,

zbanjac@vets.edu.yu

Me (interrupt)

.

. .
,

. ,
.


.

3/9/2009

,
.
, ,

.


.

.

3/9/2009

8086 256
.

, .
, ,



.

3/9/2009

8086
: INTR (Interrupt Request - pin 18) NMI
(Non Maskable Interrupt pin 17).
INTR
(Intel 8259).

.
,

( )
INTR

.

3/9/2009

 8086

Intel 8086

m1

Data

m2
m3

256/8

INTR
INTA

3/9/2009

mn

1
2
3

INTR,
Interrupt Enable ,
. ,
.
,
!!!

INTA (pin 24) (Interrupt Acknowledge).
INTA, ,
8- (
)
.

3/9/2009

.

.


,
INTR
.
,
,
.

3/9/2009

.



. mi.
NMI
.
, ,
, . ,
,
.
,
.

3/9/2009

NMI

INTR .
,
NMI .

( )

.
,
.

3/9/2009

10

()

( INT).


.
RET
.

.

,
.

3/9/2009

11

Interrupt Pointer Table

Interrupt Pointer

. ,
Interrupt Pointer
(
) .
256 ,
.
Interrupt Pointer
.
,
4 .

3/9/2009

12

Interrupt Pointer Table

.
:

0 0
4 1
8 2
12 3

1020 . 255

1024

3/9/2009

13

,
.
PSW
Instruction Pointer-,


ALU .
,
PSW , , ,
PSW


,
.

3/9/2009

14

PSW IP
(Stack).
IP-
.

,
() .
, PSW-a
IP-a, ,
(
),
,
, .

3/9/2009

15

PSW

IP

PSW
IP
PSW
IP
PSW

3/9/2009

IP

16

(o)

3/9/2009

17

: , , ,
, - ()...

:
()


(ISA, EISA, PCI, PCI Express AGP)
Disk interfejs ( SATA, SCSI, floppy disk)
( ,
PS/2, USB...)
BIOS CMOS
CMOS

.

3/9/2009

18

.

.

. PC
8MHz ( ),
133, 166 200MHz.

PC
. ,
( )

.

3/9/2009

19

Pentijum 4 ,
5 :
Socket 478 Intel ,
Socket 775 64- Intel
Socket A (462), AMD ,
Socket 754, 939 64- AMD .
2, 3, 4
.

.

3/9/2009

20

,
.

.
,
.

.
.

,
,
.
,
. ,
,

.

3/9/2009

21

 :
DMA
-

, .
EIDE S-ATA -
Enhanced IDE Serial ATA

(CD-ROM, DVD)
PCI Express, PCI ISA
PCI ISA

AGP - AGP
USB - USB
FireWire kontroler (IEEE 1394)
IrDA -
PS/2 - PS/2
, ( )
LPT COM -

3/9/2009
22
RTC (real-time clock) -

north bridge south bridge.
North bridge ( )
,
AGP .

.
South bridge ( )
( ,
), .

.

3/9/2009

23

, ,

. VIA KT600
600MHz,
.
,
: VIA, nForce, Intel, SiS, ALI, Opti...

95% .

3/9/2009

24

ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM :

3/9/2009

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

SRAM (Static RAM)
RAM

25

DRAM SRAM

DRAM

.

(512MB).

(70ns)

SRAM -

3/9/2009

(10ns)
M (256 B)

26

RAM

(volatile storage)

Random access:

3/9/2009

.
27

:
RAM Static RAM - SRAM
Dinamic RAM - DRAM

3/9/2009

28

SRAM

flipflop

( flip-flop )

.

:
4 6 ,

SRAM

3/9/2009

29

SRAM

("0", "1").


128 512B

L1 L2 cash

3/9/2009

30

(cache)

.

. Intel
level 1 (L1) level 2 (L2) .

,
cash

3/9/2009

31

(L1 L2)
CPU.
CPU ,
L1.

L2.

RAM-.

3/9/2009

32

L1 : L2 cash

L1 cache: CPU

2KB 64KB.
Intel Celeron

L2 cache:
, CPU.

CPU.
L2 controller, l2 cache
CPU.
256 KB 2MB.

3/9/2009

33

DRAM

.



~ms,
(refreshing)

3/9/2009

34

 DRAMa

3/9/2009

35

DRAM : SRAM

SRAM

3/9/2009

DRAM

10

36

DRAM
SRAM .
DRAM

3/9/2009

: .





37

memory controller

.

3/9/2009

38