NaVi Language

Phonology & Orthography Vowels Consonants

Lenition 2

1 1 2 3 3 3-6
3 4 4 4-5 5-6

Grammar Pronouns Nouns & Prepositions

Plurals Gender Articles Case Adpositions

Adjectives Numbers Verbs Questions & Demonstratives Derivational Change Phrases Lexicon
http://www.learnnavi.org/ Version 3.5.1 Updated: 29 January 2010

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Phonology and orthography

Navi is an unwritten language. Due to the tsaheylu that connects all life on Pandora, whereupon memories are stored and accessed, there is no need for a writing system. That said, for the purpose of humans learning Navi, a standardized form was developed using Latin alphabet letters coupled with diacritic marks on some vowels. Orthography: There are 22 consonants and 7 vowels that are written using Latin alphabet characters:

[a e i o u] [ f h k kx l ll m n ng p px r rr s t ts tx v w y z]

Phonology:
***Please note that all terms have been transcribed using IPA in the bilingual dictionaries. Stress markings have been added in many of the terms until further clarification has been made upon them.

Vowels:
There are seven simple vowels: Front [i]i [] Central Back [u]u [o]o [e] [] [a]a

Close Close-Mid Open-Mid Open

and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey]. These vowels may occur in sequences, meaning there can be long strings of vowels within a word. However, each vowel counts as a syllable, so that meuia (honor) has four syllables [m.u.i.a]. In addition, the syllabic consonants ll [l ] and rr [r ] behave as vowels, as in plltxe [pl .t] "to speak". The rr is strongly trilled, and the ll is "light", never a "dark" (velarized) *[ ]. These may occur directly before another vowel, as in hrrap [hr .ap] "dangerous".

Navi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does have contrastive stress: tte [tu.t] "person", tut [tu.t] "female person". Although stress may move with derivation, as here, it is not affected by inflection (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb lu "to be" has stress on its only vowel, the u, and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays on that vowel: lol [lo.lu] "was" (lolu), lolng [lo.lng.u] "was (ugh!)" (lolngu), etc.

Consonants
There are twenty one consonants in Navi. In transcriptions, the ejective consonants are written with digraphs in x, a convention that appears to be unique to Navi. Labial [px] p [p] p [f]f [m]m [v]v Alveolar Palatal [tx] t [t] t [ts] [s] s [z] z [n] n [r] [rr]r [l] l or [ll] l [y]j Velar [kx] k [k] k Glottal [] [h] h [ng]

Ejective Plosive Affricate Fricative Nasal Flap Trill Liquid/glide

[w]w

The fricatives, f v s z h, and the affricate, ts, are restricted to the onset of a syllable; the other consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though w or y in final position are considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as ay ey aw ew and may be followed by another final consonant, as in skxawng "moron"). However, in addition to appearing before vowels, (f ts s) may form consonant clusters with any of the unrestricted consonants (the stops and liquids/glides) apart from() making for 39 clusters. Lenition: For some NaVi nouns with strong initial consonants, such as px, t, or k, adding either plural marker ay- or me- with weaken that initial consonant. Theory behind lenition is largely thought to be easier and smoother pronunciation for the mouth. Regardless, the following sounds when found consonant initial are weakened to these following forms: Before plural marker px, tx, kx p, t/ts, k Examples: tsmuk aysmuk/smuk pxun mepun/pun After plural marker p, t, k f, s, h (deletion) sibling kelku home siblings mehelku/helku two homes/homes arm two arms/arms

Grammar
Pronouns
Navi pronouns encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on whether the speaker is including you or not. There are also special forms for the dual "the two of us" (with or without you), and the trial "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender; although it's possible to distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional. sing. oe nga po dual moe oeng menga mefo trial pxoe poeng (?) pxenga pxefo plural ayoe ayoeng aynga ayfo

Exclusive Inclusive 2nd person 3rd person

The deferential, or ceremonial, forms of "I" and "you" are ohe and ngenga, respectively. "He" and "she" can optionally be differentiated as poan and po. These pronouns utilize a system of attaching several different morphemes to articulate what they mean. mepxeaydual marker trial marker plural marker oe ng(a) po(an/) 1st.singular 2nd.singular 3rd.singular

For example, the exclusive vs. inclusive dual really translates into two mes (meaning myself and someone else) and me and you, respectively. Pronouns are declined for case similarly to nouns (See Case below)

Nouns and prepositions

Nouns show greater number distinctions than human languages: besides singular and plural, they not only have special dual forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are not uncommon in human language, but also trial forms for three of an item, which on Earth are only found with pronouns (***This has yet to yield any examples) However, gender is only occasionally (and optionally) marked. Plurals: The plural prefix is ay-, and the dual is me- (nari "eye", menari "eyes"). Both trigger lenition in Navi words (See Lenition above) In nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may be dropped, so the plural of tokx "body" is either aysokx or just sokx.

Gender: Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix -an, and feminine by -, which is stressed: tsmuk or tsmktu "sibling", tsmkan "brother", tsmuk "sister". Articles: There is no distinction between definite and indefinitie nouns; context is based largely on demonstratives (see Questions and demonstratives). Case: Case Intransitive Ergative (Transitive Agent) Accusative (Transitive Patient) Dative Genitive Topical Vowel Final Marker N/A -l -t(i) -ru -y -ri Consonant Final Marker N/A -l -it -ru - ey -ri

One way nouns are conjugated for case is by transitivity. However, unlike most of the languages spoken by humans, Navi has separate markers for the subject of a transitive verb and the object of the same transitive verb. An object is marked with the accusative suffix -ti, and an agent with the ergative suffix -l, while an intransitive subject has no case suffix. For example:
Oe-l nga-ti kameie

I-ERG you-ACC SeeLAUD "I See you" (a greeting) For further explanation on Transitivity, please refer to the Crash course in linguistic terminology used for Na'Vi found on the learnnavi.org website under Downloads. Genitive (-y) The genitive case refers to the possessive case, or a noun that modifies another noun. In English, the Genitive marker that is typically used is the (s): E.g. Johns cheese. Charlottes book. In the case of NaVi, the genitive marker is typically suffixed to the end of the pronoun to show possession over another noun. E.g. Oe-y tmuntxa. I-GEN mate My mate

Ayoeng-ey Kelutrel Pl.Incl.-GEN Hometree Our Hometree Dative (-ru) The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given, or in other words, the recipient of something. E.g. John gave Mary the book. Mary was given the book from John. NaVi: Amhul-1 Ralu-ru vul-ti tng Amhul-ERG Ralu-DAT treebranch-ACC give Amhul gives Ralu the treebranch

Topic Marker (-ri) The topic marker is used to introduce the topic of the clause, and is somewhat equivalent to (though much more common than) English "as for". It preempts the case of the noun: that is, when a noun is made topical, usually at the beginning of the clause, it takes the -ri suffix. ***This is not a substitute for the possessive case. Instead it is used to gather focus from a larger clause onto a single entity. E.g. The play was not enjoyed by anyone. As for John, the play was not enjoyable. NaVi: tukru-ri lehrrap lu a krr oe taron spear-TOP dangerous be SUB when I hunt The spear is dangerous while/when I hunt

Adpositions: Besides case, the role of a noun in a clause may be indicated with adpositions. Any adposition may occur either as a preposition before the noun, or as an enclitic after the noun, a greater degree of freedom than human languages allow. For example, "with you" may be either hu nga or ngahu. When used as enclitics, they are much like the numerous cases found in Hungarian and Finnish. When used as prepositions, more along the lines of what English does, certain of them trigger lenition. One of the leniting prepositions is m "in", as in m sokx "in the body". This may cause some ambiguity with short plurals: m sokx could also be short for m aysokx "in the bodies".

o em eo fpi hu ka kip m

under over, above before, in front of for the sake of with, together with (accompaniment) across among in

m fa ftu l ne ta vay

behind, in back per, with/by means of from (directional) via, along, by to (directional) from until

Adjectives
Navi adjectives are inflected to show connection to their noun by using the syllabic vowel a-, which is attached on the side closest to the noun. For example, "a long river" can be expressed either as,
ngim-a kilvan

long-ATTR river or as,

kilvan a-ngim

river

ATTR-long

The free word order holds for all attributives: Genitives (possessives) and relative clauses can also either precede or follow the noun they modify. The latter especially allows for great freedom of expression. The attributive affix -a- is only used when an adjective modifies a noun. Predicative adjectives instead take the "be" verb lu:
kilvan ngim lu

river long be "The river is long"

Numbers
As the Navi have four digits per hand, they have a base-eight number system. Only a few numbers are attested:

aw mune tsng onmrr (?) vofu tsvol

1 2 4 5 16 32

From this it would appear that the root for 4 is ts, for 8 is vo, and that 32 is "4 eights". Numerals form various derivatives, such as awpo "one" (an individual), (n)awve "first", awsitng "together" (one-make-same), kawtu "no-one" (negative k-), kawkrr "never" (not-one-time), naw "only", and nawtu "alone" from "one"; also nmun "again" and perhaps muntxa "to mate" from mun- "two".

Verbs
Verbs are conjugated for tense but not for person. That is, they record distinctions like "I am, I was, I would", but not like "I am, we are, s/he is". Conjugation relies exclusively on infixes, which are like suffixes but go inside the verb. "To hunt", for example, is taron, but "hunted" is tolaron, with the infix ol. There are two positions for infixes: after the consonant (onset) of the penultimate syllable, and after the consonant of the final syllable. Because many Navi verbs have two syllables, these commonly occur on the first and last syllable, as in the examples below. In monosyllabic words like lu "be" and tsun "can", they both appear after the initial consonant, keeping their relative order, as in ts<ol><ng>un [tsolngun] "was able to (ugh!)". The first infix position (after the consonant of the penultimate syllable) is taken by infixes for tense, aspect, or mood, as well as by participle and reflexive forms, which precede tense and aspect when they co-occur. Tense: Future (FUT) Immediate Future (IMM) Present (PRES) Recent Past (REC) Past (PST) <ay> <y> N/A (unmarked) <m> <am>

t<am>aron hunted

t<m>aron just hunted

taron hunts

t<y>aron about to hunt

t<ay>aron will hunt

Aspect/Mood: Perfective (PFV) Imperfective (IMFV) Subjunctive (SJV) <ol> <er> <iv>

t<ol>aron has hunted

t<er>aron was hunting

t<iv>aron hunts?

The perfective is a completed or contained action whereas the imperfective is an unfinished, ongoing or uncontained action. There is no clear subjunctive mood in English, but it essentially expresses hopes, uncertainties, possibilities or opinions. A clear English example is the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be: PAST: PAST SJV: I was a teacher. L<am>u karyu. If I had been a teacher. Txo l<a<v>m>u karyu.

Participle/Reflexive: Participle Reflexive <us> ?

The participial infix <us> is found in forms such as krusey "dead", from ke "not" and rey "to live" (that is, "not-living"), and txantslusam "wise", from txan "much" and tslam "to understand" (that is, "much-understanding"). Like tense, aspect and mood, it falls under the first group of infixes that are inserted after the consonant of the penultimate syllable. The second infix position is taken by infixes for affect (speaker attitude, whether positive or negative) and for evidentiality (uncertainty or indirect knowledge). For example, in the greeting in the section on nouns, Oel ngati kameie "I See you", the verb kame "to See" is inflected positively as kameie to indicate the pleasure the speaker feels in the meeting. In the subsequent sentence, Oeri ontu teya lngu "My nose is full (of his smell)", however, the phrase teya lu "is full" is inflected negatively as teya lngu to indicate the speaker's distaste at the experience. Laudative Pejorative Evidential Deferential <ei> <ng> ? <uy>

tmareion [huntREC LAUD] "just hunted ": The speaker is pleased, whether

due to success or just the pleasure of the hunt. tayarngon [huntFUTPEJ] "will hunt ": The speaker is dissatisfied, bored, or not impressed. The copular be vs. the locational be: There are two "be" verbs, lu, which is "be" in the sense that "A is B" and is used with adjectives (a copula), and tok, which is "be" in the sense of "A is in/at a place" (a verb of existence). Negation: Negation is made with the particle ke. Various other grammatical particles such as conjunctions join phrases and clauses: na "like, as", to "(more, less) than", sk (unquote), s, lte "and", fu "or", sl "but".

Questions and demonstratives

Yes-no questions are asked with the final question marker srak? Question marker pewhat? Demonstrative markers fthis fay these tsathat
fu "this, this thing" "like this" "this (action)" tsakem tsakrr ftseng(e) tsatseng "that (action)" "then" tsau tsatu ffya fkem "that, that thing" "that person"

pe, pe pesu, tupe pefya, fyape pehem, kempe pehrr, krrpe pelun, lumpe peseng, tsengpe

"what? which thing?" "who?" "how?" "what? which action?" "when?" "why?" "where?"

"here"

"there"

These are merely the more common forms that pe, f, fay and tsa combine with. However, they may combine with any noun (e.g. tsanarng that forest). Likewise, other words may combine with the morphemes in the table, such as tengfya "as" ('same way'), tengkrr "while" ('same time'), and ku "nothing".

Derivational Change:
Derivation NounAdjective NounVerb Noun/Verb/Adj.Adverb VerbAbstract Noun VerbPersonified Noun VerbSpecialised Person Noun Rule le- + N N + si n- + X t- + V V + -tu V + -yu Example le- + hrrap(danger) = lehrrap(dangerous) kelku(home) + si = kelku si(to live[dwell]) n- + fte(easy) = nfte(easily) t- + rey(to live) = trey(life) spe(to capture) + -tu = spetu(captive) taron(to hunt) + -yu = taronyu(hunter)

Phrases
"Hello, how are you?"
Kaltx. nga-ru lu fpom srak?

[ kalt ngaru lu fpom srak ] Greetings. You-DAT be well.being QUESTION "Its a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Navi"
Tsun oe nga-hu n-Navi pivngkxo a f-u oe-ru prrte
[9]

lu

be.able I

you-with ADV-Navi chat

that this-thing I-DAT pleasure

be

"I apologise for this moron"

F-skxawng-ri tsapxalute sengi oe

this-moron-TOP

apology

make? I

"These demons are forbidden here"

F-ay-vrrtep f-tsenge lu kxan

this-PL-demon this-place "My nose is full of his alien smell."

Oe-ri ta

be forbidden

pey fahew a-kewong ontu teya lngu

me-TOP from his

smell

ATTR-alien

nose full

bePEJ

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Lexicon
NaVi - English
'ampi v /am.pi/ 'aw n /aw/ 'awpo pn /aw.po/ 'awsiteng adv /aw.si.t/ 'awve adj /aw.v/ 'e'al adj /.al/ 'efu v /.fu/ 'eko n /.ko/ 'ekong n /.ko/ 'engeng n /./ 'eveng n /.v/ 'evi n /.vi/ 'eylan n /'j.lan/ 'eyng v /ej/ 'ewan adj /'.wan/ ''awn v /.awn/ 'heyu n /.h.ju/ 'ngls n /.l.s/ 'it n /it/ touch one number one one (person) together alien n first worst feel attack beat (rhythmic) level child kid (affectionate form of "child") friend answer young remain,stay spiral English language bit a small amount arm n pxun alien n Alien (i.e. nonNa'vi) n all all (of),in to, to,completely pr allow v almost adv alone alone (as one person) adj also, too part among pr ancestor n and conj and conj animal,beast n answer n answer v apology n ketuwong kewong faketuan nwotx tung stum n'awtu kop kip pizayu s ulte ioang t'eyng 'eyng tsap'alute

English NaVi A
across pr again adv agree v alarm cry n ka nmun mllte rawke

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'itan n /i.tan/ 'ite n /i.t/ 'ok n /ok/ 'ong v /o/ 'upe n /u.p/ 'upxare n /u.pa./

son daughter remembrance unfold,blossom what (thing) Message

arrive v arrow n art n as (= same way as) pr as we know i ask v attack n

phem swizaw tseo tengfya nawnomum pawm 'eko uniltrantokx

A
a pr /a/ alaks adj /al.ak.s/ alm adj /al.m/ Amhul n /am.hul/ nst n /n.st/ apxa adj /apa/ atan adj, n /a.tan/ atokirina' n /a.to.ki.i.na/ atxkxe n /atk./ au n /au/ aungia n /au.i.a/ ayfo pn /aj.fo/ aynga pn /aj.a/ ayoe pn /aj.o./ subordinate clause marker (wh_, that) ready

avatar; dreamwalker body n awake adj

txen neto mso

far away,at a distance child's name child's name large light Seeds of the great tree land drum (made of skin) sign,omen they (3rd person plural) you, plural (2nd person plural) we, excluding you (1st person exclusive plural)

away (direction) pr away (position) pr

B
baby carrier/sling n back(direction) pr bad,evil adj badge n be at,occupy a space v be (am,is,are) v be responsible v beat (rhythmic) n become v beetle larva(e) n iveh k'nivi s'di ne'm kawng pts tok lu kllfrivo' 'ekong slu teylu

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ayoeng pn /aj.o./ aylaru conj /aj.la.u/ ayl'ufa i /aj.l.u.fa/ aynga pn /aj.a/ ayoe pn /aj.o./ ayoeng pn /aj.o./

we, including you (1st person inclusive plural) to the others (contraction of aylaberu) in the words of you we (exclusive) we (inclusive)

before,in front of pr begin,start v beginning,start time n beloved adj best adj

eo sng'i sng'ikrr yawne swey

big (in stature) adj tsawl bind v vision under request bit a small amount n bit a small amount adv blue adj blue brain listen pay attention,quit goofing off brainworm boom n pass (a test) before, in front of Plant species (Warbonnet) lead leader World spirit guiding force and deity (equivalent to Gaia) good-bye (Eywa be with branch (of a tree) n brave adj bring v brother n vul tsteu zamunge tsmukan bow and arrow n bow (weapon) n brain n brainworm n kxangangang tsko swizaw tsko eltu eltungawng blue flower n Blue Flute Clan n body n bond (neural connection) n ym 'it n'it ean seze Omatikaya tokx Tsaheylu

ie n /.i./ o pr txle n /t..l/

E
ean adj /.an/ eltu n /l.tu/ eltu si v, c /l.tu si/ eltungawng n /l.tu.aw/ emza'u v /m.za.u/ eo pr /o/ Eyaye n /.ja.je/ eyk v /jk/ eyktan n /jk.tan/ Eywa n /j.wa/ Eywa ngahu int

13

/j.wa a.hu/

you)

burn,consume v but conj

nekx sl txm l (also: l)

F
fa pr /fa/ faheu v /fa.h.u/ faketuan n /fa.k.tu.an/ ffya pn /ff.ja/ fkem pn /f.km/ fpo pn /f.po/ ftseng(e) pn /f.()/ ftxan adv /f.tan/ f'u pn /f.u/ fkarut v /fka.ut/ fkeu adj /fku/ fko adj /fko/ fmawn n /fmawn/ fmetok n /fm.tok/ fmi v /fmi/ fngap n /fap/ fnu v, c /fnu/ fo pn /fo/ fpak v /fpak/ fpe' v /fp/ with (by means of) smell Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi) this way,like this

butt,rear end n by,via,following pr

C
call v this (action) this one (person or thing) this, here,this place so (exceedingly) this (thing) peel mighty one news,something to report test try metal quiet ("be quiet!") they hold off,suspend action clever (thing) adj send close, close to adj slronsem lok calm adj can,be able v captive n capture v center (or place in the middle) n challenge (ceremonial) v change v chat v child n child's name child's name child's name choose v clan n clan leader n clear,certain adj syaw mawey tsun spe'etu spe'e kxamtseng fpeio latem pngkxo 'eveng Amhul nst Ralu ftxey olo' olo'eyktan law

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fpeio v /fp.i.o/ fpi i /fpi/ fpom n /fpom/ fpxafaw n /fpa.faw/ fpxkm v /fp.km/ frapo pn /fapo/ fra'u pn /fau/ ftang v /fta/ fte conj /ft/ fteke conj /ft.k/ ftia v /fti.a/ ftu pr /ftu/ ftue adj /ftu./ ftxey v /ftj/ fu conj /fu/ faw conj /faw/ fya'o n /fja.o/ fyape conj /fja.p/ fyawntxu n /fjawn.tu/

challenge (ceremonial) for the sake of well-being, peace medusa (animal)

colleague n come v continually adv cord n create v

lertu za'u ntut telem ngop swir mun'i

enter everyone everything stop so that so that not,lest study

creature n cut v

D
daddy n dance n danger n dangerous adj daughter n sempu sreu hrrap lehrrap 'ite trr kerusey pe'un vrrtep ska'a terkup kllkulat snumna wutso pa'li tawng

from (direction) easy choose or that which path, way how guide

day n dead adj decide v demon n destroy v die v dig up v dim dim (of a person) adj dinner,served meal n Direhorse n

H
ha conj /ha/ hapx n /ha.p/ hasey adj /ha.sj/ so (or "in that case") part done, finished

dive v

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hawnu v /haw.nu/ h'i adj /h.i/ hiyk adj /hi.jk/ hrrap n /hrap/ hu adj /hu/ hufwe n /huf.w/ hum v /hum/

protect,shelter small funny, strange

do not, negative do v do (aux. verb) v doctor n

r' si toktor hasey unil Uniltaron uniltranyu kurakx au tawng

danger with (accompaniment) wind leave, depart

done, finished adj dream n Dream Hunt n dreamwalker n drive out v

I
i'en n /i.n/ Iknimaya n /ik.ni.ma.ja/ stringed instrument Thundering rocks,Stairway to Heaven (floating mountains) mountain banshee by,via,following animal,beast

drum (made of skin) n duck n

E
ear n easily adv easy adj eat v mikyun nftue ftue yom pxuntil 'ngls ntam fpxkm frapo fra'u tkawng steftxaw tkenong nari

ikran n /ik.an/ l pr /.l/ or /l./ ioang n /i.o.a/ irayo n, i /i.a.jo/ iveh k'nivi s'di n /i.vh kni.vi sdi/

thank you baby carrier/sling

elbow n English language enough adj

K
ka pr /ka/ k v /k/ kaltx n /kal.t/ kmakto v /k.mak.to/ kame v /ka.m/ across go hello

enter v everyone pn everything pn evil n

ride out See (spiritual sense)

examine v example n eye n

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kangay adj /ka.aj/ kar v /kar/ karyu n /ka.ju/ kato n /ka.to/ kawkrr adv /kaw.kr/ kawng adj /kaw/ kawtu pn /kaw.tu/ ke adv /k/ kea adj /k.a/ kehe adv /k.h/ kelku n /kl.ku/ kelku si v /kl.ku si/ Kelutrel n /kl.u.tl/ kempe pn /km.p/ kenong v /k.no/ kerusey adj /k.u.sj/ ketuwong n /k.tu.wo/ ke'u n /k.u/ kewong n /k.wo/ keye'ung n /k.j.u/ kifkey n /kif.kj/ kifkey Eywa'eveng n

valid teach teacher rhythm never bad,evil no one not no (before a noun) no home live,dwell Hometree (tree for living in) what (action) model,represent,exempli fy dead

eyes (two) n

menari

F
false adj far away,at a distance adj fast adj father n fear n feed v feel v female (person) n finger n fire n first adj first adj fly v for the sake of i forbidden adj forest n forgiveness n tsleng alm nwin sempul txopu yomtng efu tute, zekw txep 'awve n'awve tswayon fpi kxan na'rng txoa tsng, pxasul 'eylan ta'em ftu

alien nothing alien insanity

four adj fresh,appealing as food adj friend n from above pr

world (physical,solid) Pandora (lit. Children

from (direction) pr

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/ kif.kj j.wa.'.v./ km v /km/ kin v /kin/ kin n, adj /ki.n/ kinam n /ki.nam/ kinamtil n /ki.nam.til/ kng n /k/ k'ong n /k.o/ kip pr /kip/ kte'e n /k.t./ kyevame n /k.j.va.m/ kllfrivo' v, c /kl:.fri.vo/ kllkulat v /kl:.ku.lat/ kllkxem v /kl:.km/ kllpxltu n /kl:.pl.tu/ kllte n /kl:.t/ kop part /kop/ koren n /ko.n/ krr n /kr/ krrnekx v /kr.nk/ krrpe adv /kr.p/

of Eywas world spin need seven leg knee thread species of fruit or vegetable among service good-bye,see you again soon be responsible dig up stand territory Ground

from (various uses) ta pr full adj funny, strange adj teya hiyk

G
get down! (literally,"to the ground!") i give v go v good adj good-bye,see you again soon i good-bye (Eywa be with you) i Got it. I understand. i grab v grant v great leonopteryx last shadow n great,much,many (in quantity) adj great,noble adj ne kllte!

tng k sltsan kyevame Eywagahunt tslolam ni teswotng toruk txan nawm kllte pongu fyawntxu kunsp

also, too ground n rule time take/consume time when group of people,party pn guide n gunship n

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kunsp n /kun.sp/ kurakx v /ku.ak/

gunship drive out

H
halt v he pn txey poan po txe'lan kaltx srung Yerik fpak kelku Kelutrel meuia slpey som fyape pefya taron taronyu

Kx
kxam n /kam/ kxamtseng n /kam./ kxangangang n /ka.a.a/ kxan adj /kan/ kxawm adv /kawm/ kxener n /k.n/ kxetse n /k./ middle,midpoint center (or place in the middle) boom forbidden perhaps,maybe species of fruit or vegetable tail

he,she (3rd person singular) pn heart n hello n help,assistance n hexapede,hexapod n hold off,suspend action v home n Hometree (tree for living in) n honor n hope v

L
lahe adj, pn /la.h/ lam v /lam/ lapo pn /la.po/ latem v /la.tm/ law adj /law/ lehrrap adj / l.hrap/ Lenay'ga n /l.naj.ga/ lertu n /l.tu/ l'u n /l.u/ lok adj /lok/ lonu v /lo.nu/ other seem,appear other one (person or thing) change clear,certain dangerous Slinger Slinger (predatory creature) colleague word close close to release,let go

hot adj how conj how adv hunt v hunter n

I
I (1st person singular) pn I (deferential or ceremonial form) pn if conj oe ohe

txo

19

lrrtok v /lr.tok/ lu v /lu/ lumpe adv /lum.p/

smile be (am,is,are) why

if not,or else conj in pr in the words of i insanity n

txokefyaw m ayl'ufa keye'ung ralpeng

M
makto v /mak.to/ mawey adj /ma.wj/ mefo pn /m.fo/ menari n /m.na.i/ menga pn /m.a/ meuia n /m.u.i.a/ meyp adj /mjp/ m pr /m/ mikyun n /mik.jun/ mn adj /mn/ mso pr /m.so/ mllte v /ml:.t/ moe pn /mo./ mokri n /mok.i/ mui adj /mu.i./ mune n, adj /mu.n/ munge v /mu./ mun'i v /mun.i/ ride calm they/those two (3rd person dual) eyes (two) you two (2nd person dual) honor weak in ear turn

interpret v

J
joint,hinge n til

K
kid (affectionate form of "child") n kill v knee n know v 'evi tspang kinamtil omum

L
land n large adj lead v atxkxe apxa eyk eyktan nume hum txng kinam 'engeng trey atan Nayoeg

away (position) agree we two (1st person exclusive dual) voice

leader n learn v leave, depart v leave,abandon v leg n

proper,fair,right two take,bring cut

level n life n light n like us adj

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muntxa adj /mun.ta/

mated

like,as conj like,as pr

na pxel seyri tng mikyun eltu si

N
na conj /na/ nang i /na/ like,as particle for surprise or exclamation

lip n listen v listen pay attention,quit goofing off v live v live,dwell v

nantang n /nan.ta/ nari n /na.i/ nari si c, v /na.i si/ na'rng n /na../ Na'vi n /na.vi/ nawm adj /nawm/ ne kllte! i /n kl:.t/ ne pr /n/ ne'm pr /nm/ nekx v /nk/ neto pr /n.to/ neu v /n.u/ n'aw adj /n.aw/ n'awtu adj /n.aw.tu/ n'awve adj /n.aw.v/ ni v /ni./

viperwolf Caniferratus costatus or striped armored wolf. eye watch out,be careful forest the People (name for themselves) great,noble get down! (literally,"to the ground!") to (direction) back (direction) burn,consume away (direction)

rey kelku si yol nulkrr tngari nn tyawn

long (period of time) adj longer (time) adj look v look (at) v love v

M
male (person) n many adj marker for yes-no questions i mated adj matriarch n tutean pxay srak(e) muntxa Tsahk txele tsranten ral

want only alone alone (as one person) first grab

matter (subject) v matter,be of importance v meaning n

medusa (animal) n fpxafaw meeting n ultxa

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nawnomum i /n.aw.no.mum/ nayoeg adj, i /n.aj.o.g/ nftue adv /n.ftu./ nftxavang adv /n.fta.va/ nhawng adv /n.haw/ n'it n /n.it/ nltsan adv /nl.an/ nmun adv /n.mun/ nn v /nn/ nngay adv /n.aj/ ntam adj /n.tam/ nteng adv /n.t/ ntut adv /n.tut/ ntxan adj /n.tan/ n'ul adj /n.ul/ nwin adj /n.win/ nwotx pr /n.wot/ nulkrr adj /nul.kr/ nume v /nu.m/

as we know like us easily passionately,with all heart too,excessively bit a small amount well again look (at) truly enough too/as well continually much more fast all all (of),in to, to,completely longer longer (time) learn

message n metal n middle,midpoint n mighty adj mind n model,represent, exemplify v moment n mommy n more adj moron n mother n mountain banshee n move,shift position v much adj music n must v

'upxare fngap kxam fkeu ronsem kenong swaw sa'nu n'ul skxawng sa'nok ikran rikx ntxan pamtseo zene

N
need v need n never news,something to report n night n no i kin tkin kawkrr fmawn txon kehe

Ng
nga pn /a/ ngawng n /aw/ you (2nd person singular) worm

22

ngay adj /aj/ ngenga pn /.a/ ngop v /op/

true

no (before a noun) adj no one pn nose n not adv nothing n

kea kawtu ontu ke ke'u set

you (honorific form) create

O
oe pn /o./ oeng pn /o./ ohe pn /o.h/ olo n /o.lo/ olo'eyktan n /ol.o.jk.tan/ Omatikaya n /om.a.ti.kaj.a/ omum v /o.mum/ ontu n /on.tu/ I (1st person singular) We two, including you (1st person inclusive dual) I (deferential or ceremonial form) clan clan leader Blue Flute Clan know nose

now adv

O
offence,insult n one adj one (number) n one (person) pn only adj or conj other adj other one (person or thing) pn outside adj zoplo fko 'aw 'awpo n'aw fu lahe, lapo wrrpa

P
phem v /p.hm/ pak i /pak/ pa'li n /pa.li/ palulukan n /pa.lu.lu.kan/ pam n /pam/ pamtseo n /pam..o/ arrive particle for surprise or exclamation Direhorse Thanator Dry Mouth Bringer of Fear (Thanator) sound music

P
Pandora (lit. Children of Eywas world part n particle for surprise or exclamation particle for surprise or exclamation kifkey Eywa'eveng hapx nang

pak

23

pngkxo v /p.ko/ pnutng v /p.nu.t/ pts n /p./ pawm v /pawm/ pe'un v /p.un/ pe pn, adv /p/ pehem pn, adv /p.hm/ pehrr adv /p.hr/ pelun adv /p.lun/ peng v /p/ peseng adv /p.s/ pesu pn /p.su/ peu pn, adv /p.u/ pey c, v /pj/ pefya adv /pf.ja/ pizayu n /pi.za.ju/ plltxe v /pl:.t/ po pn /po/ poan pn /po.an/ po pn /po./ poeng pn /po./

chat

particle used in fullames pass (a test) v passionately,with all heart adv path, way n

te pa emza'u nftxavang fya'o renu fkarut Na'vi kxawm tute tseng(e) Eyaye rutxe txum sevin pnutng

promise (a thing to someone) badge ask decide

pattern n peel v the People (name for themselves) n perhaps,maybe adv person n place n Plant species (Warbonnet) n please v

what (before a noun) what (action) when why tell where who what what (thing) wait how ancestor speak he,she (3rd person singular) he she we three, including you (1st person trial

poison n pretty adj promise (a thing to someone) promise (a thing to someone) v proper,fair,right adj protect,shelter v protection n pull v

mui hawnu thawnu za'rp

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inclusive)

Q
quiet ("be quiet!") v fnu, c

pongu pn /pou/

group of people,party

Px
pxan adj /pan/ pxasul adj /pa.sul/ pxay adj, pn /paj/ pxel pr /pl/ pxi adj /pi/ pxoe pn /po./ pxenga pn /p.a/ pxefo pn /p.fo/ pxun n /pun/ pxuntil n /pun.til/ worthy fresh fresh,appealing as food many like,as sharp we three, excluding you (1st person exclusive trial) you three (2nd person trial) they/those three (3rd person trial) arm

R
rain n ready adj receive v release,let go v remain,stay v remembrance n request n rhythm n ride v ride out v rock,stone n rule n run v Elbow tompa alaks tel lonu ''awn 'ok txle kato makto kmakto tskxe koren tul

S
sacred n sacred place n swok swotu zongtseng zong san tse'a kame

R
r' v /./ ral n /al/ ralpeng v /al.p/ Ralu n /a.lu/ rawke n /aw.k/ renu n /.nu/ rey v /j/ do not negative (do not) meaning interpret child's name alarm cry pattern live

safe place,refuge n save v saying; quote n see (physical sense) v See (spiritual sense) v

25

rikx v /ik/ rim adj /im/ rina' n /i.na/ riti n /iti/ rol v /ol/ ronsem n /on.sm/ rutxe v /u.t/

move,shift position

seed n Seeds of the great tree n seem,appear v

rina' atokirina' lam fpe' kte'e kin pxi poe wintxu tsmuk,tsmuktu aungia rol tsmuke vofu taw Tawtute Lenay'ga h'i faheu lrrtok ftxan ha fte

yellow seed stingbat sing mind please

send v service n seven n sharp adj she pn show v

S
san n /san/ sa'nok n /sa.nok/ sa'nu n /sa.nu/ snume n /s.nu.m/ sat pn /sat/ sempu n /sm.pu/ sempul n /sm.pul/ set adv /st/ sevin adj /svin/ seyri n /sji/ seze n /s.z/ s conj /s/ si v /si/ sk v /sk/ saying; quote mother mommy teaching,instruction

sibling n sign,omen n sing v sister n sixteen n

that (after ftu only) daddy father now

sky n Sky Person n Slinger (predatory creature) n small adj

pretty lip blue flower and do,make (auxillary verb) unquote

smell v smile v so (exceedingly) adv so ("in that case") conj so that conj

26

slpey v /sl.pj/ slronsem adj /sl.on.sm/ sltsan adj /sl.an/ ska'a v /ska.a/ skxawng n /skaw/ sl conj /sl/ slu v /slu/ sng'i v /s.i/ sng'ikrr n /s.i.kr/ snumna adj /snu.m.na/ som adj /som/ spaw v /spaw/ spe'e v /sp./ spe'etu n /sp..tu/ srak(e) /sak()/ srane adv /sa.n/ sreu v /s.u/ srung n /su/ stawm v /stawm/ steftxaw v /stf.taw/ stum adv /stum/ sutx v /sut/

hope clever (thing) good destroy moron but become begin,start

so that not,lest conj son n song n song n songchord n soon adv sound n speak v spear n

fteke 'itan trol way waytelem ye'rn pam plltxe tukru k'ong kxener km 'heyu tirea tireaioang tireafya'o vir kllkxem tanh vay set

beginning,start time dim (of a person) hot believe capture captive marker for yes-no questions yes dance help,assistance hear examine almost track,lock up

species of fruit or vegetable n species of fruit or vegetable n spin v spiral n spirit n spirit animal n spirit path n spread,proliferate v stand v star n still/not yet (used with negated verb) i stingbat n stop v stopping n

riti ftang tftang

27

swaw n /swaw/ swey adj /swj/ swir n /swi./ swizaw n /swi.zaw/ swok n /swok/ swotu n /swo.tu/ syaw v /sjaw/

moment best creature arrow sacred sacred place call

straight adj strength n strike v stringed instrument n strong adj study v sturmbeest n Subordinate clause marker (wh_, that) pr

yey ttxur takuk i'en txur ftia talioang a

T
ta pr /ta/ ta'em pr /ta.m/ tftxu v /t.ftu/ tftxuyu n /t.ftu.ju/ takuk v /ta.kuk/ talioang n /tal.i.o.a/ tam v /tam/ tangek n /ta.k/ tanh n /tan.h/ taron v /ta.on/ taronyu n /ta.on.ju/ taw n /taw/ tawng n /taw/ tawng v /taw/ Tawtute n from (various uses) from above weave weaver strike sturmbeest suffice,"do" trunk (of a tree) star hunt hunter sky duck dive Sky Person

suffice,"do" v sun n

tam tsawke

T
tail n take,bring v take/consume time v teach v teacher n teaching, instruction tell v territory n test v test n than; comparative mark conj Thanator n kxetse munge krrnekx kar karyu snume peng kllpxltu fmetok tfmetok to palulukan

28

/taw.tu.t/ te pa /t/ tel v /tl/ telem n /t.lm/ tengfya adj, conj /t.fja/ tengkrr conj, pr /t.kr/ terkup v /t.kup/ teswotng v /t.swo.t/ teya adj /tja/ teylu n /tj.lu/ t'eyng n /t. j/ tfmetok n /tf.m.tok/ tftang n /t.fta/ thawnu n /t.haw.nu/ tkangkem n /t.ka.km/ tkawng n. /t.kaw/ tkenong n /t.k.no/ tkin adj /t.kin/ til n /til/ tng mikyun v /t mik.jun/ tng nari v /t na.i/ tng v /t/ tngay n /t.aj/

thank you i particle used in full names receive cord as (= same way as) while (= same time as) die grant full beetle larva(e) answer test stopping protection work evil example necessary joint,hinge listen look give truth that pn that (action) pn

irayo tsn tsakem

that (after ftu only) sat pn that (as object) pn that (thing) pn that which conj that person pn then,at that time pn there,that place pn they pn they, those two (3rd person dual) pn they (those three) pn thirty-two thirtytwo (octal: 40) n this (action) pn this (thing) pn this one (person or thing) pn this way,like this pn this here,this place pn thread n tsat tsa'u faw tsatu tsakrr tsatseng ayfo, fo mefo pxefo tsvol fkem f'u fpo ffya ftseng(e) king

29

tran v /t.an/ tirea n /ti.a/ tireafya'o n /ti..a.fja.o/ tireaioang n /ti..a.i.o.a/ trey n /t.j/ trol n /t.ol/ ttxur n /t.tu/ tyawn v /t.jawn/ to conj /to/ tok v /tok/ toktor n /tok.tor/ tokx n /tok/ tompa n /tom.pa/ toruk n /to.uk/ trr n /tr/ tukru n /tuk.u/ tul v /tul/ tung v /tu/ tupe adv /tu.p/ tute n /tu.t/ tutean n, adj /tu.t.an/ tute n, adj /tu.t./

walk spirit spirit path spirit animal life song

Thundering rocks (floating mountains) n time n to (direction) pr to the others (contraction of aylaberu) conj together adv

Iknimaya

krr ne aylaru

'awsiteng nteng nhawng 'ampi sutx tskxekeng utral Utral Aymokriy ngay nngay tangek tngay fmi mn mune,

strength love than; comparative mark be at,occupy a space doctor body rain great leonopteryx last shadow (great leonopteryx) day spear

too, as well adv too much, excessively adv touch v track,lock up v training,exercise n tree n Tree of voices n true adj truly adv trunk (of a tree) n truth n try v

run allow who person male (person) female (person)

turn adj two n

U
under pr understand v unfold,blossom v o tslam 'ong

30

Ts
tsaheylu n /a.hj.lu/ tsahk n /a.hk/ tsakem pn /a.km/ tsakrr conj /a.kr/ tsam n /am/ tsampongu n /am.po.u/ tsamsiyu n /am.si.ju/ tsap'alute n /a.pa.lu.t/ tsat pn /at/ tsatseng adv /a./ tsatu pn /at.u/ tsa'u pn /a.u/ tsawke n /aw.k/ tsawl adj /awl/ tse'a v /.a/ tseng(e) n /()/ tsengpe conj /.p/ tseo n /.o/ tsng n, adj // tsvol n, adj /.vol/ tsko n /ko/ bond (neural connection) matriarch, spiritual guide that (action) then, at that time war war party warrior apology that (as object) there,that place

unquote v until pr

sk vay

V
valid adj viperwolf Caniferratus costatus or striped armored wolf. n vision n voice n kangay nantang

ie mokri

W
wait v walk v want v pey tran neu tsam tsampongu tsamsiyu yur nari si c, ayoe

that person that (thing sun big (in stature) see (physical sense) place where art four thirty-two thirty-two (octal: 40) bow (weapon)

war n war party n warrior n wash v watch out,be careful v we, excluding you (1st person exclusive plural) pn we, including you (1st person inclusive plural) pn we two (1st person exclusive dual) pn

ayoeng

moe

31

tsko swizaw n /ko swi.zaw/ tskxe n /k/ tskxekeng n /k.k/ tslam v /lam/ tsleng adj /l/ tslolam i /lo.lam/ tsmuk,tsmuktu n /muk/ /muk.tu/ tsmukan n /muk.an/ tsmuk n /muk./ tsn pn /n/ tspang v /pa/ tsranten v /an.tn/ tsteu adj /t.u/ tsun v /un/ tswayon v /waj.on/ tsyal n /jal/

bow and arrow rock,stone training,exercise understand false Got it. I understand. sibling weak adj brother sister that kill matter,be of importance brave can,be able fly wing weave v weaver n well adv well-being, peace n what (thing) pn what (action) adv what (action) adv what (before a noun) pn what (thing) pn when adv great,much, (in quantity wise,much-knowing heart matter (subject) awake fire when adv where adv where conj while (= same time as) conj who pn who adv meyp tftxu tftxuyu nltsan fpom 'upe kempe pehem pe peu, krrpe pehrr peseng tsengpe tengkrr pesu tupe we two, you and I (2nd person inclusive dual) pn oeng

we three, excluding pxoe you (1st person exclusive trial) pn we three, including you (1st person inclusive trial) pn poeng

Tx
txan adj /tan/ txantslusam adj /tan.lu.sam/ txe'lan n /t.lan/ txele v /t.l/ txen adj /tn/ txep n /tp/

32

txey v /tj/ txm n /tm/ txng v /t/ txo conj /to/ txoa n /to.a/ txokefyaw conj /to.k.fjaw/ txon n /ton/ txopu n /to.pu/ txum n /tum/ txur adj /tu/

halt butt,rear end leave,abandon if forgiveness if not,or else night fear poison strong

why adv why adv wind n wing n wise,muchknowing adj with (accompaniment) conj with (by means of) pr work n word n

lumpe pelun hufwe tsyal txantslusam hu

fa tkangkem l'u

U
ulte conj /ul.t/ ultxa n /ul.ta/ unil n /un.il/ Uniltaron n /un.il.ta.on/ uniltrantokx n /un.il.t.an.tok/ uniltranyu n /un.il.t.an.ju/ Utral Aymokriy n /u.tal aj.mok.i.j/ utral n /u.tal/ and meeting dream Dream Hunt avatar; dreamwalker body dreamwalker Tree of Voices

Eywa World spirit guiding force and deity (equivalent to Gaia); Eywa n world (physical,solid) n worm n worst adj worthy adj kifkey ngawng 'e'al pxan

Y
year n yellow adj zst rim srane aynga nga

tree

yes i you, plural (2nd person plural) pn

V
vay pr /vaj/ vay set i /vaj st/ until still/not yet (used with negated verb)

you (2nd person singular) pn

33

vir v /vi./ vofu n, adj /vo.fu/ vrrtep n /vr.tp/ vul n /vul/

spread,proliferate sixteen demon branch (of a tree)

you (honorific form) pn you two (2nd person dual) pn

ngenga menga

W
way n /waj/ waytelem n /waj.t.lm/ wintxu v /win.tu/ wrrpa adj /wr.pa/ wutso n /wut.so/ song songchord show outside dinner dinner,served meal

you three (2nd person trial) pn young adj

pxenga 'ewan

Y
yawne adj /jaw. / Yerik n /j.ik/ ye'rn adv /j.n/ yey adj /jj/ ym v /jm/ yol adj /jol/ yom v /jom/ yomtng v /jom.t/ yur v /ju/ beloved hexapede,hexapod soon straight bind long (period of time) eat feed wash

Z
za'rp v /za..p/ zamunge v /za.mu./ za'u v pull bring come

34

/za.u/ zekw n /zk.w/ zene v /z.n/ zst n /z.st/ zong v /zo/ zongtseng n /zo./ zoplo n /zo.plo/

finger must

year save safe place,refuge offence,insult

35

36