Application of Definite Integral

Applications of Definite Integrals
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Areas 2
Arc Length 8
Volumes of Solids of Revolution 11
Area of Surface of Revolution 13
Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai
Page 1
8
Areas
A Equations of Curves are represented in Rectangular Form
Let A denote the area ( or total area) of the shaded region.
Theorem The area enclosed by the graph of
) x ( f y
, the x-axis and the lines a x and b x is
equal to dx
b
a
) x ( f or dx
b
a
y .
Theorem The area enclosed by the graph of
) y ( g x
, the x-axis and the lines
c y
and
d y
is
equal to dy
d
c
) y ( g or dy
d
c
x .
Example Find the area enclosed by the graph of
2
x y , the axis and the lines 1 x and 3 x .
Page 2
Solution
Example Find the area bounded by the following curves.
(a) Ellipse: 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
+ .
(b) Cycloid:
'

) t cos 1 ( a y
) t sin t ( a x
, 2 t 0 and x-axis.
Example Find the area enclosed by the graph 1 x y
2
+ , the y-axis and the lines
2 y
and
3 y
.
Page 3
Example Given a conic 0 9 y 8 x 6 y 4 x : C
2 2
+ + + .
(a) By completing squares and translation coordinate axes, transform the equation of
C to standard form. What is this curve?
(b) find the area of the region bounded by C. ( Ans: 2 )
Solution
B Equations of Curves are in parametric Form
Page 4
It is known that the area between the curve
) x ( f y
and the lines a x , b x and
0 y

is given by dx
b
a
y .
If the equation of the curve is in parametric form
'
) t ( G y
) t ( F x
,
where t is a parameter, and if
, b x when t
; a x when t

) t ( ' F
dt
dx
is a continuous function on
] , [
, and
) t ( ' F
does not change sign is in
) , (
, then the area of the region bounded by the curve
'
) t ( G y
) t ( F x
, the x-axis and the
lines a x , b x is dt dt ) t ( ' x y ) t ( ' F ) t ( G

. ( Integration by substitution )
This formula is also true when if > . In this case 0 ) t ( ' F
dt
dx
for all
) , ( t
.
Example Find the area of the ellipse
'
t sin b y
t cos a x
, where 0 a > , 0 b > .
Example Consider the curve
'

t 2 y
2 t x
2
. Find the area bounded by the curve and y-axis.
AL91II-3 Consider the curve
'
t cos y
t sin x
3
3
,
2
t 0 .
Find the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and y-axis.
Solution The figure is symmetric about both of the coordinates axes.
Page 5
'

t t y
1 t x
3
2
. Find the area bounded by Loop of curve.
Example Suppose that the curve in figure with parametric form
) t ( f x
,
) t ( g y
. If
1
t and
2
t are
the parameters of points A and B . Show the shaded area is dt
dt
dx
dt
dy
) y x (
2
1 2
1
t
t

.
Page 6
Arc Lengths
A Equations of curves are in Rectangular Form
Theorem If a curve
) x ( f y
has a continuous derivative on
] b , a [
, then the length of the curve from
a x to b x is given by dx
dx
dy
dx

,
_
+ +
b
a
2
b
a
2
1 )) x ( ' f ( 1 .
Page 7
Remark If the equation of the curve is in the form
) y ( g x
, then the length of the arc between
c y

and
d y
is given by dy
dy
dx
dy

,
_
+ +
d
c
2
d
c
2
1 )) x ( ' g ( 1 .
Example Find the length of the parabolic arc x 4 y
2
from
) 0 , 0 (
to
) 4 , 4 (
.
Example Find the length of the loop of the curve
2 2
) x 4 ( x y 12 .
Remark
B Equations of Curves are in Parametric Form
Theorem When a function is expressed in parametric form
) t ( f x
and
) t ( g y
, the arc length s
of the curve from a t to b t is given by
dt
+
b
a
2 2
)) t ( ' g ( )) t ( ' f ( s
Example Find the length of curve
2
t 4 x ,
3
t 2 y between
1 t , 0 t
.
Page 8
Example Find the length of the loop of the curve
2 2
) x a 3 ( x ay 9 , 0 a > .
AL91II-3 Consider the curve
'
t cos y
t sin x
3
3
,
2
t 0 .
Find the length of the curve.
Example Find the total length of the curve:
'
, t sin a y
t cos a x
3
3
where 0 a > .
Page 9
Question In the above example, as t increases from 0 to 2 , the point will move along the curve for a
complete turn. Is it correct to find the arc length by evaluating the integral
2
0
2
2
0
2 2
2
t sin
a 3
1
]
1

,
_
+
,
_
dt
dt
dy
dt
dx
?
Always bear in mind that 0
2 2

,
_
+
,
_
dt
dy
dt
dx
.
Volumes of Solids of Revolution
A Disc Method
Theorem Let
) x ( f y
be a continuous function defined on
] b , a [
, and S be the region bounded by
the curve
) x ( f y
, the lines a x , b x and the x-axis. Then the volume V of the solid
generated by revolving the region S one complete revolution about the x-axis is given by
[ ] dx dx
2
b
a
b
a
2
) x ( f y V

.
Remark In parametric form
'
) t ( g y
) t ( h x
, the volume of solid of resolution generated by revolving the
region enclosed by the graph, x-axis and from
1
t to
2
t about x-axis.
Page 10
dt ) t ( ' h )) t ( g ( V
2
1
t
t
2
Theorem Let
) x ( f y
be a continuous function defined on
] b , a [
, and S be the region bounded by
the curve
) x ( f y
, the lines a x , b x and
h y
. Then the volume V of the solid
generated by revolving the region S one complete revolution about the
h y
is given by
[ ] dx dx
2
b
a
b
a
2
h ) x ( f ) h y ( V

Example Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving one complete revolution of the upper half
region of the closed curve
1
b
y
a
x
3
2
2

,
_
+
,
_
about the line

b y
,
) 0 b , 0 a ( > >
.
Example Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the cycloid
) t sin t ( a x
,
) t cos 1 ( a y
, where 0 a > and 2 t 0 , and the x-axis about the x-
axis.
Example Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the curve t cos x
3
t sin y
3
about y-axis.
Page 11
B Shell Method
Theorem Let f be a function continuous on
] b , a [
. If the area bounded by the graph of
) x ( f
, the x-
axis and the lines a x and b x is revolved about the y-axis, the volume V of solid
generated is
b
a
) x ( xf 2 dx
Example Derive a formula for evaluation the volume of a cylinder of a radius a and height h by using
the shell method.
Example Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the curves
x x y
2
+ ,
2
x
e y

and the lines
, 1 x
2 x one complete revolution about the y-axis.
Page 12
Area of Surface of Revolution
Theorem Suppose
) x ( f y
has a continuous derivative on
] b , a [
. Then the area S of the surface of
revolution by the arc of the curve
) x ( f y
between a x and b x about the x-axis is
S = [ ] dx
2
b
a
) x ( ' f 1 ) x ( f 2 +
= dx
2
b
a
dx
dy
1 y 2
,
_
Remark The corresponding formula for the area of the surface of revolution obtained by revolving an
arc of a curve
) y ( g x
from
c y
to
d y
about the y-axis is
S = [ ] dy
2
d
c
) y ( ' g 1 ) y ( g 2 +
= dy
2
d
c
dy
dx
1 x 2

,
_
Theorem If a portion of the curve of parametric equations

) t ( x x
,
) t ( y y
between the points
corresponding to
1
t and
2
t is revolved about the x-axis, the surface area S is
S =
dt ds

+
2
1
2
1
t
t
2 2
t
t
)] t ( ' y [ )] t ( ' x [ ) t ( y 2 ) t ( y 2
.
'
sin r y
cos r x
. Find the surface area of a sphere.
AL93II-4 Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating the following curve about the x-axis:
'
t cos y
t sin x
3
3
,
2
t
2
.
Page 13
Example Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the arc of the curve t sin e x
t
,
, t cos e y
t
from 0 t to
2
t about the x-axis.

Example Find the area of surface generated by revolving the graph of
3 2
t y , t 3 x between 0 t
and 2 t about y-axis.
Example The curve C is represented by
2
t 4 x and t ln 4 t y
4

(a) Find the length of the loop of C from 1 t to 2 t .
(b) Find the Volume of the solid generated by revolving the arc in (a) about y-axis. Find
also the surface area.
Page 14

Application of Definite Integral

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Application of Definite Integral

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Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

about the line

Theorem If a portion of the curve of parametric equations

t about the x-axis.

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