Gua de Lmites - MATE01

Ricardo Olave - Elas Pizarro

eliaspizarro@gmail.com
Fechado: 23 de abril de 2013

1.

Propiedades de los lmites

1. Lmite de una constante

lm k = k
xa

Ejemplos:
lm 3 = 3
x

lm 49 = 49

x9

2. Lmite de una suma

lm [f (x) g(x)] = lm f (x) lm g(x)
xa

xa

xa

Ejemplos:

lm [ x + ex ] = lm x + lm ex = 0 + e0 = 0 + 1 = 1
x0

x0

x0

lm [sin x + cos x] = lm sin x + lm cos x = sin + cos = 0 1 = 1

3. Lmite de un producto
lm [f (x) g(x)] = lm f (x) lm g(x)
xa

xa

xa

Ejemplos:
lm =
x

lm =
x

4. Lmite de un cociente
f (x)
lmxa f (x)
lm
=
;
xa g(x)
lmxa g(x)

si lm g(x) 6= 0
xa

Ejemplos:
lm =
x

lm =
x

5. Lmite de una funci

on
lm g(f (x)) = g( lm f (x));
xa

xa

si lm f (x) esta definida dentro de la funcion g

xa

Ejemplos:
lm =
x

lm =
x

a) Lmite de una potencia

lm
g(x)
lm f (x)g(x) = lm f (x) xa
xa

xa

Ejemplos:
lm =
x

lm =
x

b) Lmite de una ra
qz
p
n
lm f (x) = n lm f (x);
xa

xa

si n es impar f (x) > 0 para su vecindad

Ejemplos:
lm =
x

lm =
x

c) Lmite de un logaritmo

lm (loga f (x)) = loga lm f (x) ;
xa

xa

si a > 0 y f (x) > 0

Ejemplos:
lm =
x

lm =
x

2.

Ejercicios de Lmites
x+5
x+5
= lm
1
x x + 3
x x + 3
x + 5 x1
= lm
1
x x + 3
x
lm

x+5
x
x x+3
x
x
+
lm xx
x
x +

(1)

= lm
=

= lm

1+
1+

5
x
3
x
5
x
3
x

lmx 1 + lmx
lmx 1 + lmx

1 + lmx
1 + lmx
1+0
=
1+0
=1

5
x
3
x

5
x
3
x

x2 1
(x + 1)(x 1)
= lm
x1 x 1
x1
x1
= lm x + 1
lm

(2)

x1

=1+1=2

(x + 3)(x 3)
x2 9
= lm
x3
x3 x 3
x3
= lm x + 3
lm

(3)

x3

=3+3=6

x2 16
(x + 4)(x 4)
= lm
x4 x 4
x4
x4
= lm x + 4
lm

(4)

x4

=4+4=8

x2 + x 6
(x 2)(x + 3)
= lm
x2
x2 (x 2)(x + 2)
x2 4
x+3
= lm
x2 x + 2
2+3
=
2+2
5
=
4
lm

(5)

(s2 + a2 )(s2 a2 )
s4 a4
=
l
m
sa
sa s2 a2
s2 a2
2
= lm s + a2

(6)

lm

sa

= a2 + a2 = 2a2

x2 2x + 1
(x 1)(x 1)
= lm
x1
x1
x1
x1
= lm x 1
lm

(7)

x1

=11=0

lm 2 x = 2lmx

1
x

(8)

= 20 = 1

2x2 x + 1
2x2 x + 1
=
l
m
1
x
x
x3 x
x3 x
2x2 x + 1 x13
= lm
1
x
x3 x
x3
lm

2x2 x+1
x3
x3 x
x
x3
2x2
x
1
3
3 +
3
lm x x3 x x x
x
x3 x3
2
12 + 13
lm x x 1 x
x
1 x2
lmx x2 lmx x12

(9)

= lm
=
=
=

+ lmx

lmx 1 lmx
00+0
=
=0
10

1
x2

(x2 3x + 9)(x + 3)
x3 + 27
= lm
x3
x3 x + 3
x+3
= lm x2 3x + 9
lm

x3

= (3)2 3 3 + 9 = 27

1
x3

(10)


x 32
x2
x2

Sea: u = 3 x

3
3
x 32
u3 3 2
= lm
= lm1
x2
x2
u3 2
u2 3

lm

(11)

= lm1
u2 3

u 23
u3 2
1

= lm1

u2 3

= lm1
u2 3

=
=

u 23
1

1
3

(u 2 )(u2 + 2 3 u + 2 3 )
1
1

u2 + 2 3 u + 2 3
1
1

23 + 23 23 + 23
1
2

2 23 + 23
1
1

=
2 =
334
3 23
2x3 3x2 + 4
2x3 3x2 + 4
= lm
1
2
3
x 5x x 7x
x 5x x2 7x3
2x3 3x2 + 4 x13
= lm
1
x 5x x2 7x3
x3
lm

(12)

2x3
3x2
4
x3 x3 + x3
2
3
x 5x x 7x
x3
x3
x3
2 3 + 43
lm 5 x 1 x
x 2
x
x 7

= lm
=

lmx 2 lmx x3 + lmx x43

lmx x52 lmx x1 lmx 7
20+0
2
=
=
007
7
=

lm

x3 x2

x2 9
(x + 3)(x 3)
= lm
5x + 6 x3 (x 2)(x 3)
x+3
= lm
x3 x 2
3+3
6
=
= =6
32
1

x3 8
(x 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)
= lm
2
x2 x 4
x2
(x + 2)(x 2)
2
x + 2x + 4
= lm
x2
x+2
22 + 2 2 + 4
12
=
=
=3
2+2
4
lm

(13)

(14)

x2 2x 3
(x 3)(x + 1)
= lm
x1
x1
x+1
x+1
= lm x 3
lm

(15)

x1

= 1 3 = 4

22 3 2 + 2
x2 3x + 2
=
2
x2 x + x 2
22 + 2 2
46+2
0
=
= =0
4+22
4
lm

5 2x2
5 2x2
= lm
1
2
x 3x + 5x
x 3x + 5x2
5 2x2 x12
1
= lm
x 3x + 5x2
x2
lm

(16)

(17)

52x2
x2
2
x 3x+5x
x2
5
2x2
x2 x2
lm 3x
5x2
x
x2 + x2
5
2 2
lm x3
x
x +5
lmx x52 lmx 2
lmx x3 + lmx 5

= lm
=
=
=
=

lm

2
02
=
0+5
5

4x + 5
4x + 5
= lm
1
2x + 3 x 2x + 3
4x + 5 x1
= lm
1
x 2x + 3
x
4x+5
x
x 2x+3
x
4x
5
x + x
lm 2x
3
x
x + x
lmx 4x
x +
2x
lmx x +

(18)

= lm
=

lmx
lmx
(lmx 4) + 0
=
(lmx 2) + 0
4+0
=
=2
2+0
=

6x3 + 10x + 5
=
x x3 + 2x + 1
=
lm

5
x
3
x

(19)

x2 + 3x + 2
(x + 1)(x + 2)
= lm
x2
x2
x+2
x+2
= lm x + 1
lm

(20)

x2

= 2 + 1 = 1

x2 + x + 1
=
x 4x2 + x + 1
=
lm

(21)

3x3 + 2
=
x x3 + x
=
lm

(22)

6x3 5x2 + 3
=
x 2x3 + 4x 7
=
lm

(23)

x2 + 1
=
x 5x2 + 1
=
lm

(24)

x3 + 7
=
x 3x3 + 1
=
lm

(25)

r
lm

a+x
=
ax

a+x
ax
r
a+x
=
lm
1
x a x
s
a + x x1
lm
1
=
x a x
x
s

(26)

lm

a+x
x
x ax
x

lm

a
x
x a
x

a
x
x a
x

+1
1

lm

=
s
=

lm

x
x
x
x

a
x
a
x

+ lmx 1
lmx 1
r
r

0+1
1
=
= 1
=
01
1

Como la funcion x no esta definida para x < 0 en los R

r
a+x
@ en R
lm
x
ax
=

lm

x1

lmx
lmx

x1
x1
= lm
1
2
x1
+32
x +32

x1
x2 + 3 + 2

= lm
2
x1
x +32
x2 + 3 + 2

(x 1)( x2 + 3 + 2)
= lm
x1
(x2 + 3) 22

(x 1)( x2 + 3 + 2)
= lm
x1
(x2 + 3) 4

(x 1)( x2 + 3 + 2)
= lm
x1
x2 1

(x 1)( x2 + 3 + 2)
= lm
x1
(x + 1)(x 1)

x2 + 3 + 2
= lm
x1
x+1

12 + 3 + 2
4+2
=
=
=2
1+1
2

x2

(27)


4 3 x 12
lm
x27 x 27
Sea: x = u3

= u = 3 x

(28)

x 27, u 3

4 3 x 12
4u 12
lm
= lm 3
x27 x 27
u3 u 27
4(u 3)
= lm 3
u3 u 33
4(u 3)
= lm
u3 (u 3)(u2 + 3u + 32 )
4
= lm 2
u3 u + 3u + 32
4
4
4
= 2
=
=
2
3 +33+3
9+9+9
27
r
lm

x2

x2 4
=
2
x 3x + 2

r
lm

x2 4
3x + 2

lm

(x 2)(x + 2)
(x 2)(x 1)

x2 x2

s
=

x2

(29)

x+2
x1
r
r
2+2
4
=
=
=2
21
1
=

lm

x3

x+12
=
x3
=

lm

x1

lm

x3

lm

x0

lm

x2

x2 + 3 2
=
x+1
=

2x + 3 x
=
x3
=

5+x
2x

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

x9
lm
=
x3
=

x9

(34)

2x + 3x
=
x 2x 3x
=
lm

3x 3x
=
x0 3x + 3x
=
lm

4x 4x
=
x 4x + 4x
=
lm

4x2 5x+1
=
x
5x + 4x
=
lm

10

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

xa
x

x

a x
x
x x
x

a x
= lm 1
x
x
Sea: x = au
x
= u = ; { a R : a 6= 0 }
a
x , u


a x
a au
= lm 1 +
lm 1
u
x
x
au

au
1
= lm 1 +
u
u

u a
1
= lm
1+
u
u
u a


1
= lm 1 +
u
u
lm

= lm

x

(39)

Por definici
on sabemos que:

n
1
e = lm 1 +
n
n



lm

1+

1
u

u a
= (e)

= ea ; { a R : a 6= 0 }

Para el caso que a = 0 basta con reemplazar en la ecuacion inicial


lm

x0
x

x
= lm

 x x
x

= lm (1) = 1
x


lm

xa
x

x

= ea ; { a R}

Se puede generalizar la formula para incluir todos los casos,

reemplazando n por la constante que se estime conveniente en el resultado final

lm

x+n
x

x
= lm

1+

n x
= en ; { n R}
x

lm

x1
x+1

x
=

(40)


lm

2
1+
x

2x
=
=

11

(41)


1

lm

1
2x

3x
=

(42)


lm

1+x
x+3

2x
=

(43)


lm

x1
x+1

4x
=

(44)


lm

2x + 3
2x + 9

x+1
=

(45)


lm

x1
x+3

x+2
=

(46)


lm

1+x
x+3

2x
=

(47)

2 sin (x 2)
=
x2
x2 4
=
lm

lm

x1

2 sin (x 1)
=
x3 1
=

x1
lm
=
x1 3 x 1
=


lm

x2 x
x2 + x

(49)

(50)

3x
=
=

12

(48)

(51)

sin (3x)
=
2x
=

lm

x0

(52)

p

p
p
p
2x2 5x 3 2x2 + 3x 5 = lm
2x2 5x 3 2x2 + 3x 5 1
(53)
x
x

p

p
2x2 5x 3 + 2x2 + 3x 5

= lm
2x2 5x 3 2x2 + 3x 5
x
2x2 5x 3 + 2x2 + 3x 5
(2x2 5x 3) (2x2 + 3x 5)

= lm
x
2x2 5x 3 + 2x2 + 3x 5
2x2 5x 3 2x2 3x + 5

= lm
x
2x2 5x 3 + 2x2 + 3x 5
8x + 2

= lm
2
x
2x 5x 3 + 2x2 + 3x 5
(x)(8 + x2 )
= lm q

q


x
(x2 ) 2 x5 x32 + (x2 ) 2 + x3 x52
lm

= lm

q
x
(x) 2

5
x

= lm

q
x
(x)
2

= lm q
x
2
=
lmx
=

(x)(8 + x2 )
q
x32 + (x) 2 +
(x)(8 + x2 )
q
5
3
2+

+
2
x
x

8 + x2
q
x32 + 2 +

5
x

3
x

3
x

3
x

5
x2

5
x2

5
x2

lmx 8 + lmx x2
q
2 x5 x32 + lmx 2 +

3
x

5
x2

8 + 0
8

= = 2 2
200+ 2+00
2 2
2

lm (1 3x) x =

x0

(54)

lm

x2 + 1
=
x
=

2 10x+1 4 8x
=
x
3 10x
=
lm


n
2

n n


2
= lm 1
n
n
2
= lm 1 lm
n
n n
=10=1

n2
lm
= lm
n
n
n

13

(55)

(56)

(57)

lm

n1

n=

(58)

lm 2 +

x0

lm

x0

sin x
=
x
=

sin (3x)
=
x
=

tan (x)
=
x
=

lm

x0

sin2 (h)
=
h0
h
=
lm

lm

x0

sin (4x)
=
tan (6x)
=

x
=
x0 tan (x)
=
lm

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

x2 1
=
x+1
=

lm

x1

lm

x3

x+3
=
x2 + 7 4
=

x3 + 1
=
x1 x + 1
=
lm

lm

x0

4x2
=
x
=
14

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

lm

x1

lm

x0

lm

x0

1+x
x

lm

x0

1x

e+x
x

x2 + 3
=
1x
=

1 + x x2 1
=
x
=

1+x 1x
1
x0
x

1+x 1x
1+x+ 1x

= lm

x0
x
1+x+ 1x
(1 + x) (1 x)

= lm
x0 (x)
1+x+ 1x
2x

= lm
x0 (x)
1+x+ 1x
2

= lm
x0
1+x+ 1x
lmx0 2

=
lmx0 1 + x + lmx0 1 x
2
2

=
= =1
2
1+0+ 10

(69)

(70)

= lm

(71)

e+x e
1
x0
x

e+x e
e+x+ e

= lm

x0
x
e+x+ e
(e + x) (e)

= lm


x0 (x)
e+x+ e
x

= lm


x0 (x)
e+x+ e
1
= lm

x0
e+x+ e
1

lmx0 e + x + e
1
1
=
=
e+ e
2 e
= lm

3
lm

x0

1+x1
=
x
=

x8
lm
=
x64 3 x 4
=

15

(72)

(73)

(74)

4 x2

=
x2 3
x2 + 5
=
lm

x2 16
=
x4 (x 4)
=
lm

(75)

(76)

lm

x1

x1
=
x1
=

3x + 4x
=
+ 4x1
=

lm

x 3x1

(77)

(78)

(x + h) x3
=
h0
h
=
lm


lm

3
x

 43 x

x  43

3
1
x
x


x  43
3
= lm 1 +
x
x

(79)

lm

(80)

Usando la formula generalizada en el ejercicio 39

= e3

43

= e3 3 = e4

x+2
=
lm
x2 4
=

x2

x3 + 8
=
x2 x2 4
=
lm

lm

x3

x+3
=
+74
=

x2

16

(81)

(82)

(83)


lm

x2

lm

h0

4 x2
=
x+2
=

9 + 2h 3
=
h
=

p
p

b + 2 (h 1) b
b + 2 (h 1) b
lm
= lm
1
h1
h1
h1
h1
p
p

b + 2 (h 1) b
b + 2 (h 1) + b

= lm
p
h1
h1
b + 2 (h 1) + b
b + 2 (h 1) b
p
= lm

h1
(h 1)
b + 2 (h 1) + b
= lm

h1

(84)

(85)

(86)

2 (h 1)
p

(h 1)
b + 2 (h 1) + b

= lm p
h1
b + 2 (h 1) + b
lmh1 2

=p
lmh1 b + lmh1 2 (h 1) + lmh1 b
2
2
2
1
=
= =
=
b+0+ b
b+ b
2 b
b

lm

x0

sin (4x)
=
3x
=

3x + 5x
=
x 3x+1 + 5x+3
=
lm

x+2
lm
=
x2 4
=

x2

x4 16
=
x2 x2 4
=
lm

17

(87)

(88)

(89)

(90)