Relay Basics

Electromechanical Relays
Magnets, coils, transformers, springs, etc.

Static or Electronic
Transistors, diodes, opamps
Also magnets, coils, transformers, etc.

Can duplicate E/M relay functions

Digital or Microprocessor
Computers!
Also magnets, coils, transformers, etc.

Can duplicate E/M relay functions

Relay Basics
Non-directional

Detect fault in any direction Operate when quantity exceeds pickup value
Directional

Use voltages, currents, and angles to determine fault direction

Trip for faults in front of relay Block for faults behind relay

Operate when quantities exceed pickup value and correct direction is determined

Modern Relay
Inverse

Time, Seconds

Definite Time

1 1

10

Multiples of PU Current

Modern Relay
Inverse

Time, Seconds

Definite Time

1 1

10

Multiples of PU Current

Protection for Radial Feeding

For the same current in A & B tripping time of A should be higher than that of B
Time

{
Current

A B

Breaker A Trip Time 51

Breaker B Trip Time 51

A Distance

B Fault

Current Direction

Feeder Protection
1) Over Current Protection
a) Time delayed non directional (51) b) Time delayed directional (67) c) Instantaneous (50)

2) Ground Over Current Protection

a) Time delayed non directional (51N) b) Time delayed directional (67N) c) Instantaneous (50N)

Instantaneous (50) protection

Used for detecting high magnitude fault current Same time delay regardless of fault magnitude or distance Co-ordination with down stream section cannot be maintained.

Protection for 3 Phase System

a) Three Over Current One Earth Current relay b) Two Over Current One Earth Current relay
Ia

Ia

Ib

Ib

Ic

Ic

In=Ia+Ib+Ic

In=Ia+Ib+Ic

Earth Fault

E/F

O/C

O/C

O/C

E/F

O/C

O/C

Phase Fault

E/F

O/C

O/C

O/C

E/F

O/C

O/C

Overcurrent Protection (50,51)

A 132 kV /33 kV A

50/51

51GN

50/51 50/51N Relay(s)

Relay(s)

Earth fault Protection (50N,51N)

A 132 kV /33 kV A

50/51

51GN

50/51 50/51N Relay(s)

Relay(s)

Grading between 51GN & 51N necessary

THANK YOU. QUESTIONS?