Chng 3: khng gian vect

I: Khi nim Khng gian vect

1. nh ngha: Ta ni tp hp V l mt khng gian vect trn trng K, hay
mt khng gian vect, nu V c trang b mt php ton i s (gi l php
cng), k hiu (+) v mt php nhn v hng, k hiu (.) tha mn cc iu
kin sau:
1. Tnh giao hon ca php cng: ( x, y) V 2 , x y y x ;
2. Tnh kt hp ca php cng: ( x, y, z) V 3 ,( x y) z x ( y z) ;
3. Tn ti trong V mt phn t khng, k hiu l 0 tha mn:
x V , x 0 x;

4. x V , tn ti mt phn t i, k hiu l x tha mn: x ( x) 0;

5. ( x, y) V 2 , K , ( x y) x y;
6. x V , , K 2 ,( ) x x x;
7. x V , , K 2 ,( ) x ( x);
8. x V ,1x x.
2: Khng gian vect con
1. nh ngha:
Cho V l mt K-khng gian vect v W l mt tp con khc rng ca V.
Khi W c gi l mt khng gian vect con ca V nu W l mt Kkhng gian vect ng vi nhng php ton (+) v (.) ca V khi ta hn ch
chng ln W.
2. nh l:
Tp con W ca khng gian vect V l mt khng gian con ca V khi
v ch khi cc iu kin sau y c tha:
i) x, y W 2 , x y W ;
ii) K , x W , x W .
Nhn xt: Hai iu kin i) v ii) trn c th c thay th bng iu kin
sau: , ( x, y) W 2 , x y W .
chng minh mt tp hp khc rng l khng gian vector th c hai cch
hoc chng minh tp hp ny vi hai php ton cng v nhn v hng tha
cc tin ca khng gian vector; hoc chng minh rng tp hp l
khng gian vector con ca mt khng vector khc.
II: S c lp tuyn tnh v ph thuc tuyn tnh
1. T hp tuyn tnh:

1.1 nh ngha: Cho V l mt khng gian vect trn trng K v v1 , v2 ,..., vn l

cc phn t ca V. Ta ni vect v l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect
v1 , v2 ,..., vn nu tn ti cc v hng 1 , 2 ,..., n K sao cho
v 1v1 2v2 ... nvn .
2. H vector c lp tuyn tnh H vector ph thuc tuyn tnh:
2.1 nh ngha: H cc vect v1 , v2 ,..., vn ca khng gian vect V trn
trng K c gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh nu tn ti cc v hng
1 , 2 ,..., n K khng phi tt c u bng 0 sao cho: 1v1 2v2 ... nvn 0 .
H vect khng ph thuc tuyn tnh c gi l h c lp tuyn tnh.
V d: Trong R4 cho h vect 1 (1,0,1,1); 2 (0,1, 2,3); 3 (1, 2,3, 4) . H
trn c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh?
Gii:
Xt h phng trnh vect:
x1 x3 0
x 2x 0
2
3
x11 x2 2 x3 3 0
.
x1 2 x2 3x3 0
x1 3x2 3x3 0
1

0
Ta c ma trn cc h s ca h trn l A
1

0
1
2
3

2
v rankA = 3, nn h
3

phng trnh trn c nghim duy nht (0, 0, 0). Do , h cc vect trn c
lp tuyn tnh.
III.BI TON I C S
3.1:v d:
1) Trong R3 , cho c s B vi cc vect u1 , u2 , u3 ln lt c ta sau:
u1 (1,1,0); u2 (1,0,1); u3 (0,1,1) .
1. Hy lp ma trn v cng thc i t c s chnh tc C sang c
s B.
2. Tm ta ca u = (5, 4, 3) R3 trong c s B.
3. Tm vect v R3 , bit ta ca vect v trong c s B l
v[ B ] (1, 2,3) .
Gii:

1) Ta c c s chnh tc C ca R3 l c s gm cc vect
e1 (1,0,0); e2 (0,1,0); e3 (0,0,1) . Khi ,
[u1 ][C ]

1
1
0

1 ;[u2 ][C ] 0 ;[u3 ][ C ] 1 . Do , ma trn i t c s chnh tc

0
1
1

C sang c s B l
1 1 0
P 1 0 1
0 1 1

2) Gi s [u ][ B ]

x1
x2 , khi p dng cng thc i ta ca mt vect
x3

ta c:
5 x1 x2
x1 3
5 1 1 0 x1
4 1 0 1 x 4 x x x 2 . Vy [u] (3, 2,1) .

2
1
3
[ B]

2

x 1
3 0 1 1 x3
3

x
2
3
3

3) Gi ta ca v trong c s chnh tc V l ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ta c
x1 1 1 0 1
x 1 0 1 2 . Vy
2

x3 0 1 1 3

x1 3

3
x2 4 hay v= (3, 4, 5) R
x 5
3

IV: BI TP
Bi 1:
Trong R3 cho h 3 vect B {u1 (1,1,0); u2 (1,0,1); u3 (0,1,1)} .
a) Chng minh rng B l mt c s ca R3
b) Tm ta ca cc vect e1 (1,0,0); e2 (0,1,0); e3 (0,0,1); u (3, 4,5) trong
c s B.
Gii:
a, V B l h gm 3 vect trong khng gian hu hn chiu R3 , nn
chng minh B l c s ca R3 ta ch cn chng minh B l h c lp tuyn
tnh.
chng minh iu ny ta c th xy dng ma trn A c cc dng l cc
vect u1 , u2 , u3 , sau chng minh rankA = 3 hay det A 0 .

1 1 0
Ta c, det A 1 0 1 2 0 .
0 1 1

Vy h cc vect u1 , u2 , u3 l h c lp tuyn tnh nn l c s ca R3 .

b) Xt mt vect ty a=(a1,a2,a3) R3 gi s a[ B ]

( x1, x2 , x3 ) , khi

a1
1
1
0 a1 x1 x2 x1 x2 a1

a x1u1 x2u2 x3u3 a2 x1 1 x2 0 x3 1 a2 x1 x3 x1 x3 a2

a3
0
1
1 a3 x2 x3 x2 x3 a3
1

(a1 a2 a3 )
1

x2 (a1 a2 a3 )
2

(a1 a2 a3 )
3

Vy vi mi vect ty a=(a ,a ,a ) R3 , th ta c
1 2 3

1
1
1

a[ B ] (a1 a2 a3 ), (a1 a2 a3 ), (a1 a2 a3 ) .

2
2
2

Ln lt cho a bng e1 , e2 , e3 , u ta c ta ca cc vect

e1 , e2 , e3 , u trong c s B ln lt l:
1 1 1
e1 , ,
2 2 2
1 1 1
e2 , ,
2 2 2
1 1 1
e3 , ,
2 2 2
u (1, 2, 3)

Bi 2) Trong R3 cho 2 c s

B(1 , 2 , 3 ) v B '(1 , 2 , 3 ) nh sau:

1 (1,1,1); 2 (1,2,1);3 (1,3,2)

1 (1,0,1); 2 (1,1,0); 3 (0,1,1)
1) Tm ma trn chuyn t c s B sang c s B.
2) Vit cng thc tnh ta ca vect x trong c s B theo ta ca x
trong c s B.
Gii:
a,

Gi s

1 a11 a2 2 a3 3 (1)
2 b11 b2 2 b3 3 (2)
. Khi , ma trn chuyn c
3 c11 c2 2 c3 3 (3)

s B sang c s B c dng:

CB B '

a1
a2
a3

b1
b2
b3

c1
c2
. tm ai , bi , ci
c3

ta phi gii cc

phng trnh vect (1), (2), (3).

Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi h

Phng trnh (2) tng ng vi h

a1 a2 a3 1

a1 2a2 3a3 0
a a 2a 1
3
1 2
b1 b2 b3 1

b1 2b2 3b3 1
b b 2b 0
3
1 2

Phng trnh (3) tng ng vi h

c1 c2 c3 0

c1 2c2 3c3 1
c c 2c 1
3
1 2

Ta dng phng php Gauss gii cc h phng trnh trn, lp cc ma

trn h s m rng:

1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0

d2 d2 d1
d 2 d 2 d3

1
2
3
0
1
1

0
3
2

1
0
1

0
1
1

1
1
0

d3 d3 d1

1 1 2 1 0 1
0 2 1 0 1 1
0 2 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0

d3 d3 2 d 2

0
1
1

1
1
0

0 0 1 2 3 1

a3 2;

a2 1 a3 1;
Vy vi h (1) ta c
a1 a2 a3 1 4
b3 3;

b2 1 b3 2;
H (2) ta c
b b b 1 4
1 2 3

H (3) ta c

c3 1;

c2 c3 1;
c c c 2
1 2 3

 4 4 2
CBB ' 1 2 1
Vy ma trn i c s B sang c s B l
.
2 3 1
b) Gi s [ x][ B] ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) v [ x][ B '] ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) . Khi , cng thc tnh ta
ca x trong c s B theo ta ca x trong c s B l:

x1 4 4 2 y1 x1 4 y1 4 y2 2 y3
x 1 2 1 y x y 2 y y
2
2 2 1 2 3
x3 2 3 1 y3 x3 2 y1 3 y2 y3

BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: Xt xem cc h vect sau c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn
tnh

a) {u1 (1,0,1); u2 (1,2,3); u3 (10,11,12); u4 (4,5,6)};

b) {u1 (1,0,1); u2 (1,2,3); u3 (2,2,4)};
c) {u1 (1,0,1); u2 (1,2,3); u3 (2,2,5)};
d ) {u1 (1,0,1); u2 (1,2,3)}.
e){u1 (1, 2,3, 4); u2 (3,3, 5,1); u3 (3,0,3, 10)};
Bi 2: Trong R3 x (khng gian cc a thc h s thc bc khng qu
3), xt cc h vect sau c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh?

a) {u1 x3 2 x 3; u2 x 2 1};
b) {u1 x3 2 x 3; u2 x 2 1; u3 2 x3 x 2 4 x 10};
c) {u1 x3 2 x 3; u2 x 2 2 x 1; u3 x3 x 2 2};
d ) {u1 x3 ; u2 2 x 2 ; u3 3x; u4 2 x 2 3x; u5 1}.
Bi 3: Trong khng gian vect V cho 3 vect x, y, z. Chng minh rng
{x+y, y+z, z+x} c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi {x, y, z} c lp tuyn
tnh.

Bi 4:Trong R3 chng minh B (u1 , u2 , u3 ) l c s v tm ta ca u

i vi B trong cc trng hp sau:

a) u1 (1,1,1); u2 (1,1,2); u3 (1,2,3); u (6,9,14);

b) u1 (2,1, 3); u2 (3,2, 5); u3 (1, 1,1); u (6,2, 7);

c) u1 (1, 1,0); u2 (1,0, 1); u3 (2,0,0); u (3,1, 2);

Bi 5: Trong R3 cho hai h vect B {(1,1,1);(1,1,2);(1,2,3)} v B =

{(2,1,-1); (3,2,-5); (1,-1,m)}.
a) Chng minh rng B l mt c s ca R3.
b) Tm m B l mt c s cA R3.
c) Trong trng hp B l c s ca R3 hy tm ma trn chuyn c s
t B sang B v tm ta ca vect u = (1, 0, 0) trong hai c s
.
Bi 6: Trong R3 cho hai h vect B {(1,1, 1);(1,0,1);(0,1,1)} v
B = {(0,0,1); (1, -1, 0);(1,1,1)}.
a) Chng minh rng B v B l cc c s ca R3.Tm ma trn chuyn
c s t B sang B v t B sang B.
Tm ta ca vect x = (1, -1, 1) trong hai c s
Bi 7: Trong R3, cho cc vect

u1 (2,1, 1); u2 (2, 1,2); u3 (3,0,1); v1 (3,1,2); v2 (1, 2,5); v3 (2,4,1)

a) Chng minh rng

B (u1, u2 , u3 ); B ' (v1 , v2 , v3 ) l cc c s ca R3.

b) Tm [u]B ' ; v; [ w]B nu bit u = (1, 2, 3), [v]

4
7

5 v [ w]B ' 8
6
9

Bi 8:cc tp sau y l c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh:

1, u1 =(1,2) v u2 =(-3,-6) trong R2 ?
2,u1 =(2,3) , u2 =(-5,8) ,u3 =(6,1) trong R2 ?
3,u1 =2+3x-x2 v u2=6+9x-3x2 trong R2 ?
Bi 9: xt trong R3 hai c s B={u1 ,u2 ,u3 } , B={v1 ,v2 ,v3 }trong :
u1 =(-3,0,-3),

u2 =(-3,2,1),

u3=(1,6,-1)

v1 =(-6,-6,0),

v2=(-2,-6,4),

v3=(-2,-3,7)

1, hy tm ma trn chuyn c s t B sang B

2,tnh ma trn ta [w]B ca w =(-5,8,-5) v tnh [w]B
3,tnh trc tip [w]B v kim tra kt qu trn
Bi 10: lm li bi tp 9 vi
u1 =(2,1,1), u2=(2,-1,-1), u3 =(1,2,1)
v1=(3,1,-5), v2=(1,1,-3), v3=(-1,0,2)