GIM ST THI CNG V NGHIM THU KT CU THP - PHN 6

(Xy nh trn gi sa nh trn gi) Bi vit ny trnh by nhng iu c bn v cc kin thc phc v cho vic gim st, thi cng v nghim thu kt cu thp. IV. LIN KT HN

1. Cc phng php hn : 1.1 Hn h quang tay : Cn gi l hn h quang kim loi c bo v SMAW shielded metal arc welding, l loi hn lu i nht. Que hn c bc thuc c h quang lm nng chy chuyn kim loi vo mi hn. Thuc hn khi chy th to ra lung hi bao bc kim loi lng, mt phn to nn lp x ph trn mt. Lung hi v lp x bo v cho kim loi lng khng tip xc vi kh tri ngn cc cht c hi nh O, N ho tan vo kim loi lng. S mch in v cu to h quang c v trn hnh 9.19.

Que hn tay c cc loi : - ca Vit Nam , theo TCVN 3223:2000, c hai loi cho thp cacbon thp v thp hp kim thp, k hiu E43 v E51, con s ny l bn ko nh nht bng kN/cm2 ; mi loi gm 6 nhm nh s t 0 n 5 c trng bng gi tr dai va p v dn gii hn (nhm s 0 khng c quy nh, nhm 5 c gi tr ln nht) ; cui cng k hiu l loi v thuc, v d A ch axit, B ch baz, v.v. Trn th trng cng thng dng loi que hn Vit c vi cc s hiu N42, N42-6B, N46, N46-6B, N50, N50-6B vi s l gii hn bn daN/mm2 ca kim loi. Tng ng vi cc que hn Lin x c nu trong Tiu chun thit k E42, E42 A v E50, E50A. - ca M, c que hn cho thp cacbon E60XX (vi gii hn chy 60 ksi = 345Mpa ; que hn cho thp hp kim thp E70XX ( gii hn chy 490 MPa) v cc cp khc cho

ti E110XX. Hai ch XX l con s cho bit v tr hn cng thc c v loi thuc hn, v d E6018 th 1 l c th dng cho mi v tr, 8 l thuc hn loi bt st, c th hn vi in mt chiu v xoay chiu. - ca Php c cc loi EDx, E40, E48, E56, E65 tng ng vi cc mu hng, , vn, l v xanh l cy ; con s ch gii hn bn 40 n 65 kG/mm2. - ca Trung quc, ging ca M, c cc loi : E42XX dng cho thp s 3 ; E50XX dng cho thp 16Mn, 16Mnq v E65XX dng cho thp 15MnV, 15MnVq. 1.2. Hn t ng h quang chm : cn gi l SAW submerged arc welding (hnh 9.20). Trong phng php ny, que hn khng dng thanh c bc thuc m l mt cun dy trn. Thuc hn c tri trc bn trn mi hn. H quang khng nhn thy c v chy ngm di lp thuc hn. Thuc hn bo v cho rnh kim loi chy, lm sch kim loi hn v ci thin thnh phn ho hc ca kim loi hn. Mi hn ca phng php ny c cht lng cao, ng cht, dai, bn tng ng vi kim loi c bn. Tiu chun Vit Nam dng k hiu ca Tiu chun Lin x cho dy hn v thuc hn. V d : dy thp hn CB-08GA l loi thp CT3 ; tng ng vi thuc hn AH-348A. Vt liu ca M c k hiu : thuc hn l FXX ch cng ko v cng th nghim va chm ; dy hn l EXXX tng ng vi thuc hn. Dng cho thp cc bon l F6X-EXXX, 6 l cng ko t 60 ksi = 4130 daN/cm2, thp hp kim thp l F7X-EXXX, 7 l cng ko t 70 ksi = 4830 daN/cm2,

1.3. Hn trong lp kh bo v - GMAW gas metal arc welding (hnh 9.21). Dy hn c qun thnh cun cp t ng qua mt thit b hnh khu sng, thit b ny ng thi phun lung kh. Vic bo v lp kim loi lng hon ton do lung kh, khng cn dng thuc hn. Kh c dng : cc loi kh tr nh argon, helium, (khi phng php hn cn gi l MIG -metal inert gas) kh hot ng nh kh cacbonic, (khi phng php hn cn gi l MAG metal active gas), cc kh ny u nng hn khng kh. Kh tr dng hn mi th kim loi nhng t c dng hn thp v gi thnh cao. hn thp thng dng kh cacbonic, mt mnh hoc hn hp vi kh tr. Phng php hn ny cn c nhng chc nng sau : d khng ch cc c trng ca h quang v kim loi hn, vng chy su v rng, tc hn nhanh. Dy hn c dng l loi theo AWS : ER70S-X cho n ER110S (X : ch thnh phn ho). 1.3. Hn trong lp kh bo v - GMAW gas metal arc welding (hnh 9.21). Dy hn c qun thnh cun cp t ng qua mt thit b hnh khu sng, thit b ny ng thi phun lung kh. Vic bo v lp kim loi lng hon ton do lung kh, khng cn dng thuc hn. Kh c dng : cc loi kh tr nh argon, helium, (khi phng php hn cn gi l MIG -metal inert gas) kh hot ng nh kh cacbonic, (khi phng php hn cn gi l MAG metal active gas), cc kh ny u nng hn khng kh. Kh tr dng hn mi th kim loi nhng t c dng hn thp v gi thnh cao. hn thp thng dng kh cacbonic, mt mnh hoc hn hp vi kh tr. Phng php hn ny cn c nhng chc nng sau : d khng ch cc c trng ca h quang v kim loi hn, vng chy su v rng, tc hn nhanh. Dy hn c dng l loi theo AWS : ER70S-X cho n ER110S (X : ch thnh phn ho).

1.4. Hn h quang que hn li thuc FCAW flux-cored arc welding. Phng php ny thng l hn na t ng, vic di chuyn u hn l th cng. Dy hn rng rut, cha thuc hn, c cung cp lin tc t cun dy (do khng lm c lp thuc bc ngoi). Thuc hn chy c cng chc nng nh hn h quang tay. Dy hn v thuc c k hiu E6XT, E7XT, n E110T.

2. Thit k kt cu hn 2.1. Cc vn v tnh ton lin kt hn. Hai loi mi hn c bn trong kt cu thp l hn i u v hn gc. Hn i u c cc hnh : vung, vat cho, ch V, ch X, ch K, ch U (hnh 9.22). Vic chn hnh dng l tu theo b dy bn thp, ngoi ra tu theo chi ph gia cng v chi ph hn. Hn gc c dng rng ri nht do kinh t, d ch to v ph hp vi nhiu loi lin kt. Hn gc c th l hn cho lin kt chng hoc cho lin kt ch T. Nhng p dng in hnh ca mi hn gc c v hnh 9.23. Trong mi quy phm thit k mi hn, vic tnh ton u a v xc nh chiu di v b dy ca mi hn, da vo ng sut cho php hoc cng tnh ton ca vt liu hn. V bn ca mi hn i u, quy phm cc nc u cho ly bng cng thp c bn nu mi hn thu hon ton. V ng hn gc th khc nhau nhiu theo tng quy phm. Theo Tiu chun Vit Nam th cng ng hn gc c hai gi tr tu theo s ph hoi xy ra ti mi hn hoc ti ch tip gip mi hn vi thp c bn. Nu mt ct i qua mi hn dng cho CT3 th cng tnh ton l 1800 daN/cm2 tc l khong 0,45 gii hn bn ca vt liu hn. AISC th ly ng sut cho php bng 0,3 ca gii hn bn. Eurocode th ly khong 0,5 ca gii

hn bn ca thp c lin kt. Tit din lm vic ca mi hn gc u c cc quy phm ly l tit din phn gic , tc l c b cao bng 0,707 (cos 45o) b dy mi hn. Trong mi trng hp, vic tnh ton lin kt phi dng cng quy phm vi vic tnh ton kt cu. 2.2. Th hin bn v kt cu hn. Cch th hin lin kt hn theo Tiu chun Vit Nam quen thuc. Cch th hin theo Quy phm M khc hn. Di y tm tt cc ch dn chung th hin ng hn theo AWS . Cch th hin ny rt y , chi tit, c p dng cc nc chu u, Trung quc. - Mi mi hn c ch bng mt ng chun nm ngang.

- mi tn ni ng chun vi 1 mt ca mi hn. ui ng chun l gi ch v phng php hn, quy nh k thut ; - gia ng chun l k hiu mi hn ; k hiu t bn di ng chun l ch k hiu cho mt c mi tn ; k hiu t bn trn ng chun l ch k hiu cho mt pha bn kia ; - con s ghi bn tri k hiu l b dy hn, ghi bn phi l chiu di, ghi bn trn v bn di l cho khe h chn v cho gc vt. Cc k hiu c bn ca mi hn nh sau :