Activity 9: Properties of

Metal
Prepared by:
Mary Sheenalyn P. Rodil
OCCURRENCE OF METALS
 Mineral- a naturally occurring substance with
a range of chemical composition.
 Ore- a mineral deposit concentrated enough

to allow economical recovery of a desired

metal.
Minerals Group
 SILICATES - make up over 90% of the weight
of the earth’s crust.
(MICAS, QUARTZ, FELDSPAR)
Minerals Group- Oxides
 Hematite, Magnetite, Corundum, Ice
Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Al2O3 H2O
Minerals Group-Sulfides
 Galena, Sphalerite, Pyrite, Cinnabar
PbS ZnS FeS2 HgS
Minerals Group-Sulfates
 Gypsum, Anhydrite, Barite
BaSO4.H20 CaSO4 BaSO4
Minerals Group- Halides
 Halite, Fluorite, Sylvite
NaCl CaF2 KCl
Minerals Group- Carbonates
 Calcite, Dolomite
CaCO3 MgCaCO3
Metallic Bond
 Loosely bonded electrons
can move from one atom
to another resulting into a
“ sea of electrons” or
electron clouds around the
positive kernel.
 The attraction between

these ions (positive kernel)

and the electron clouds
constitute the metallic
bond)
Physical Properties
 The physical properties of metals include
shininess, malleability, ductility, and
conductivity.

(1) A malleable material is one that can be

hammered or rolled into flat sheets and
other shapes.
(2) A ductile material is one that can be pulled
out, or drawn, into a long wire.

For example, copper can be made into thin

sheets and wire because it is malleable and
ductile.
(3) Conductivity is the ability
of an object to transfer
heat or electricity to
another object.

- Most metals are good

conductors.

(4) Few metals are magnetic.

For example, iron (Fe),
cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni)
are attracted to magnets
and can be made into
magnets
(5) Luster – when light shines on the metal, the
loosely bonded electron vibrate easily and
reflects the light with the same frequency and
wavelength.
(6)High density- due to the close-packed
arrangement of atoms.
(7) High melting points- due to strength of the
electrostatic attraction between the metal
ions and electrons.
Properties of Metal
Metals Brittle Malleable Ductile Hard Luster
Mg No Yes Yes Moderate No, if
oxidized
Al No Yes Yes Yes, but Yes, but
not really not if
hard form
oxides
Fe Yes Yes Yes soft No
Sn Yes Yes Yes Soft Yes
Pb Yes Yes No Soft Yes
Cu No Yes Yes Hard Yes
WRITING FORMULAS
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

CATIONS/ Cl-1 NO3-1 SO4-2 PO4-3 O2-2

ANIONS
Na+1 NaCl NaNO3 Na2SO4 Na3PO4 Na2O2
Zn+2 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3) ZnSO4 Zn3(PO4)2 ZnO2
2
Al+3 AlCl3 Al(NO3) Al2(SO4)3 AlPO4 Al2(O2)3
3
H+1 HCl HNO3 H2SO4 H3PO4 H2O2
NH4+1 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)3PO4 (NH4)2O
2
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

CATIONS/ Cl-1 NO3-1 SO4-2 PO4-3 O-2

ANIONS
Na+1 NaCl NaNO3 Na2SO4 Na3PO4 Na2O

Zn+2 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4 Zn3(PO4)2 ZnO

Al+3 AlCl3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 AlPO4 Al2O3

H+1 HCl HNO3 H2SO4 H3PO4 H2O

NH4+1 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)3PO4 (NH4)2O

Chemical Properties
 They (most active metals) are good reducing
agents.
 React with nonmetal to form salts.

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) →2NaCl

4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2Al2O3
Ca (s) + Cl2 (g) → CaCl2
2Ca (s) + O2 (g) →2CaO

Note: Al+3 Ca+2 Na+1 Cl-1 O-2

Chemical Properties
 Combine slowly with the oxygen in the atmosphere
forming rust.
Fe(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3

 Metal oxides form bases (metal hydroxide- OH-1) with

water.
Na2O + H2O → NaOH
Al2O3 + H2O → Al(OH)3
MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Note: Na+1 Ca+2 Mg+2 Al+3 Fe+3 H+1 O-2

Chemical Properties
 Active metals release hydrogen from acids.
Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2
Zn + HCl→ ZnCl2 + H2
Al + HCl→ AlCl3 + H2
Fe + HCl→ FeCl3 + H2
Mg + H2SO4→ MgSO4 + H2
Mg + H3PO4→ Mg3(PO4)2 + H2
Ag + HCl→ no reaction
Cu + HCl→ no reaction

Note: Mg+2 Zn+2 Al+3 Fe+3 Ag+1 Cu+2 Cl-1 SO4-2 PO4-
3
SINGLE REPLACEMENT REACTION
Single replacement is a reaction in which an
active element displaces another element from
a compound and takes its place. This type of
reaction takes place in aqueous solutions. A
general equation that describes a single
replacement reaction is
A + BC → AC + B
SINGLE REPLACEMENT REACTION
The activity series is used to guide whether a
reaction will proceed or not. In using the
series, any element that is higher on the list
(more active) will displace from a solution
another metal that is lower on the list (less
active)
SINGLE REPLACEMENT
Li + BaCl2 → LiCl + Ba
Al + CuSO4→ Al2(SO4)3 +Cu
Ag + Na3PO4→ no reaction
Ca + Zn(NO3)2→ Ca(NO3)2 + Zn
Mg + Pb(NO3)2→ Mg(NO3)2 + Pb
Zn + Pb(NO3)2→ Zn(NO3)2 + Pb
Zn + AgNO3→ Zn(NO3)2 + Ag
Cu + AgNO3→ Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
Zn + HCl→ ZnCl2 + H2
Pb + AgNO3→ Pb(NO3)2 + Ag

Note: Li+1 Al+3 Ag+1 Ca+2 Mg+2

Zn+2 Cu+2 Pb+2
Cl-1 SO4-2 NO3-1 PO4-3
Chemical Properties
 The ease and speed with which an element
combines, or reacts, with other elements and
compounds is called its reactivity.

• Metals usually react by losing electrons to other

atoms.
• Some metals are very reactive.
• For example, you read that sodium (Na) reacts
strongly when exposed to air or water.
• To prevent a reaction, sodium and metals like it
must be stored under oil in sealed containers.
• By comparison, gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) are
valued for their lack of reactivity and because they
are rare.
 The reactivity of other metals fall
somewhere between those of sodium and
gold.
 Iron, for example, reacts slowly with oxygen
in the air, forming iron oxide, or rust.
 If iron is not protected by paint or plated
with another metal, it will slowly turn to
reddish-brown rust.
 The destruction of a metal through this
process is called corrosion.
Amphoterism
 Amphoteric oxides

Zinc oxide (ZnO) reacts with both acids and

with bases:
In acid: ZnO + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2O
In base: ZnO + 2 NaOH + H2O → Na2[Zn(OH)4]
Amphoteric Oxides
 Lead oxide (PbO):
In acid: PbO + 2 HCl → PbCl2 + H2O
In base: PbO + 2 NaOH + H2O → Na2[Pb(OH)4]

 Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
In acid: Al2O3 + 6 HCl→ 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2O
In base: Al2O3 + 2 NaOH + 3 H2O → 2Na[Al(OH)4]

 Stannous oxide (SnO)
In acid : SnO +2 HCl ⇌ SnCl2 + H2O
In base : SnO +4 NaOH + H2O ⇌ Na4[Sn(OH)6]
Amphoteric Hydroxide
 Aluminium hydroxide is also amphoteric:
As a base (neutralizing an acid):
Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl → AlCl3 + 3 H2O
As an acid (neutralizing a base):
Al(OH)3 + NaOH → Na [Al(OH)4]
 Beryllium hydroxide
with acid: Be(OH)2 + 2 HCl → BeCl2 + 2 H2O
with base: Be(OH)2 + 2 NaOH → Na2[Be(OH)4]
FLAME TEST
are used to identify the presence of a relatively
small number of metal ions in a compound.
https://youtu.be/heLTiUjWzII\