STUDYSMART CHEMISTRY FORM 4 CHAPTER 8 : SALTS 8.1 Synthesising Salts 8.2 Synthesising qualitative analysis of salts 8.

3 Practising to be systematic and meticulous when carrying out activities

8.1 SYNTHESISING SALTS

A salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ from an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4+ Examples HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O 2HNO3 + Zn Zn(NO3)2 + H2 H2SO4 + MgCO3 MgSO4 + H2O + CO2 Complete the table below Metal Ion
Na+ K+ Zn2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ NH4+ Ba2+ Al3+ Pb2+ Ag2+ INSOLUBLE SALT 1 Study Smart www.studysmart.page.tl

Sulphate salt Chloride salt (From H2SO4) (From HCl)

Nitric Acid (From HNO3)

Carbonate salt (From H2CO3)

Solubility of salt. All K+ , Na+ and NH4+ salts are soluble All nitrate salts are soluble All carbonate are soluble except K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3 All Sulphate salts are soluble except BaSO4 , CaSO4, and PbSO4 All chloride salts are soluble except AgCl2 and PbCl2 The preparation of salt on its solubility of the salt and the nature of the reaction. Preparation of salt METHOD 3 Soluble Insoluble

METHOD 1 K+ , Na+ NH4+ Acid + Alkali Salt + H2O Titration of acid and alkali

METHOD 2 Other than K+ , Na+ NH4+ salts Acid + basic oxide Salt + water Acid + metal Salt + Hydrogen gas Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + Water + CO2

- Mix two solution containing cations and anions of insoluble salts - Stir using glass rod - Filter using filter funnel - Rinse the residue with distilled water - Dry the residue with filter paper

- Add acid to the alkali until it is neutral with the aid of an indicator - Repeat the procedure without using an indicator

- Add basic oxide fillings/metals/metal carbonate to the acid and heat it until some of it no longer dissolves. (This mean all acid has reacted with the basic oxide/metal/metal carbonate) - Filter to move excess solid residue 2

2 - Gently heat the filtrate to obtain a saturated solution (one-third of its original volume remains) - Cool the hot saturated solution to allow it to crystallize - Filter and dry the crystals by using filter paper

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TRY THIS 1 Write all possible chemical equation to prepare soluble salts and chemical equation for insoluble salt *******KEY******* S = SOLUBLE SALT IS = INSOLUBLE SALT SALT Zinc Chloride SOLUBILITY CHEMICAL EQUATION

Sodium Nitrate

Silver Chloride

Copper(II) Sulphate

Lead(II) Sulphate

Aluminium Nitrate

Lead(II) Chloride

Magnesium Nitrate

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Potassium Chloride

Lead(II) Nitrate

Barium Sulphate

Ammonium Sulphate

Numerical problem involving stoichiometry reactions in the preparation of salts A student prepare copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 by reacting copper(II) oxide, CuO with 100 cm3 of 1.5

mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3. Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide, CuO needed to react completely with the acid. [RAM : Cu,64 ; O,16]

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8.2 SYNTHESISING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALTS

Colour of Salts SOLID White salt Green Light Green Blue Brown Black Yellow when hot White when cold Brown when hot Yellow when cold

AQUEOUS Colourless Insoluble Light Green Blue Brown Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

SOLID/METAL OXIDE

Confirmatory test for several gases GAS COLOUR SMELL EFFECT ON DAMP LITMUS PAPER
Hydrogen Colourless Odourless No effect

REAGENT USED

CONFIRMATORY TEST

Lighted splinter Glowing Splinter Lime water

Oxygen

Colourless

Odourless

No effect

Carbon Dioxide Ammonia

Colourless

Odourless

Blue red

Colourless

Pungent Smell Pungent Smell Pungent Smell Pungent Smell

Red blue

Concentrated HCl Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Concentrated ammonia, NH3 aqueous

Chlorine Nitrogen Dioxide Sulphur dioxide

Greenish yellow Brown Colourless

Blue red white Blue red Blue red

Bring a lighted splinter to the mouth of test tube. It gives pop sound Bring a glowing splinter to the mouth of test tube. The glowing splinter lights up Bubble the gas produce into lime water. Lime water will turns chalky/milky/cloudy Dip a glass rod into concentrated HCl. White fumes is released Turns acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution from purple to colourless Dip a glass rod into Concentrated ammonia, NH3, white fumes is released

Hydrogen chloride

Colourless

Pungent Smell

Blue red

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Action of heat on salts a) Most compound which decomposes leave behind oxides Salt metal oxide + gas (residue identification (gas identification refers to specific cations refers to anion) only) b) Types of gas released

Colourless residue

Can predict the identify of anions presence in salt

Can predict the identify of cations presence in salt

c) Test of carbon dioxide gas liberated when the carbonate salt is heated strongly

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Ion K+ Na+ Ca2+

d) Write down the chemical equation for the reactions that occur. Carbonate Salt Nitrate Salt Is not decomposed by heat Decompose into O2 gas and metal nitrate

Decompose into metallic oxide and CO2 Mg

2+

Decompose into metal oxide, NO2 and O2

Al3+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Pb2+ Cu2+ Sulphate salts usually do not decompose Chloride salts do not decompose except NH4Cl NH4Cl (s) NH3 (g) + HCl (g) [sublimation] Confirmatory test for anions Unknown Salt Solution

+ dilute acid Gas turns limewater __________

+HNO3 + AgNO3 __________ Precipitate formed

+ HNO3 + Ba(NO3)2 __________ precipitate formed

+ H2SO4 dilute + FeSO4 + H2SO4 conc

________ ________ __

Confirmatory test for cations a) The presence of cation can be detected by using two common bench alkalis namely i) _____________________________ solution ii) _____________________________ solution b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction of cations and sodium hydroxide The function of the alkalis is to produce a precipitate that is Metal hydroxide METAL + HYDROXIDE ION METAL HYDROXIDE 7 Study Smart www.studysmart.page.tl

Ion Aluminium ion Lead (II) Ion Zinc Ion Magnesium Ion Calcium Ion Copper (II) Ion Ferrum (II) Ion Ferrum (III) Ion

Ionic equation for the reaction of cations and sodium hydroxide

Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3

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NH4+

Ca2+ , Fe2+ ,,Fe3+ , Cu2+ , Mg2+ No Formation of Precipitate precipitation & Non-soluble in excess +NaOH a little and then in excess

Zn2+ , Al3+, Pb2+ Formation of white precipitate & then soluble in excess K2Fe(II)(CN)6 K2Fe(III)(CN)6 KSCN Fe2+ Light Blue precipitate Dark Blue Precipitate No Change
,

Fe3+ Blue precipitate Brown Solution Red solution

CATIONS TEST +NH4OH a little and then in excess NH4+, Ca2+ No Precipitate Fe2+ ,,Fe3+, Al3+ Pb2+, Mg2+ Formation of precipitation & Not dissolve in excess Zn2+ Cu2+ precipitate is formed & dissolve in excess Fe2+ Fe3+

+ HCl, white precipitate occurs and dissolved in hot water

Confirmatory test

Pb2+ ,

ION TEST
Anion to be test: CO32- SO42- Cl- NO3Observation Gas form white precipitate with lime water White precipitate is formed White precipitate is formed Brown ring is formed

NH4+

+ KI, yellow precipitate occurs and dissolved in hot water

Examples Anion CO32SO42ClNO3Test + HCl

+ Nessler reagent, brown precipitate is form ANION TEST Pre-Test

+ HCl + BaCl2/ Ba(NO3)2 + HNO3 + Ag(NO3)2 + H2SO4 (Dil) + FeSO4 + H2SO4 (conc)

Confirmatory test 9

Gas evolved from the reaction with salt

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Test for cations Cations Al3+ Pb2+ Zn2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ NH4+ Test with a small amount of NaOH solution until in excess White precipitate soluble in excess. NaOH solution White precipitate, soluble in excess NaOH solution White precipitate, soluble in excess NaOH solution White precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH solution White precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH solution Blue precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH solution Green precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH solution Brown precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH solution No precipitate Test with a small amount of NH4OH until in excess White precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH solution White precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH solution White precipitate, soluble in excess NH4OH solution White precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH solution No precipitate Blue precipitate, soluble in excess NH4OH solution Green precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH solution Brown precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH solution No precipitate

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