Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MST532
MST532
MST532
Microstrip
Trainer
MST532
Feedback
Feedback Instruments Ltd, Park Road, Crowborough, E. Sussex, TN6 2QR, UK.
Telephone: +44 (0) 1892 653322, Fax: +44 (0) 1892 663719.
email: feedback@fdbk.co.uk website: http://www.fbk.com
Manual: 532 Ed B 092000 Printed in England by Fl Ltd, Crowborough
Feedback Part No. 1160–00532
NOTES
Microstrip Trainer MST532
PREFACE
The equipment, when used in normal or prescribed applications within the parameters set for its mechanical and electrical
performance, should not cause any danger or hazard to health or safety if normal engineering practices are observed and they are
used in accordance with the instructions supplied.
If, in specific cases, circumstances exist in which a potential hazard may be brought about by careless or improper use, these will be
pointed out and the necessary precautions emphasised.
While we provide the fullest possible user information relating to the proper use of this equipment, if there is any doubt whatsoever
about any aspect, the user should contact the Product Safety Officer at Feedback Instruments Limited, Crowborough.
This equipment should not be used by inexperienced users unless they are under supervision.
We are required by European Directives to indicate on our equipment panels certain areas and warnings that require attention by the
user. These have been indicated in the specified way by yellow labels with black printing, the meaning of any labels that may be fixed
to the instrument are shown below:
PRODUCT IMPROVEMENTS
We maintain a policy of continuous product improvement by incorporating the latest developments and components into our
equipment, even up to the time of dispatch.
All major changes are incorporated into up-dated editions of our manuals and this manual was believed to be correct at the time of
printing. However, some product changes which do not affect the instructional capability of the equipment, may not be included until it
is necessary to incorporate other significant changes.
COMPONENT REPLACEMENT
Where components are of a ‘Safety Critical’ nature, i.e. all components involved with the supply or carrying of voltages at supply
potential or higher, these must be replaced with components of equal international safety approval in order to maintain full equipment
safety.
In order to maintain compliance with international directives, all replacement components should be identical to those originally
supplied.
Any component may be ordered direct from Feedback or its agents by quoting the following information:
Components can often be replaced by alternatives available locally, however we cannot therefore guarantee continued performance
either to published specification or compliance with international standards.
i
Microstrip Trainer MST532
PREFACE
This equipment, when operated in accordance with the supplied documentation, does not cause electromagnetic disturbance outside
its immediate electromagnetic environment.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
© Feedback Instruments Limited
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Feedback Instruments Limited.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Feedback Instruments Ltd acknowledge all trademarks.
MICROSOFT, WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS 2000, WINDOWS NT, WINDOWS 3.1 are registered trademarks of
Microsoft Corporation.
ii
Microstrip Trainer MST532
CONTENTS
iii
Microstrip Trainer MST532
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 5 ASSIGNMENTS 51
iv
Microstrip Trainer MST532
CONTENTS
v
Microstrip Trainer MST532
CONTENTS
NOTES
vi
Microstrip Trainer MST532
1
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 1
EQUIPMENT
System Components
2
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 1
1 ADR SMA plug - BNC jack adapter for interconnecting miniature coaxial
adapter to standard coaxial line, used to connect PIN
diode modulator.
3
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 1
4
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 1
System Components
5
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 1
2 3
1 4
RRH RR
a
1 2
b
c
ZT 3 CIR
IN OUT
PIN AMP
6
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 1
A B C
BL
DC biasing unit
(BL)
ANT
Patch antenna
(ANT)
7
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 1
Coaxial Components
SMA plug-to-plug
Crystal Detector (D)
connector (PPC)
20dB ATT
Open-circuit Termination
(OC, blue spot)
8
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 1
Ancillary Equipment
9
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 2
mV ·· ·
DC ···
A V A V ·
V · V
··
OFF·
Com
+ - + -
Coaxial
cable
+15V
Red Tuning
voltage 3-Port
Light 2 to30V Circulator
emitting Crystal
(CIR) Detector
diode 0V Black White (D)
(LED)
1 2
OUT •
3
SMA
Microwave Source (VCO) Plug-plug
Modulator Connector 50 Coaxial
switch (PPC) Termination (MT)
CAUTION
The Crystal Detector in this kit is EXTREMELY sensitive.
Under no circumstances should any DC or AC voltage be applied directly to
the detector.
Claims for warranty will only be considered if you return with the detector a
signed declaration, on established letterhead, stating that it has only been
used as specified in the assignments in the manual.
10
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 2
• Using one set of the dual power supply terminals and red
and black leads provided connect the positive (+) terminal
of the supply to the red 2mm socket terminal on the side
casing of the VCO. Connect the negative (–) terminal of the
supply to the black terminal of the casing of the VCO.
11
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 2
At the output end of the cable connect the black lead to the
terminal marked COM and the red lead to the terminal marked
VΩ. Set the meter switch to DC volts, the position denoted by
V − − − − for type MX545.
If this test fails please check all connections and ensure the
VCO supply voltage delivers 15V and the VCO tuning voltage
is approximately 10V. If still unsuccessful please contact your
Supplier.
12
Microstrip Trainer MST532
3.1
Introduction to
Microstrip
'Microstrip'
Conductor
Dielectric
Ground plate
conductor
13
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
3.2
Microstrip
Substrates The characteristics of some substrate materials are listed in
the table given in fig 3.2. Ideally a substrate should have very
low-loss and constant dielectric properties over the range of
frequencies for which it is used, together with excellent
temperature and dimensional stability. In addition it should be
chemically resistant, be easy to machine and provide a good
thermal expansion match to the strip conductor material.
and
14
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
Fig 3.2
3.3
Microstrip Circuit
Production There are three basic techniques for producing microstrip
circuits:
15
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
3.3.1
PCB etch techniques
for plastic type
dielectrics This technique is the same as used for conventional pcb
production. It is ideal for soft-board substrates and high volume
production. The process for making the microstrip circuit is to
etch away copper on one side of the board leaving the
conductor pattern - the top conductor microstrip lines - whilst
leaving the ground plate completely covered with copper.
16
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
17
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
(6) Finally wash the board and use a suitable solvent (fixer) to
remove unexposed photo-resist, see fig 3.4(d).
3.3.2
Thick film
techniques For non-polymer based substrates such as alumina, sapphire,
quartz and where the substrate is not 'factory' coated with
copper or gold, thick and thin film techniques are employed.
Note, gold, although expensive is often preferred at the higher
frequencies because its surface finish, conductivity and
corrosion resistance is better than other conductors yielding
higher performance.
(2) The mask is then placed in the screen and exposed to ultra
violet light.
(3) The mask is removed and the screen developed with the
unexposed photo-resist being removed. The screen is thus
blocked in all places other than where the required
conductor pattern is to be.
18
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
3.3.3
Thin Film
Techniques Thin film techniques provide much better resolution and can
give a definition for fine lines and narrow gaps down to a few
microns. However, the technique is considerably more
expensive. The basic steps are as follows.
(5) The 5nm layer is much less than the skin depth (δ ≅ 0.7µm
for copper at 10Ghz) so a copper or gold layer is electro-
plated to build up a final thickness of the conducting film to
between 5 to 10µm.
19
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
3.4
Microstrip Parameters:
Zo and λg The two fundamental parameters for the design of microstrip
circuits are the characteristic impedance Zo and the guide
wavelength λg of the microstrip considered as a conventional
TEM transmission line.
Fig 3.5
Fig 3.6 shows the TEM type field pattern in the cross-sectional
plane of the microstrip, whilst fig 3.7 illustrates the meaning of
the Zo and λg definitions.
Electric field
Magnetic field
Fig 3.6
20
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
Fig 3.7
w
For > 1,
h
Zo= 60 h + 0 . 25 w )
l o g e (8 w
ε eff h
λo
λg =
ε
eff
where
1
−
= 1 [ (ε r + 1) + (ε r −1) [ (1 + 12h + 0. 04 (1 − w ) ] ]
2 2
ε eff w )
2 h
21
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
w
For < 1,
h
120 π
ε
Zo= w
eff
+ 1. 393 + 0. 677 × log e( w + 1. 444)
h h
−1
where ε = 1 [(ε r + 1) + (ε r − 1) (1 + 12h ) 2
]
eff 2 w
λo
λg =
ε
eff
The above results do not take into account the line thickness t,
but for t/h ≤ 0.005 and 2 ≤ εr ≤ 10 and 0.1< w/h ≤ 5 they
produce values close to those observed experimentally.
22
Microstrip Trainer
Chapter 3
Fig 3.8
23
Microstrip Trainer
NOTES
24
Microstrip Trainer MST532
4.1
Insertion Loss
and Gain The insertion loss is a measure of the loss that is produced
when a component is inserted in a transmission system. It is
the ratio of the power output from the component to the load
when the component is inserted in the system to the power
received by the load when generator and load are directly
connected. If the component produces gain, as would be
normally the case with an amplifier, the ratio is referred to as
insertion gain.
• • •
P1 Component P2
• • •
Generator Load
Direct connection Component inserted
Fig 4.1
25
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
For example,
4.2
Reflection
coefficient, vswr
and return loss When a component is not correctly matched to the
transmission line system in which it forms a part, it causes
reflection at the junctions between the line and the component.
These reflections set up a standing wave pattern in the feed
lines, as shown, for example in fig 4.2.
Incident wave V i
Component Matched
Load
Reflected waver
RMS Amplitude of
resultant wave
Vmax
V
min
Distance from junction
Fig 4.2
26
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
Vr
Γ=
V
i
V max
S=
V
min
and since
V max = V + V r = V (1 + Γ )
i i
V = V − V r = V (1 − Γ )
min i i
1+ Γ
S=
1− Γ
and vice-versa,
Γ = S −1
S +1
27
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
Z −Zo
in
Γ=
Z + Zo
in
2 2
and as P ∝V and P r ∝V r ,
i i
2
V 2
Return Loss Ratio = r
= Γ
2
V
i
Pr
Return Loss, dB = 10 log 10 ( )
Pi
= 20 log 10 Γ
Solution
Γ = S −1 where vswr , s = 1. 3
S +1
28
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
20 log 10 Γ = −17. 7 dB
2
Γ
VSWR S Γ Return loss dB
% Power reflected
1.0 0 0 − system matched
1.05 0.048 0.22 –33.3 good match
1.50 0.20 4.0 –14.0
2.0 0.33 11.1 –9.5 ¬ progressively
5.0 0.67 44.4 –3.5 ¬ poor match
10.0 0.82 66.9 –1.7 ¬
29
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
4.3
Mismatch and
Return Loss The insertion loss of a component consists of two factors: the
actual attenuation produced in the component itself and the
mismatch loss occuring due to reflections at the generator-
component input and component-load output junctions.
Zo Zo Pi
Pi Zo Component Zo
Pr
Generator Matched
Load
Fig 4.3
S −1 1. 5 −1
the reflection coefficient, Γ = S + 2 = 1. 5 + 1 = 0. 2
2 Pr 2
and the power reflection coefficient, Γ = = 0. 2 = 0. 04
P
i
30
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
Pr
10 log = 10 log 0. 04 = −14dB
10 Pi 10
P i −P r 2
10 log 10 = 10 log 10 (1 − Γ )
P
i
= 10 log 10 (1 −0. 04 ) = −0. 18dB
4.4
Detection and
Measurement of
Microwave Power At lower RF frequencies voltage and current can be readily
measured but these quantities become increasingly difficult to
measure with certainty as the frequency is raised and in the
microwave range it is power that is the most important entity.
31
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
• •
Microwave V
R RF bypass detector
power C
Matching capacitor output
input
resistor voltage
•
32
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
4.5
Calibration of the
Crystal Detector for
use as a power meter
Crystal Diode Digital
Detector Voltmeter
D DVM
Microwave Isolator or Stepped 1 2
source Pad Attn. Attenuator 3 Power
P
meter
Power Divider
33
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
Power levels are then stepped up, typically in 1dB steps at the
lower levels up to 10µW and then subsequently in 2dB steps
so that the detector may be calibrated over the full range up to
30 plus milliwatts.
4.6
Measurement
of Frequency:
Microwave Counters
and Wavemeters Measurement of frequency in the microwave frequency range
may be accomplished either by means of a microwave
frequency counter or wavemeter.
}
9 digit buttons to select
display resolution eg. 0.1, 1,10kHz
for frequency
buttons to vary display rate
Coaxial
input for
Auto
microwave signal
button
34
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
Fig 4.7
35
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
4.7
Frequency calibration
of the VCO Microwave
Source
Microwave
+15V Frequency
Tuning voltage:
0V Counter
variable -30V
3
Microwave source Isolator
Matched
or 1 2
VCO Coupler Load
Pad
Wavemeter
+15V
0V
0 -30V
Frequency scale
36
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
37
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
4.8
Basic measurements
for insertion loss/gain
using equipment available
in MST532 Microstrip Trainer
Fig 4.9
38
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
39
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
P2
Insertion Gain = 10 log 10
P1
4.9
Basic measurement of
Return Loss using
equipment available
in the MST532
Microstrip Trainer
Fig 4.10
40
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
(5) The return loss ratio, allowing for the fact that the constant
of proportionality effected by the coupling coefficient of the
directional coupler is identical in measurements 1, 2 and 3,
is given by:
Pr
Return Loss Ratio =
Pi
P r' P r'
= =
P i' 1 (P ' + P ' )
2 sc oc
41
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
P2 P1 P2
P1 3 4 3 4
1 2 1 2
(a) (b)
P3 P4
Coupling Coefficient, c =
P1 P2
Fig 4.11
P4 = c P2
42
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
Matched D
Load P r '= cP r
Matched
3 4 Pr Load
Device under
1 2 test
P
Input power i
from source
Measurement of reflected power
using a directional coupler
Fig 4.12
Pr' = c Pr
Pi' = c Pi
Pr P r'
RLR = =
Pi Pi'
43
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
4.10
Swept frequency and
scalar analyser techniques
for insertion and
return loss
measurements The methods of measurement for insertion and return loss
described in the previous two sections may be carried out
easily at point-to-point spot frequencies over the band of
interest. Care, however, must be exercised that important
information is not missed. For wideband assessment of
component performance it is current practice to use swept
frequency techniques.
Microwave Precision
Isolator A B Isolator
Sweep stepped/
or Pad or Pad D
variable
Generator Attenuator Attenuator
attenuator
Oscilloscope
or X-Y plotter Crystal detector
or Powermeter
Device
P under
test
f
44
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
3 Now insert the device. The resulting sweep traces out the
insertion loss over the calibration lines, see for example
fig 4.14.
-3dB
-10dB
-20dB
Calibration lines
-30db
-40dB
2 3 Frequency GHz
45
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
P
Oscilloscope f
or X-Y plotter Signal ∝
Reflected power
X Y
Crystal detector
or Powermeter D
Precision
stepped/variable
attenuator Short-circuit
Microwave Isolator X
Sweep or Pad Open-circuit
Generator Attenuator
Directional
Coupler Device
under
test
Measurement of return loss-frequency characteristic
Matched load
The procedure for measuring return loss using the test set-up
of fig 4.13(b) is as follows:
Γ = 1, or 0 db return loss
46
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
-10dB
-20dB
-23dB
-30db
Frequency GHz
2 3 4
4.11
Scalar/amplitude
analyser systems for
semi-automated
measurement Instruments known as scalar or amplitude analysers are
available for the accurate measurement of insertion loss/gain,
return loss and vswr. These analysers working with a
compatible microwave sweep generator cover a wide dynamic
power range, typically –50dBm to 20dBm (10nW to 100mW),
and provide many automated features: digital signal
processing to correct for non-linearity in the crystal detector
response, storage facilities (especially useful for eliminating
cable connection uncertainties in the measurements),
keyboard control for processing, displaying, scaling etc of the
results.
Fig 4.16 illustrates typical set-ups for insertion and return loss
measurements.
47
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
48
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Chapter 4
Fig 4.16 Measurement of insertion and return loss using Scalar Analyser
49
Microstrip Trainer
NOTES
50
Microstrip Trainer MST532
ASSIGNMENTS CHAPTER 5
51
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED Qty Designation Description
1 D Crystal detector
52
Microstrip Trainer MST532
53
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
INTRODUCTION
The VCO Source,
Diode Detector and
Three-Port Circulator
Components The microwave generator supplied in the MST532 and used as
the microwave source in all assignments is voltage tuneable
allowing the oscillator frequency to be set to any desired value
within its range. It incorporates a silicon transistor operated as
a negative resistance oscillator element which may be tuned by
a varactor diode acting as a voltage controlled capacitor in a
thin film microwave resonator circuit.
The approximate specification of the voltage controlled
oscillator, the VCO, is as follows:
Continuous - CW rf output
Flashing - 1kHz modulated
rf output
54
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
Fig 5.1.1 gives the external connections to the VCO unit. Three
2mm sockets mounted on the side casing are available for the
connection of the dc supply and the VCO tuning voltages. The
Connections are:
Black ground
Red power supply = +15V
White tuning voltage +2.0V to 30V
The output from this oscillator unit may be either constant wave
(CW) or switched-keyed (on-off type) modulation at 1kHz.
Switching between CW and modulated output is achieved by
operating the modulator switch. A light-emitting diode, LED,
indicator is used to indicate in which mode (CW or modulated)
the oscillator is operating. In the CW mode the LED indicator
remains on. When switched to 1kHz modulation the LED
flashes at a rate of approximately once every 2 seconds.
55
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
Fig 5.1.2
56
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
P2
Port 2
Ferrite
1 2
P1
3
Port 3
P3 Zero
57
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
58
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
NOTES
59
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
60
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
PRACTICAL 1.1
Initial setting-up
and measurement
of transmission
power 1 Connect up the microwave source (VCO), circulator (CIR)
and crystal detector (D) as shown in fig 5.1.5. The VCO
and circulator at its port 1 input are interconnected using an
SMA plug-to-plug connector, 8 of which are supplied. The
crystal detector input is an SMA plug connector and mates
directly with the circulator at its output port 2. These
connectors can be easily tightened by hand and finally by
the spanner. Do not over-tighten. Terminate port 3 of the
circulator in a 50 ohm coaxial termination (distinguished by
a red spot on its outer casing).
61
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
62
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
PRACTICAL 1.2
Measurement of
power transmitted to
decoupled/isolated
Port 3 Interchange the crystal detector D and 50 ohm coaxial
termination as shown in fig 5.1.6 and using the VCO voltage
settings found in Practical 1.1, measure the detector voltage
and hence the power P3 transmitted to port 3 at the five
frequencies, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25 and 3.5GHz. Record the
results in a copy of Table 5.1.2, reproduced at the end of this
assignment. Calculate the ratios P3/P2 and 10 log P3/P2, where
P2 is the power transmitted to port 2, measured in Practical
1.1.
Circulator
(CIR)
P1
1 2 50Ω Coaxial
VCO
Termination (MT)
PPC
plug-to-plug
Microwave Source connector 3 P3
Crystal D
Detector (D)
Digital
DVM Voltmeter
63
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
PRACTICAL 1.3
Measurement at
port 3 with power
reflected at port 2
Circulator
(CIR)
P2
1
VCO 2 Short-circuit
Termination (SC)
PPC
plug-to-plug
Microwave Source connector 3 P3
Crystal
Detector (D) D
Digital
DVM Voltmeter
64
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
PRACTICAL 1.4
Measurement of
transmission
power P1 with
circulator reversed
50Ω Coaxial Digital
Termination (MT) Voltmeter
DVM
3 P1
2 1
VCO D
PPC
plug-to-plug Crystal
Microwave Source connector Circulator
Detector (D)
(CIR)
65
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
PRACTICAL 1.5
Results summary
and observations
on circulator
characteristics The results obtained in Practicals 1.1-4 and calculations
performed enable a summary of the basic characteristics of the
3-port circulator to be made and its performance specified over
the range 2.5 to 3.5GHz. Use a copy of Table 5.1.5,
reproduced at the end of this assignment, to record its
performance.
Exercise 1.1 Comment on the results recorded in the first and third
columns as regards the directional/isolation properties of
the circulator. Explain also the significance of the results
in the second column.
SUMMARY A basic microwave test system has been set up and the non-
reciprocal transmission properties of a 3-port ferrite circulator
have been investigated.
66
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
NOTES
67
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.5
Table 5.1.2 Results
VCO Port 3 Port 3 Reference 10log10 P3/P2
f GHz volts Detector V Power P3 Power P2 P3/P2 dB
(from Table
5.1.1)
2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.5
Table 5.1.3 Results
VCO Port 1 Port 1 10log10 P1/P2
f GHz volts Detector V Power P1 Power P2 P1/P2 dB
(from Table
5.1.1)
2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.5
Table 5.1.4 Results
68
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 1
P2 input P2 S/C 3 P1
input input
f GHz 1 2 1 2 2 1
3
P2
3 P3 P
2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.75
69
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED Qty Designation Description
1 D Crystal detector
70
Microstrip Trainer MST532
71
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 2
Fig 5.2.1
72
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 2
The filter, LPF, and its equivalent circuit is shown in fig 5.2.2.
The filter is the microstrip equivalent of a 5-element L-C ladder
network. The L and C values are designed to produce the
required cut-off frequency, the frequency determining the limit
of the pass-band range, and the rate at which the loss rises in
the attenuation band.
• • •
• •
LPF
• • •
(a) (b)
Low Pass Filter Equivalent circuit of filter:
(LPF) 5-element L-C ladder network
Fig 5.2.2
73
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 2
74
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 2
75
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 2
DVM
P1
1 2
VCO D
P2
1 2 Low pass
VCO filter LPF D
3
Microwave Source
50Ω Coaxial
termination (MT)
Fig 5.2.4 Circuits for measurement of Insertion Loss of Low Pass Filter
76
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 2
PRACTICAL 2.1
Measurement of
insertion loss of
low pass filter,
unit LPF The measurement of Insertion Loss of a component (see
Section 4.8 of Chapter 4 'Introduction to Microwave
Measurements') at a given frequency involves two
measurements: the determination of the power P1 in the direct
connection with the microwave source directly connected to a
matched power sensor and the determination of the power P 2
from the component output with the device inserted between
the source and power sensor:
P2
Insertion Loss Ratio =
P1
P2
Insertion Loss = 10 log 10 dB
P1
2. Now insert the low pass filter LPF in circuit as shown in the
diagram of fig 5.2.4(b). Measure the power P2 from 2.45 to
3.65GHz in 50MHz steps. Enter the results in tabular form
in your table.
77
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 2
PROCESSING
RESULTS Using the results obtained in the direct connection plot a curve
of the power P1 versus frequency over the range 2.45 to
3.65GHz. This will serve as a useful reference for the power
output via the circulator-isolator for other assignments.
P2
lLR =
P1
P2
lL = 10 log 10 dB
P1
Plot the insertion loss characteristic of the low pass filter, i.e
insertion loss magnitude in dB versus frequency. From this
curve determine the 3dB critical frequency, i.e the frequency at
which the insertion loss magnitude equals 3dB. Determine also
the gradient of the characteristic over the range 3.0 to 3.6GHz.
78
Microstrip Trainer
V1 P1 V2 mV P2
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.0
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
79
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED Qty Designation Description
1 D Crystal detector
1 DC Directional coupler
80
Microstrip Trainer MST532
81
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 3
INTRODUCTION
Directional Coupler
Definitions and Applications
3 4 P2 3 4 P2
P1 P1
1 2 1 2
Incident
power
P
3
c=
P
1
P3
coupling = 10 log 10 dB
P1
82
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 3
P3 = c P1 = 0.1 P1
P
4
directivity , d = in fig 5 . 3 . 1 (a )
P
3
P4
directivity in dB = 10 log 10 dB
P
3
83
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 3
84
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 3
3 4
L
s
1 3 4 2
1 2
DC
L= coupling length
s = coupled line separation
85
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 3
PRACTICAL 3.1
To investigate the
directional properties
and determine the Coupling
Directivity and Insertion
Loss of a Directional
Coupler
To investigate experimentally the directional properties and
determine the coupling, directivity and insertion loss of a
directional coupler we need to measure the powers at its 4
ports, see fig 5.3.4:
P3 P3
Then, coupling = or 10 log 10 dB
P P
1 1
P P
directivity = 4
or 10 log 4
dB
P 10 P
3 3
P P
insertion loss = 2
or 10 log 2
dB
P1 10 P1
P3 P4
P1 P2
86
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 3
NOTES
87
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 3
88
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 3
89
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 3
PRACTICAL 3.2
Calculation of Coupling,
Directivity and
Insertion Loss From the results obtained, use a copy of Table 5.3.2,
reproduced at the end of this assignment, to record the values
of coupling, directivity and insertion loss of the directional
coupler over the range 2.5 to 3.5GHz. Summarise these in a
brief statement of specification of the directional coupler's
performance over this band.
90
Microstrip Trainer MST532
VCO
f GHz volts
V1 P1 V3 P3 V4 P4 V2 P2
2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.5
91
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED Qty Designation Description
1 DC Directional coupler
1 D Crystal detector
1 ML Matched load
92
Microstrip Trainer MST532
93
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 4
INTRODUCTION
Summary of definitions,
method of measurement
and action of microstrip
matched load
5.4.1
Reflection coefficient,
VSWR and return loss
Incident wave
Component Matched
termination
Reflected wave
Resultant voltage
amplitude
Vr
Γ=
V
i
94
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 4
V max
S=
V
min
(1 + Γ )
S=
(1 − Γ )
Pr
return loss ratio =
P
i
Pr
return loss ratio =
P
i
2
Vr 2
= = Γ
2
V
i
Pr
return loss = 10 log 10
Pi
2
= 10 log 10 Γ = 20 log 10 Γ
95
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 4
5.4.2
Measurement of Return
Loss using a Directional
Coupler
D
r'=
P c Pr
3 4 Pr Device
1 2 Matched
under
load
test
P
i
Directional
coupler
(a)
D
P i '= c P i
4 Pr
3
=Pi Short or
1 2
open-circuit
P i termination
Directional
coupler
(b)
Pr' = c Pr
Pi' = c Pi
96
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 4
Furthermore as,
2 Pr (1 + Γ )
Γ = and S =
P (1 − Γ )
i
5.4.3
The Microstrip
Matched Load
• ML
1
Length L ≈ 4 λg of
50Ω chip resistor
open-circuited line
97
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 4
98
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 4
99
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 4
PRACTICAL 4.1
Measurement of
return loss
Digital
Circulator (CIR) Short-circuit
voltmeter DVM
Plug-to-plug as Isolator (SC)
connector 50Ω Crystal
(PPC) (MT) D
detector
3 4 Open-circuit
PPC
1 2 X (OC)
VCO
1 2
3
Microwave
source Directional
50Ω (MT) Device
Coupler (DC)
under
test
100
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 4
102
Microstrip Trainer MST532
NOTES
103
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED Qty Designation Description
1 DC Directional coupler
1 D Cystal detector
104
Microstrip Trainer MST532
105
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
INTRODUCTION
Background to
matching assignment
Reflection and matching
Incident wave Vi
Load
Zo ZL
impedance
Reflected wave V r
Fig 5.5.1
Z − Zo
Vr
Γ= = L
V Z + Zo
i L
2
Pr = Γ P
i
when ZL = Zo , Γ = 0 and Pr = 0
106
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
Measurement of
the resistive
load impedance
Fig 5.5.2
107
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
Z −Z o
Γ= L
Z + Zo
L
1+ Γ
Z = Zo
L 1 −Γ
1− Γ
R = Zo
1+ Γ
108
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
109
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
2
Z 'o
ie. Z = Zo =
in R
Z 'o = (R Z o )
Shunt stub
matching Matching can be also achieved by placing calculated lengths of
open or short-circuited lines, referred to as stubs, in parallel
across the feed line at given distances from the load to be
matched. This technique is known as shunt stub matching.
110
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
Fig 5.5.4
111
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
The determination of stub length and its position from the load
to effect matching may be outlined as follows.
Yin = Yo + jB
λg
l =
−1 R
and B = R 1 − 1
2π
tan
Zo Z Z
1
o o R
Yin = Yo + jB –jB = Yo
1
so Z in = = 1 = Zo
Y in Y o
Ys = j Yo tan β l
−
tan βl = B
Yo
λg
−B 2π
tan 1
−
l=l = as β =
Y o
,
2 2π λg
112
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
113
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
PRACTICAL 5.1
Matching investigations:
determination of impedance
of an unknown resistive
load and its matching by
1/ λg transformer
4
and shunt stub
A
'Unknown' resistive load
B
Quarter wavelength matching
C
Shunt-stub matching section
ZT
Fig 5.5.6
Digital Short-circuit
Circulator (CIR) DVM
voltmeter (SC)
Plug-to-plug as Isolator
Connector 50Ω Crystal
(PPC) (MT) detector D
3 4 Open-circuit
1 2 X (OC)
VCO
1 2
3
Directional
50Ω (MT) Coupler (DC)
Plug-to-plug
Connector
(PPC) Matching unit (ZT)
Fig 5.5.7
114
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
P' P'
Γ2 = r
, Γ= '
r
'
Pi P i
115
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 5
1+Γ
Remember: R = × Zo
1 −Γ
+Γ
VSWR s = 1
1 −Γ
P 'r
Γ=
P 'i
116
Microwave Systems Trainer MST532
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
Table 5.5.1
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
Table 5.5.2
117
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED Qty Designation Description
1 D Crystal detector
118
Microstrip Trainer MST532
119
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 6
INTRODUCTION
Wilkinson Power
Divider and Rat-Race
Hybrid Ring\Coupler
Power dividers
120
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 6
The 100 ohm chip resistor connected between the two output
lines does not enter the above calculation of input impedance
since in the 3dB power divider the voltages induced in the
output lines are equal and in-phase so the voltage across the
resistor is zero. The resistor is included for isolation purposes.
Its function is to provide a match for the output lines, it acts as
an absorptive load for any reflections caused by mismatch in
these lines.
121
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 6
122
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 6
Fig 5.6.5
123
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 6
Assignment 6
PRACTICAL 6.1
1 2 2 Wilkinson
VCO power divider
(PPC) (PPC) 1
3 (PD)
3
Microwave
source
50Ω matched
terminations (MT)
125
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 6
PRACTICAL 6.2
126
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 6
PRACTICAL 6.3
Processing results
and further
investigations From the results obtained for the power divider PD calculate
the percentage variation in tracking over the 2.5 to 3.6GHz
band:
P2 − P3
% variation = × 100 %
1 P +P
(
2 2 3)
2(P 2 − P 3)
dB variation = 10 log 10
(P 2 + P 3)
From the results obtained for the hybrid ring coupler RRH plot
graphs of:
P3 2(P 2 − P 3)
and 10 log 10
(P + P )
10 log 10
P 2 3
4
SUMMARY Circuits which can split and also combine RF power have
important application in microwave communications and radar
systems. The operation of two such circuits, a 3dB Wilkinson
power divider and a rat-race hybrid ring coupler, and their
realisation in microstrip has been described, together with
examples of their applications.
127
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Table 5.6.1
Table 5.6.2
128
Microstrip Trainer MST532
NOTES
129
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED Qty Designation Description
1 RR Ring resonator
1 D Crystal detector
130
Microstrip Trainer MST532
λo
λg =
ε
eff
131
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 7
INTRODUCTION
Effective dielectric
constant and guide
wavelength
Fig 5.7.1
f = frequency
132
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 7
Signal
amplitude λg
Line width W
Distance
along line
Height
h
f1 f2 f3 Frequency f2 f4 Frequency
(b) resonances observed by reflection (c) Resonances observed
by transmission
Ring resonator and resonance effects in reflected and transmitted power
Fig 5.7.3
The ring resonator, see fig 5.7.3, resonates when its mean
circumferential length is equal to a whole number of half guide
wavelengths, i.e when
1
L = 2π r = n λg
2
where n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ....
r = mean radius of ring resonator
133
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 7
n λo 2
we have ε eff =
2L
= n c as λ o = c , c = 3 × 10 8 m/ s
2
2 Lf n fn
= 23. 7 dB
Q λg
134
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 7
Since the edge type coupling used in the ring resonator unit,
RR, is relatively weak, loading effects may be neglected to a
first approximation and Q measured at a resonance by
determining the bandwidth between half-power points, i.e
referring to fig 5.7.4 for the case of a transmission resonance,
we have:
fn
Q=
f −f
2 1
Transmitted power
P
t
P max
1
P
2 max
f Frequency
f
1 2
fn
fn
Q-factor: Q =
( f 2 − f1)
Fig 5.7.4
PRACTICAL 7.1
Ring resonator,
unit RR
investigation
RR
135
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 7
+15V
Tuning volts, 2-30V
0V • Circulator (CIR)
Digital
voltmeter
DVM as Isolator Crystal
detector
•
1 2 Ring
D DVM
VCO (PPC) resonator
(PPC)
3
Voltage controlled
oscillator 50 (MT)
2 Now adjust the VCO tuning voltage very slowly using the
fine voltage control until a maximum of crystal detector
voltage corresponding to peak transmission at resonance
is obtained. Record the VCO volts and crystal detector
voltage in Table 5.7.1, reproduced at the end of this
assignment.
136
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 7
Calculations:
Determination of εeff
and α From your results determine the effective dielectric constant
εeff and guide wavelength of the ring resonator line at the
measured resonant frequency. The mean circumferential
length of the resonator, diameter 23.3 mm, is L = 73.2 mm.
Determine also the resonant frequencies for n = 1, 3, 4 and 5.
137
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Max.
Position
¬
VCO
Tuning
Volts
f GHz
Crystal
Detector
Volts
Transmission
Power
Table 5.7.1
138
Microstrip Trainer MST532
NOTES
139
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED
Part 1
DC biasing Qty Designation Description
1 VCO Voltage controlled oscillator
1 CIR 3-port circulator
1 BL DC biasing unit
1 D Crystal detector
1 MT (red spot) 50 ohm coaxial termination
2 PPC SMA Plug-to-plug coaxial connector
1 – Power supply for VCO,
(e.g AX322C)
1 – Digital voltmeter for diode detector,
(e.g MX545)
Part 2
MMIC amplifier Qty Designation Description
1 VCO Voltage controlled oscillator
1 CIR 3-port circulator
1 AMP MMIC amplifier
1 D Crystal detector
1 MT (red spot) 50 ohm coaxial termination
2 PPC SMA Plug-to-plug coaxial connector
1 ATT 20dB attenuator
1 – Power supply for the VCO and
MMIC amplifier, (e.g AX322C)
1 – Digital voltmeter for diode detector,
(e.g MX545)
140
Microstrip Trainer MST532
141
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
INTRODUCTION
Background to DC
Bias Lines A major advantage of using microstrip for the fabrication of
microwave electronic circuits is the relative ease by which
microwave active devices can be incorporated in this type of
structure. Microwave components such as PIN, Gunn, Impatt
diodes, microwave transistors and microwave monolithic
integrated circuits (MMICs) can be mounted directly onto, or
through, the microwave substrate and DC bias necessary to
set their operation may also be supplied through microstrip
lines.
Part 1
DC bias lines
and circuits A simple form of biasing circuit is shown in fig 5.8.1. The bias
lines supplying DC to the active device are narrow in width and
therefore of high impedance. They should feed the circuit at a
point of low RF impedance so that there is maximum mismatch
at the microwave signal frequency, thus ensuring little leakage
of microwave power into these lines. The narrower the lines,
the higher their impedance, although in practice there is little
advantage in constructing microstrip lines with w/h < 0.1 (w =
line width, h = substrate thickness) since below this value of w
little increase in line impedance is obtained.
142
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
Thus for 1oz printed circuit board copper track (the thickness
used in most microstrip circuits) the current carrying capability
versus bias line width may be easily calculated, using for
guidance Table 5.8.1 given below.
Table 5.8.1
143
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
λg
4 Bias
supply
Low impedance
open-circuit stub 1
High impedance
λg bias line
4 2
Microwave Microwave
input Active device output
Chip capacitor
144
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
λg
λg λg
4
4
4
A B C
PRACTICAL 8.1
DC Bias Lines
A B C
BL
145
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
50Ω (MT)
line A
line B
line C
Bias Line Unit
146
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
Part 2
Background to MMIC
Amplifier investigations
Typical specifications
of the MMIC:
Power gain The power gain - frequency characteristic is shown in fig 5.8.6
and this indicates that power gains in excess of 10dB should
be achieveable over the whole of the S-band.
dB
35
30 T a = 25 °C
25
I d = 36 mA
20
15
10
5
Specified bias voltage Vd: 7.0 (minimum), 7.5 (typical), 8.4 volts (maximum) with a
recommended bias current of 20 to 40mA.
Absolute maximum
ratings Device current, Id 65mA
Power dissipation 500mW
RF input power 100mW (20dBm)
Junction and storage temperature 150°C
147
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
148
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
15-40V
DC supply
+ Vd 150Ω
7812 Voltage
• regulator •
λg
bias line
4 •
0.22µF 0.47µF
Coaxial Coaxial
input output
Ground
MMIC amplifier package
149
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
PRACTICAL 8.2
Amplifier
Investigations Red terminal
Black terminal
0 Volts 15V (min) to
30V (max)
IN OUT
AMP
Circulator (CIR)
Crystal Digital
as Isolator
detector voltmeter
PPC 1 2 20dB X Y
VCO Attenuator D DVM
(ATT)
3
0V +15V
MMIC
50Ω Amplifier
(MT) (AMP)
150
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
Output power
dB m
1dB
1dB compression
point
Linear
range
Input power
dB m
Exercise 8.2 Using the results obtained calculate the insertion gain
over the band:
Po
insertion gain = 10 log dB
10 Pi
151
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 8
152
Microstrip Trainer MST532
PART 1
Frequency, f 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
GHz
Direct
connection
power
Transmission
power,
Line A
Transmission
power,
Line B
Transmission
power,
Line C
Table 5.8.2
PART 2
Frequency, f 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
GHz
Input
power, Pi
(Direct
connection)
Output
power, Po
Table 5.8.4
153
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED Qty Designation Description
1 D Crystal detector
154
Microstrip Trainer MST532
155
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 9
INTRODUCTION
PIN Diodes and background
to assignment
PIN diodes, microwave
applications and simplified
equivalent circuits
layer
Intrinsic + -
p+
R C
s Rp j
n+
PIN chip - +
Forward bias Zero and reverse bias
156
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 9
± bias
Zo
• •
Pi Po (PIN) R
PIN Zo
• •
Fig 5.9.2 PIN diode circuits for controlling transmission of microwave energy
Fig 5.9.2 shows two basic PIN diode circuits for controlling the
transmission of microwave energy. In the series circuit of (a)
attenuation is reduced by increasing the forward bias current
and thereby reducing R. Maximum insertion loss occurs with
the
The insertion loss ratio, ILR, and the insertion loss, IL (in dB),
for the series pin circuit is given by:
Po 1
ILR = =
P R 2
i (1 + )
2Z
o
Po
IL = 10log 10( ) = −20 log 10 (1 + R ) dB
Pi 2Z o
157
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 9
1
ILR =
Zo
(1 +
2
)
2R
Zo
IL = −20 log (1 + ) dB
10 2R
Values for the insertion loss for various values of R are given
Table 5.9.1 below for lines of characteristic impedance
Zo = 50Ω:
Table 5.9.1
158
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 9
Chip capacitance λg
(DC block) bias line
4
RF in
PIN RF out
λg diode Chip capacitance
bias line
4 (DC block)
Short to
ground
The PIN diode modulator unit is a series circuit version with the
diode inserted in series with the top strip conductor
PRACTICAL 9.1
Pin diode investigations
To Bias Supply
Bias Port
Input Output
PIN
159
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 9
160
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 9
Optional Test 1 If a second power supply is available the effect of bias voltage
on transmission power of the PIN diode unit may be
investigated. By increasing the bias supply from 0 volts in small
increments the transition from high to low attenuation may be
observed, indicating the application of a PIN diode as a voltage
controlled attenuator. Investigate by setting the VCO to 3GHz.
Measure transmission power starting at 0 volts in 0.1 volt steps
up to 1 volt and then subsequently in 1 volt steps up to 15V.
Optional Test 2 If a square wave generator and oscilloscope are available the
action of the PIN diode unit as a simple amplitude modulator
may be investigated.
Oscilloscope
Square wave
generator
Plug-to-plug Y input
Circulator (CIR)
connector (PPC) as Isolator
1 2 PPC
VCO PIN D
3 Crystal
Voltage controlled PIN diode detector
oscillator modulator
50Ω (MT)
161
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 9
EXERCISE 9.1 From the results obtained in the main part of the
experimental procedure, investigate and calculate the
insertion loss of the PIN diode unit under forward to zero
bias conditions:
Po
insertion loss IL = 10 log dB
10 Pi
162
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Frequency, f 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
GHz
Forward bias
transmission
power Pfb
Zero bias
transmission
power Pz
Direct
connection
transmission
power Pi
Table 5.9.2
Optional Test 1
Supply volts 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
V
Bias current
mA
Transmission
power
Table 5.9.3
163
Microstrip Trainer MST532
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED Qty Designation Description
1 VCO Voltage controlled oscillator
1 CIR 3-port circulator
2 ANT Patch antenna
1 AMP S-band MMIC amplifier
1 D Crystal detector
2 – Retort stand and clamp
2 MT (red spot) 50 ohm coaxial terminations
4 PPC SMA plug-to-plug coaxial
connectors
1 PIN PIN diode modulator (optional)
1 DC Directional coupler (optional)
1 SC (white spot) Coaxial short-circuit termination
(optional)
1 OC (blue spot) Coaxial open-circuit termination
(optional)
1 ADR SMA plug-BNC jack adaptor
(optional)
1 – Signal generator/data source for
modulator (optional)
1 – Power supply, (e.g AX322)
1 – Digital voltmeter, (e.g MX 545)
164
Microstrip Trainer MST532
165
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
INTRODUCTION
Line-of-sight microwave
radio links Line-of-sight radio links utilising microwave carriers and highly
directive antennas concentrating the radiated power into
narrow beams are extensively used for multi-channel
telephony, data transmission and television signal relay.
Typical link distances vary from a few kilometres to 80 km or
more but communication may be readily established over
several thousand kilometres using a series of links. Satellite-
earth station up and down links are also essentially line-of-sight
systems but here the earth-satellite transmission path is of the
order of 36,000 km!
166
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
Antenna radiation
diagrams and gain At microwave frequencies, wavelengths are not only
comparable with but normally very much smaller than antenna
dimensions. This feature allows microwaves to be focussed
167
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
168
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
P
so p = G ×
a
= GP
4 π r2 4 π r2
169
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
Transmission
power/energy
budget calculations
for a link The power received in a line-of-sight link, see fig 5.10.3, is
given by:
λ 2
P =P G × ×G
R T T 4 π r R
P
transmission loss, TL = 10 log R
PT
λ
= G dB + G dB + 20 log
4π r
dB
T R
170
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
Transmitter Receiver
P PR
T
Transmitter Receiver
TL = 2G + 20 log λ dB
10 4 π r
TL=GT + GR – 42 – 20 log10 r
and with GT = GR = G,
1
G= TL + 42 + 20 log 10 r dB
2
Patch antennas In this assignment we use patch antennas to construct a basic
radio link and by measuring the link transmission loss we can
determine their gain.
Although most microwave links use dish type reflector
antennas, planar antennas and arrays are now finding
increasing use in microwave radar, guidance, navigation and
communication systems. Their ease of volume production by
printed circuit methods, relative cheapness and adaptability for
inclusion in missile, car, aeroplane etc structures make them
an attractive choice for many applications.
171
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
W E field
Coaxial
feed Radiated
wave
λ
L ≈ 0 . 49 λ = 0. 49
d V εr
Typical values for antenna gain and 3dB beamwidth for a patch
antenna of dimensions
1
L≈ λ , W ≈ λ are :
2 d d
172
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
173
Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
PRACTICAL10.1
Link transmission loss
investigation and
determination of
antenna gain 1 Set up the transmitter and receiver as indicated in
fig 5.10.5. Set the distance between transmit and receive
antennas at r = 0.8m. Set the VCO to 3GHz.
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Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
Radiation diagrams
of the patch antenna The radiation diagram of the patch antenna in both horizontal
and vertical planes may be obtained using the set-up of fig
5.10.5. You will need a protractor to measure angular direction
as the transmit antenna is rotated, see fig 5.10.6.
10 0° -10
20 -20
30
-30
40
-40
50 Angle -50
60 -60
70 -70
r
PR
PRACTICAL 10.2
Use of Radiation
diagrams 1 Set link distance at a suitable value, say r = 1m. Set VCO
frequency to 3GHz and adjust transmitter and receiver
patch antennas for direct line-of-sight, 0° angle, position.
Record receiver output power Po in a copy of Table 5.10.2,
reproduced at the end of this assignment.
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Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
Set up the link as shown in fig 5.10.7 and use a 10 volt peak-
to-peak signal to modulate the microwave carrier. Investigate
the received waveforms, detected by the crystal detector and
displayed on the oscilloscope over the frequency range 100Hz
to 10MHz. Reduce modulation input signal level and observe
the effects on transmission. Data transmission over short
distances up to about 15m may be investigated. Multi-path
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Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
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Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
Optional Test 2
Demonstration of
Doppler radar
v
fT fT Moving target
f
R fR
fT fR
fT
Transmit fT fR
signal
Mixer
d= R− T
f f f
2v
fd = fR − f T = c f T
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Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
Patch antenna
fT
fR
f fR
fT T
3 Moving target
PPC eg. fan
VCO Circulator
2
PPC
1
fT f
R
PPC
MMIC
lifi Crystal detector
D (acting as mixer)
To oscilloscope
d = R − fT
f f
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Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
EXERCISE 10.1 From your results obtained for receiver output power
determine the link transmission loss over the range r = 0.8
to 2.0m.
PR
Transmission Loss , TL = 10 log10
P
T
1
G= TL + 42 + 20 log 10 r dB
2
If you have also obtained results for the vertical plane plot the
radiation diagram for this planed and determine the 3dB
beamwidth.
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Microstrip Trainer MST532
Assignment 10
SUMMARY A basic line-of-sight microwave link has been set up and its
transmission loss characteristics have been investigated.
Using the link with two identical antennas, antenna gain may
be determined and radiation diagrams showing the directional
properties of the antenna may be plotted.
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Microstrip Trainer MST532
Table 5.10.1
Angle 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
Receiver output
power
[angle 0° ∅ 90°
increasing]
Receiver output
power
[angle 90° ∅ 0°
decreasing]
Average value of
power
Angle –0° –10° –20° –30° –40° –50° –60° –70° –80° –90°
Receiver output
power [0° ∅ 90°]
Receiver output
power
[–90° ∅ 0°]
Average value of
power
Table 5.10.2
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