REACTION IN

AQUEOUS SOLUTION
 NATURE OF THE SOLUTE AND SOLVENT
  “LİKES DİSSOLVE LİKES”

WHEN TWO SİMİLAR LİQUİDS - HERE WATER AND METHANOL-

ARE MİXED, THE MOLECULES ARE İNTERMİNGLED.  THE
MİXTURE HAS A MORE DİSORDERLY ARRANGEMENT OF
MOLECULES THAN THE SEPARATE LİQUİDS. IT İS THİS
DİSORDERİNG PROCESS THAT LARGELY DRİVES SOLUTİON
FORMATİON. 

• POLAR SOLUTE/POLAR SOLVENT: 

• ETHANOL, SALT, SUGAR İN WATER

• NONPOLAR SOLUTE/NONPOLAR SOLVENT: 

• IODİNE İN CARBONTETRACHLORİDE, GASOLİNE OR BENZENE
 ELECTROLYTE AND NON-ELECTROLYTE

• ELECTROLYTE: A SUBSTANCE THAT

CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY WHEN
DISSOLVED IN WATER.
• ACIDS, BASES AND SOLUBLE IONIC
SOLUTIONS ARE ELECTROLYTES.

• NON-ELECTROLYTE: A SUBSTANCE THAT

DOES NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER.
• MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS AND INSOLUBLE
IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE NON-
ELECTROLYTES.
 ELECTROLYTIC PROPERTIES
• Reversible Reaction: when a
• Electrolyte: a substance whose reaction can occur in both
dissolution in water results in a directions
solution that conducts electricity
• Chemical equilibrium: when no
• Non-electrolyte: a substance whose net change in a reaction can be
dissolution in water results in a observed
solution that does not conduct
electricity
• Dissociation: when the compound is • Examples of Electrolytes and
broken down into cations and anions Non-electrolytes
• Hydration: when an ion is surrounded• Strong electrolytes: HCl, NaOH,
by water in a particular way and ionic compounds
• Ionization: when acids and bases • Weak electrolytes: water (very
separate into ions weak), HF
• Non-electrolytes: methanol,
glucose and urea
 ELECTROLYTES

• SOME SOLUTES CAN

DISSOCIATE INTO IONS.
• ELECTRIC CHARGE
CAN BE CARRIED.
 TYPES OF SOLUTES

high conductivity

Strong Electrolyte -
100% dissociation,
all ions in solution

Na+
Cl-
 TYPES OF SOLUTES

slight conductivity

Weak Electrolyte -
partial dissociation,
molecules and ions in
solution

CH3COOH
CH3COO-
H+
 TYPES OF SOLUTES

no conductivity

Non-electrolyte -
No dissociation,
all molecules in
solution

sugar
 TYPES OF ELECTROLYTES
• Strong electrolyte dissociates
completely.
– Good electrical conduction.
• WEAK ELECTROLYTE PARTIALLY DISSOCIATES.
• FAIR CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY.
• NON-ELECTROLYTE DOES NOT DISSOCIATE.
• POOR CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY.
 REPRESENTATION OF
ELECTROLYTES USING
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A strong electrolyte:
MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl- (aq)

A weak electrolyte:
CH3COOH(aq) ← CH3COO -(aq) +H+(aq)
→
A non-electrolyte:
CH3OH(aq)
 STRONG ELECTROLYTES

Strong acids: HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HClO4

Strong bases: MOH (M = Na, K, Cs, Rb etc)
Salts: All salts dissolving in water are completely ionized.

Stoichiometry & concentration relationship

NaCl (s)  Na+ (aq) + Cl– (aq)
Ca(OH)2 (s)  Ca2+(aq) + 2 OH– (aq)
AlCl3 (s)  Al3+ (aq) + 3 Cl– (aq)
(NH4)2SO4 (s)  2 NH4 + (aq) + SO42– (aq)
 ACID-BASE REACTIONS

HCl (g)  H+ (aq) + Cl– (aq)

NaOH (s)  Na+ (aq) + OH– (aq)
neutralization reaction: H+ (aq) + OH– (aq)  H2O (l)
Explain these reactions
Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2 H+ Mg2+ (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
CaCO3 (s) + 2 H+ Ca2+ (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2 HC2H3O2  Mg2+ (aq) + 2 H2O (l) + 2 C2H3O2 – (aq)
acetic acid
 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Heterogeneous Reactions
Spectator ions or bystander ions
Ag+ (aq) + NO3– (aq) + Cs+ (aq) + I– (aq)  AgI (s) + NO3– (aq) + Cs+ (aq)
Ag+ (aq) + I– (aq)  AgI (s) (net reaction)
or
Ag+ + I– AgI (s)

Soluble ions Mostly insoluble

Mostly soluble ions Silver halides
Alkali metals, NH4+
nitrates, ClO4-, Halides, sulfates Metal sulfides, hydroxides
carbonates, phosphates
acetate
 NET IONIC EQUATION
Overall Precipitation Reaction:
AgNO3(aq) +NaI (aq) → AgI(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Complete ionic equation:
Spectator ions
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + I-(aq) →
AgI(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Net ionic equation:

Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) → AgI(s)
 HOW TO WRİTE CHEMİCAL
EQUATİONS

Suppose copper (II) sulfate reacts with sodium sulfide.

a) Write out the chemical reaction and name the precipitate.
CuSO4 (aq) + Na2S (aq) CuS (s) + Na2SO4 (aq)
a) Write out the net ionic equation.
Cu+2 (aq) SO4-2 (aq) + 2Na+ (aq) + S-2 (aq) CuS (s) + 2Na+ + SO4-2 (aq)

Cu+2 (aq) + S-2 (aq) CuS (s)

Suppose potassium hydroxide reacts with magnesium chloride.
a) Write out the reaction and name the precipitate.
b) Write out the net ionic equation.
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS AND SOLUBILITY
RULES
1. A compound is probably soluble if it contains one of the ff. cations:

Group IA cation: Li +1, Na +1, K +1, Rb +1, Cs +1

Ammonium ion: NH4+1,

2. A compound is probably soluble if it contains one of the ff. anions:

Halide: Cl -1, Br -1, I -1 except Ag+1, Hg2+2, & Pb+2 compounds.

Nitrate (NO3-1), Perchlorate (ClO4-1), acetate (C2H3O2 -1),
Sulfate (SO4-2) except Ba+2 , Hg2+2, & Pb+2 sulfate
 WRITE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION AS A
COMPLETE IONIC AND NET IONIC EQUATION
1. 2Al(s) + 6HBr(aq)  2AlBr3(aq) + 3H2
2. Br2(l) + 2NaI(aq)  I2(s) + 2NaBr(aq)
3. Na2S(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2S(g)
4. PbCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq)  PbSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)

5. HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq)  KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

PREDICT WHETHER A PRECIPITATION WILL
OCCUR IN EACH OF THE FF. SITUATIONS.
WRITE A NET IONIC EQUATION FOR EACH
REACTION THAT DOES OCCUR.
1. NiCl2(aq) + (NH4)2S(aq) 
2. Na2CrO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 
3. AgClO4(aq) + CaBr2(aq) 

4. ZnCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) 

5. Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 
 ASSIGNMENT
WRITE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION AS A
COMPLETE IONIC AND NET IONIC EQUATION
1. MnCl2(aq) + (NH4)2CO3(aq)  MnCO3(s) + 2NH4Cl(aq)
2. Mg(NO3)2(aq)+ Na2CO3(aq)MgCO3(s)+ 2NaNO3(aq)
3. AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
4. SrBr2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) 2KBr(aq) + SrSO4(s)
5. K3PO4(aq)+ Al(NO3)3(aq)  AlPO4(s) + 3KNO3(aq)
 ASSIGNMENT
WRITE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION AS A
COMPLETE IONIC AND NET IONIC EQUATION
6. KCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  KNO3(aq) + 2PbCl2(s)
7. BaCl2(aq)+ Na2CO3(aq)BaCO3(s)+ 2NaCl(aq)
8. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  PbCrO4(s) + KNO3(aq)
9. SrCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Sr(NO3)2(aq)
10. (NH4)2S(aq)+ Cu(NO3)2(aq)  CuS(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq)
 ASSIGNMENT
WRITE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION AS A
COMPLETE IONIC AND NET IONIC EQUATION
11. 2RbF(aq) + CuSO4(aq)  Rb2SO4(aq) + CuF2(s)
12. 3Ca(OH)2(aq)+ 2FeCl3(aq)2Fe(OH)3(s)+ 3CaCl2(aq)
13. Ba(NO3)2 (aq)+ (NH4)3PO4(aq)  Ba3(PO4)2(s)+ 6NH4NO3(aq)
14. 3K2S(aq) + 2CoBr3(aq)  6KBr(aq) + Co2S3(s)
15. BeI2(aq)+ Cu2SO4(aq)  BeSO4(aq) + 2CuI(s)
 ASSIGNMENT
PREDICT WHETHER A PRECIPITATION WILL
OCCUR IN EACH OF THE FF. SITUATIONS.
WRITE A NET IONIC EQUATION FOR EACH
REACTION THAT DOES OCCUR.
1. KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 
2. Hg2(NO3)2(aq) + KCl(aq) 

3. Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2S(aq) 
4. Li2SO4(aq) + SrCl2(aq) 

5. Cu(OH)2(aq) + 2HBr(aq) 
 ASSIGNMENT
PREDICT WHETHER A PRECIPITATION WILL
OCCUR IN EACH OF THE FF. SITUATIONS.
WRITE A NET IONIC EQUATION FOR EACH
REACTION THAT DOES OCCUR.
6. BaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 
7. Na2CO3(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 

8. Cu(NO3)2(aq) + (NH4)2S(aq) 
9. SrCl2(aq) + AgNO3(aq) 

10. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) 

 ASSIGNMENT
PREDICT WHETHER A PRECIPITATION WILL
OCCUR IN EACH OF THE FF. SITUATIONS.
WRITE A NET IONIC EQUATION FOR EACH
REACTION THAT DOES OCCUR.
11. NaC2H3O2(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 
12. Cr(NO3)3(aq) + K3PO4(aq) 
13. Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + KCl(aq) 

14. KClO4(aq) + AlPO4(aq) 

15. Hg2(ClO4)2(aq) + Li2CrO4(aq) 