Defects in the product:

defect flash Description & cause Some of the molten metal goes between cope and drag leading to formation solution This defect can be easily treated by breaking the flashes by hammer then machining or filing Penetration surface defect that occurs when the fluidity of the liquid metal is high, and it penetrates into the sand mold Scabs rough areas on the surface of the casting due to encrustations of sand and metal. caused by portions of the mold surface flaking off during solidification and becoming imbedded in the casting surface Working on increasing mold strength by compacting the sand well and using randomshaped sand grains that strengthen the mold. This defect can be avoided by decreasing the amount of superheating of the molten metal

Sand wash

irregularity in the surface of casting that results from erosion of the sand mold during pouring.

Working on increasing mold strength by compacting the sand well and using randomshaped sand grains that strengthen the mold.

Pinholes

caused by release of gases during pouring, consist of many small gas cavities formed at or slightly below the surface of the casting.

Can be avoided by proper design of the sprue and the whole gating system to avoid aspiration which is entrapping air inside the falling metal.

Microporosity

consists of a network of small voids distributed throughout the casting caused by localized solidification shrinkage of the final molten metal in the dendritic structure

inclusions

Metal owing into the mould cavity can detach sections or individual sand grains from

blow out all loose sand and working on increasing mold strength by compacting the

the mould during pouring, and sand well and using randomtransport them to remote parts of the casting shaped sand grains that strengthen the mold.