MUST KNOW FOR CHAPTER 9: SALTS

(Including CHAPTER 11: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS)

What are salts?

Salt is an ionic compound that consists of cation and anion.

What are some reactions that produce salts?

1. Acid + Base  Salt + Water
2. Acid + Carbonate  Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
3. Acid + Metal  Salt + Hydrogen
4. Alkali + Ammonium Salt  Salt + Water + Ammonia

What are the 4 types of salts?

Sulfate (comes from ‘sulfuric’), Nitrate (comes from ‘nitrate’), Chloride (comes
from ‘chloric’), Carbonate (comes from 'carbonic’)

What are the soluble / insoluble salts?

Soluble Salts Insoluble Salts
ALL Nitrates -
Lead (II) Chloride (PbCl2)
Counting
All Chlorides (Cl-) EXCEPT P OA
Money Silver Chloride (AgCl)
Lead (II) Sulfate (PbSO4)
Physics
Science All Sulfates EXCEPT Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) Bio
Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4) Chem

Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)

Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) All Carbonates EXCEPT
Ammonium Carbonate ( (NH4)2CO3 )
Group 1 Metals + Grp 2 Ca, Ba -
Ammonium Compounds (NH4+)
Sodium Compounds -
Potassium Compounds
Alkali (Grp 1) Metals + Grp 2 Ca, Ba Metal Hydroxides EXCEPT
What are the 3 ways to prepare salts and what are the steps?
(always start with ... hydroxide and HCl first, if needed, change later)
Precipitation: Salt insoluble, Both starting materials soluble
1. Mix and stir [starting material 1] and [starting material 2] well to form
precipitate.
2. Filter the mixture to collect precipitate
3. Wash precipitate with distilled water, press dry between pieces of filter
paper to allow to dry.

Titration: Salt soluble, Both starting materials soluble

1. Pipette 25cm3 of [starting material 1] in conical flask with 2 drops of
[suitable indicator].
2. Titrate with [starting material 2] to find the exact volume of [SM2]
required. (colour change from [indicator colour change] )
3. Repeat titration with known volume of [SM2] without indicator.
4. Heat the solution till saturation.
5. Filter to get crystal, wash with little cold distilled water and leave to dry.

Reaction of acid with insoluble substance: Salt soluble, One of the Starting
materials not soluble
1. Add [soluble material] to excess [insoluble material] and stir.
2. Filter to obtain filtrate.
3. Heat solution till saturation. Allow to cool for crystals to form.
4. Filter crystals, wash with little cold distilled water. Dry on filter paper.

What are some limitations of using Reaction of acid with insoluble

substance and how can we overcome it?
This method is not suitable for very reactive metals (Group 1) as they react
violently with acid, causing a dangerous reaction. It is also not suitable for
unreactive metals as it does not react with the acid.
To overcome this, we can replace these metals with on insoluble base (eg. CuO)
or insoluble carbonate (eg. MgCO3)
(The metal, base or carbonate needs to be insoluble so that the excess can be
removed from salt solution by filtration)
*Study the (C11) Quantitative Analysis Table* (ppt. are insoluble product)
How do you determine when you are tasked to test for cation?
When you are told to add aqueous sodium hydroxide / aqueous ammonia.
(Even if you are testing for nitrate – NO3-, you will need to add aluminium foil
and warm it)

Why do we first add acid in anion test?

To remove any possibility of carbonate present.

Why there is a decrease in height of the precipitate over time?

[name of ppt.] precipitate dissolves in excess aqueous sodium hydroxide OR
aqueous ammonia.

Why will precipitate dissolve?

The [precipitate name … hydroxide] will react with [acid name] to form salt
and water and dissolve.