Molecular Equation

Complete Ionic
Net Ionic Equation

Aida Vergara Menor

NCH 1101-lecture
 A molecular equation is one that shows the
chemical formulas of all reactants and products but
does not indicate their component ions.

An ionic equation describes the chemical reaction

indicating only the ions present or participates in the
reaction.

The net ionic equation applies to reactions that are

strong electrolytes in water such as neutralization,
double displacement and redox reactions.
 Precipitation Reactions
Precipitation
- it is the formation of a solid from two aqueous
solutions which happens when a product is insoluble

- Produce insoluble ionic compounds

Solubility is the maximum amount of a solid that can

dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified
temperature.

-To predict as to whether the substance is

soluble or not is based on the solubility rules
 Rules in writing the complete ionic equation:
1. Balance the molecular equation.
2. Break all soluble strong electrolytes
• indicate the correct formula and charge of each ion and put
numbers in front of the species to indicate the quantity of each
ion
• write (aq) after each ion to indicate it's in aqueous solution.
• Bring down all compounds with (s), (l), or (g) unchanged.
• Spectator ions are the ions that don’t participate in the
reaction and since they are found on both sides of the reaction
thus they can be cancelled.
 The Solubility Table
Rule
1. All nitrate (NO3¯), nitrite (NO2¯), chlorate (ClO3¯) and
perchlorate (ClO4¯) salts are soluble.
2. Essentially, all alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) and
ammonium (NH4+) salts are soluble.
3. Most halogen (Cl¯, Br¯, I¯) salts are soluble.
4. Most acetate (C2H3O2¯) salts are soluble.
5. Most sulfate (SO42¯) salts are soluble.
6. Many sulfides (S2¯) are insoluble.
7. Most borates (BO32¯), carbonates (CO32¯), chromates
(CrO42¯), phosphates (PO43¯), and sulfites (SO32¯) are slightly
soluble.
8. Most hydroxide (OH¯) salts are insoluble
https://www.chemteam.info/Equations/Solubility-Table.html
Important Exceptions
1. Silver nitrite and potassium perchlorate are considered
slightly soluble.
2. Some Li+ are insoluble, with Li3PO4 being the most common
example.
3. Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Cu+, Tl+ (Pb2+ halogens are soluble in hot
water.) HgBr2 is slightly soluble.
4. Ag+, Hg22+
5. Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ra2+, Pb2+, Ag+, Hg2+ (Some sources consider
calcium sulfate and silver sulfate to be slightly soluble.)
6. All alkali metal and alkaline earth (Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+,
Ba2+, Ra2+) sulfides are soluble. Ammonium sulfide is soluble.
(Some sources consider MgS, CaS and BaS to be slightly
soluble.)
7. MgCrO4 is soluble, MgSO3 is slightly soluble.
8. Alkali metal hydroxides are soluble.
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Tl+ are considered slightly soluble.
• Some older sources might include ammonium
hydroxide (NH4OH) as a soluble hydroxide. This
substance does not exist; it cannot be isolated as a
pure substance. When ammonia gas (NH3) is
bubbled through water, it dissolves and a small
number of ammonia molecules react with the
water to produce NH4+ and OH¯ ions. However,
most of the NH3 molecules remain as NH3. There
is no such thing as NH4OH as a separate substance
which can be isolated in pure form.
 • WEAK ACIDS
STRONG ACIDS
• HO2C2O2H - oxalic acid
HCl - hydrochloric acid
• H2SO3 - sulfurous acid
HNO3 - nitric acid • HSO4 - - hydrogen sulfate
ion
H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
• H3PO4 - phosphoric acid
(HSO4- is a weak acid)
• HNO2 - nitrous acid
HBr - hydrobromic acid
• HF – hydrofluoric acid
HI - hydroiodic acid • H2CO2 - methanoic acid

HClO4 - perchloric acid • C6H5COOH - benzoic acid

• CH3COOH - acetic acid
HClO3 - chloric acid
• HCOOH - formic acid
 Example:
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)

Na+(aq) + Cl​−​(aq) + Ag​+(aq) + NO​3−​(aq) → Na​+​(aq) + NO​3−​(aq) + AgCl(s)

Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) → AgCl(s) precipitate

Rules:
All nitrate (NO3¯), nitrite (NO2¯), chlorate (ClO3¯) and perchlorate (ClO4¯) salts are soluble.

Exemptions: Silver nitrite and potassium perchlorate are considered slightly soluble.
Most halogen (Cl¯, Br¯, I¯) salts are soluble.

Exemptions: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Cu+, Tl+ (Pb2+ halogens are soluble in hot water.) HgBr2 is slightly
soluble.
 Na3PO4 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) --> NaCl (aq) + Ca3(PO4)2 (s)

2 Na3PO4 (aq) + 3 CaCl2 (aq) --> 6 NaCl (aq) + Ca3(PO4)2 (s)

6 Na+ (aq) + 2 PO43- (aq) + 3 Ca2+ (aq) + 6 Cl- (aq) --> 6 Na+ (aq) + 6 Cl- (aq) + Ca3(PO4)2 (s)

6 Na+ (aq) + 2 PO43- (aq) + 3 Ca2+ (aq) + 6 Cl- (aq) --> 6 Na+ (aq) + 6 Cl- (aq) + Ca3(PO4)2 (s)

2 PO43- (aq) + 3 Ca2+ (aq) --> Ca3(PO4)2 (s)

Rules:
Most borates (BO32¯), carbonates (CO32¯), chromates (CrO42¯), phosphates (PO43¯), and sulfites (SO32¯) are
slightly soluble. Exceptions: MgCrO4 is soluble, MgSO3 is slightly soluble.

Most halogen (Cl¯, Br¯, I¯) salts are soluble.

Exceptions: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Cu+, Tl+ (Pb2+ halogens are soluble in hot water.) HgBr2 is slightly soluble.
 CaCl2(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2 HCl(aq)
Ca +2(aq) + 2 Cl -1(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 NO3 -1 (aq) → Ca+2(aq) + 2 NO3-1(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 Cl -1(aq

No Reaction
all the spectator ions were cancelled, NO ions is left thus there is No Reaction

Rules:

• Most halogen (Cl¯, Br¯, I¯) salts are soluble.

• Exceptions: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Cu+, Tl+ (Pb2+ halogens are soluble in hot water.) HgBr2 is slightly soluble.
 Let us practice this equation:
Molecular Equation:

Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + (NH4)3PO4 (aq) → Ba3(PO4)2 (s) + NH4NO3 (aq)

Balanced Equation:

3Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 (NH4)3PO4 (aq) → Ba3(PO4)2 (s) + 6 NH4NO3 (aq)

Total Ionic Equation:

3 Ba +2 (aq) + 6 NO-3 (aq) + 6 NH4 + (aq) + PO4 -3 (aq) → Ba3(PO4)2 (s) + 6 NH4 + (aq) + 6 NO-3 (aq)

Net Ionic Equation:

3 Ba+2 (aq) + 2 PO4 -3 (aq) → Ba3(PO4)2 (s)

Molecular:
Cr(NO3)3 (aq) + FeSO4 (aq) → Fe(NO3)2 (aq) + Cr2(SO4)3 (aq)

Balanced Equation:
2 Cr(NO3)3 (aq) + 3 FeSO4 (aq) → 3 Fe(NO3)2 (aq) + Cr2(SO4)3 (aq)

Total Ionic:
2 Cr3+ (aq) + 6 NO3¯ (aq) + 3 Fe2+ (aq) + 3 SO4 2- (aq) → 2 Cr3+ (aq) + 6 NO3¯ (aq) + 3 Fe2+ (aq) + 3 SO4 2- (aq)

Net Ionic: No Reaction

Rules:
All nitrate (NO3¯), nitrite (NO2¯), chlorate (ClO3¯) and perchlorate (ClO4¯) salts are soluble.
Exemptions: Silver nitrite and potassium perchlorate are considered slightly soluble.

Most sulfate (SO42¯) salts are soluble.

Exemptions:Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ra2+, Pb2+, Ag+, Hg2+ (Some sources consider calcium sulfate and silver sulfate
to be slightly soluble.)
 Balance the following equations and then
write the net ionic equation.

1) Mg(OH)2 (s) + HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)

2) NH4S (aq) + FeCl3 (aq) → NH4Cl (aq) + Fe2S3 (s)

 Helium walks into a bar…

• The bartender says, we don’t serve noble gasses in here!

Helium doesn’t react .

 REFERENCES:

https://www.thoughtco.com/net-ionic-equation-in-chemistry-604575
http://www.occc.edu/kmbailey/Chem1115Tutorials/Net_Ionic_Eqns.htm
https://www.grandinetti.org/net-ionic-reactions
https://www.chemteam.info/Equations/Solubility-Table.html
https://www.thoughtco.com/list-of-strong-and-weak-acids-603642
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-precipitation-reaction-605553