ng
cha cao, ch s v hiu qu hot ng v kh nng sinh li ca h thng
ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cn thp, thay i bt thng qua cc nm.
y cng l nhng ngn hng tim n nhiu ri ro, ti chnh km lnh mnh
v d b tn thng khi mi trng kinh doanh thay i.
Th hai, th hng ca cc ngn hng thay i mnh qua cc nm, c
bit c th k ti nhm cc ngn hng c ngun gc ngn hng thng mi
nh nc ang b cc ngn hng thng mi c phn chim dn u th.
Th ba, tin b k thut l nguyn nhn cn bn ca tng trng nng
sut nhn t tng hp TFP ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam giai on
2008-2011. Tin b k thut ng gp phn ln cho tng trng nng sut
nhn t tng hp trong khi tin b cng ngh c s dng li gim ng
k trong giai on ny. Chnh quy m, nng lc ti chnh hn ch kh nng
tip cn cc cng ngh tin tin, hin i ca cc ngn hng, mt khc cng
cho thy cc ngn hng cha thc s ch trng n cng ngh vn hnh h
thng hin ti nhm nng cao hiu qu hot ng.
Th t, khi nhc n hot ng ca ngnh ngn hng th chc ai cng
ngh n hai hot ng chnh l cho vay v huy ng. Tuy nhin, huy ng v
cho vay bao nhiu, c cu huy ng v cho vay th no th ti u, cng nh
hng ca n n hiu qu k thut ca ngn hng th khng phi ai cng c
th nhn thy. Bn cnh , sc mnh ca cc nhn t phi ti chnh l s nm
kinh nghim v mng li chi nhnh cng ht sc quan trng cn c
nghin cu, o lng mc nh hng ca n ti hiu qu k thut. Nh s
dng m hnh hi quy Tobit, ch r vic tng cng huy ng vn v m
rng tn dng khng phi l gii php thng minh nng cao hiu qu k
thut cho cc ngn hng trong giai on ny. ng thi, kinh nghim hot

16

ng lu di cng mng li chi nhnh rng khp s l th mnh ca cc

ngn hng ang s hu hai nhn t ny.
Kin ngh:
T nhng kt qu chnh nhn c trn cho thy hiu qu hot ng
chung ca cc ngn hng hin nay kh thp. Do , ci thin tnh hnh v
ngy cng nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng nhm nghin cu
a ra mt vi kin ngh sau:
Th nht, nng cao hiu qu s dng cc yu t u vo. Khng ngng
pht trin v nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc, nng cao k nng qun tr
iu hnh.
Th hai, cn tn dng hn na sc mnh ca yu t cng ngh vo hot
ng ngn hng, bi tin b cng ngh l nhn t c kh nng quyt nh n
vic nng cao hiu qu hoatj ng. Cn c bin php nng cao nng lc ti
chnh ca cc ngn hng va v nh bng vic mua bn, sp nhp cc ngn
hng c quy m nh vi nhau. y khng ch l iu kin gip cc ngn hng
nng cao quy m vn, hin i ha cng ngh ngn hng m cn gip cc
ngn hng c kh nng chng trc cc c sc bt li t nn kinh t.
Th ba, ng trc tnh hnh kinh t nh hin nay, cc ngn hng cn
phi cn nhc k lng trc khi a ra quyt nh tn dng, quan tm n
cht lng tn dng, tun th y quy trnh tn dng. Cht lng tn dng
nng cao cng gp phn hn ch tnh trng thiu ht thanh khon. Chnh v
vy, ngn hng nh nc nn thng xuyn thanh tra, kim tra hot ng huy
ng vn ca cc ngn hng, c bit phi tnh n vic tng nng lc ti
chnh m bo an ton hot ng trong iu kin kinh t kh khn bng cch
buc cc ngn hng phi tng vn iu l hoc tin ti sp nhp cc ngn
hng c quy m nh v va nhm nng cao sc khe cho ngn hng.
Hai nhn t S nm kinh nghim c nh hng kh ln v tc ng
dng n hiu qu k thut. Tuy nhin, nc ta cc ngn hng thng mi
phn ln l mi thnh lp, b dy kinh nghim v kh nng m rng cn hn

17

ch, nu khng bit tn dng, nm bt c hi th rt kh tn ti trn th

trng cnh tranh khc lit nh hin nay. V th rt ngn khong cch ,
cc ngn hng cn xy dng h thng qun l ri ro tn dng, qun l cht
lng danh mc tn dng nhm hng ti khch hng, p ng nhu cu
khch hng vi cht lng cao nhng vn m bo mt cch an ton da trn
nhng quy chun v nguyn tc nghim ngt v hot ng tn dng theo
chun mc ngn hng quc t.

18

Ti liu tham kho

1.

Bi Duy Ph (2002), Phng php nh gi hiu qu cc ngn hng

thng mi qua hng sn xut v hm chi ph, Lun vn Thc s Kinh
t, i hc Kinh t Quc dn.

2.

Bukh, P.N.D., S.A. Berg, and F.R. Forsund (1995), Banking Efficiency
in the Nordic Countries: A Four - country Malmquist Index Analysis.
Working paper, University of Aarrhus, Denmark.

3.

Casu, Molyneux v cng s (2004), Productivity change in European

banking: A comparison of parametric and non-parametric approaches,
University of Reading, Discussion Paper No.04-01.

4.

Drake, Hall v cng s (2003), Efficiency in Japanese banking: An

empirical analysis, Journal of Banking & Finance 27 (2003) 891917

5.

Esho. N(2001) , The determinants of cost efficiency in cooperative

financial institutions: Australian evidence, School of Banking and
Finance, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia

6.

L Dn (2004), Vn dng phng php thng k phn tch hiu

qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam, Lun n Tin
s Kinh t, i hc Kinh t Quc dn.

7.

Lewelyn v William (1996), Nonparametric analysis of technical,

pure technical, and scale efficiencies for food crop production in East
Java, Indonesia, Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.

8.

Miller v Noulas (1996), The technical efficiency of large bank

production, The University of Connecticut, Department of Economics,
Storrs, CT 06269-1063, USA.

9.

Nguyn Vit Hng (2006), Phn tch cc nhn t nh hng ti hiu

qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng Vit Nam, Lun n Tin s kinh t,
i hc Kinh T Quc dn. M s: 62.34.03.01