You are on page 1of 212

T: 95

2012, : 80


()
.: 210 8192601, FAX: 210 2467682


( )
/
()
( )
()
( )
()
( )
.: 210 8192615
&

() -

()

/
.: 210 8079444 - 210 8192040

/

http://www.haf.gr/el/articles/epitheorisi.asp

aero_epi@yahoo.gr

38

,

,


.

,

(Stealth) ,
. .

.
,



-

2002, .
100
, .. . 5
1912
.
,
.
.
forum .

()

,





.



- , ,


,

.
,


( )
,

.
, ,
,
. ,
.
. . . ,

,

.


95 2012

( 35
21 22
1974
..

30
(Stealth)
()
IV ()
IK IV (I)

56
384 2002

()

70

..

82
-
()


95 2012

118
:

132

() ..

158

:

()

184
AMELIA MARY EARHART
()

192

()


(
3 5

2 1
22 1974)

..

*:
,
.


95

2012

21 22 1974
.
(15) , NORATLAS, 354
(),

(35 ) (115 )
.
.
, ,
,
,
- - .
, .

.
, ,
.


.


,

.

1930,
, .
, (/, , RADARS)
.
, , . ,
.
, :
-
.
- .
- -, -
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
- -
-
. ,

NORATLAS.
6


95 2012

.
- ,

.
, ,
,
.
.




.
.
,

, , - -
.

, -, , , - .
.
.
, ,
,

,
. ,

. ,
,
.

J
.

,

.
. -
-
, .
1959-60 .
. .
.

.

.

. . -

, , ,
,
.

,
,
(;) .
.


, , .

(
)
. ,
.
.

1974 . .

.
.

.


.
.


,

. , , .

.
.
,
,
. ,
.

10 70

.

. -


95 2012

. .
,
. Dacota (C - 47) . ,
,
.
.

1960 .
.
, , C-130 C-160,
.
.
,
,
.
NORATLAS (ND2501).
1968 -

354
.
354 NORATLAS
354 .
NORATLAS
. , (

).
, NORATLAS

.
.
,

- , .
.
.
.

. /.
,
. .
,

.
. BULGARIA

.
, , . .

.

NORATLAS
:
-
12.000 (
) .
- RADAR .
- .
30
12.000 14.000
.
, .
-
(REVERSE).
.
-
.
5,5 4,5 .
NORATLAS :
- .
- .
- .
- .

(
38) .
- 30
.

- 18

.
- ,
, .

. ,
. .
(
) ,
.
. ,
, .

1972
.
1.
, ,
10


95 2012

].


:
-
-
- ( )
-
-
-
-
-

-
-

-
-

.
( )

_ 1974.
. NORATLAS
4500

. . .
( )
. . .

.
5 10


.
.
NORATLAS.

.

.
. .
( )
. 354 .
,
.


. . .



, NORATLAS :
- 1000 kg . 4500
kg 3500 kg.
-
.
.
- ,

.
-

.
-
.

11

- ,
.
,
,
.

1974
(1 21)
1 1974 . . , .
,
.
. .

12


95 2012

.
15 . . .


,

()
, 19
20 .
, ,
.
. ,
,
( ,
...) -

.
NORATLAS

. , ,
.
,
. 20 21 ,
.
.

(112 )

.

.
.
,
, .
.

.

.
, ,
,
.
. NORATLAS
21 1974.

,

,

.
400
.
. 4
Boeing 707

,

. .
T 21
. Boeing
.


.
/.
: NORATLAS.
.

.
.


, .

.


.
.


.
,


13

.


J

,
354 NORATLAS.


(AIR LIFT OPERATIONS)
,

, .
.
,
( ) ()
, -

14


95 2012

(
, ...).

,

:
-
,
.
- , ,

/, ,
.
-
(


).

- / /,

(RADARS, ,
, ,
. ).
-
.
- ,
,
.
- (
- ).
-
,
,

.
-

:
- .
- (
).
- , ,
.
- .
-


.
-
.




(, ,
).
,


, ,
/, ,

. ,
, ,

,
.

) -
18:10 21-7-74 (
) :
NORATLAS
. 115 .
. / (/)
. . .
. (

15

9-
,

).


. 115
. /
, 5 , . .
.
16


95 2012

.
, ,
(READINESS).
.

115 .

(R/T).
. . , R/T

.
.
,

, , ,
...

.
()
3-5/8 (CU-STcu),

(IFR),
.
, Radar (GCA),
,

,
, NORATLAS DACOTA.




. .
115


. .
, , .
.



NORATLAS.
,
.

,

340 / .

.

,
.

.
/,
,

. NORATLAS
DACOTA .
,

.

/,

.
DACOTA
.

. , .

22:00

.

,
24:00
(20) NORATLAS
.

. .

17


.



( .
RADAR ).
,

.

, .

, .
,
.
/ ,

.
.
,

. ,
1000.
,
.
,

.
.

. 18


95 2012

24:00. , ,

.
.


340 /
, ,
...
, . .
. ,



.
:
. . .

50% ,

.
,
, ,
.
. . ,
.


, .
. ,
,
( ) .

15 . ,
,
,
.
354 ,

,

. . .
. . .
. ,
, _
, , ,

, .

)
,
,
.
FIR.
- .

120 130
, ,
. ,
,
550 4 .
80 %

.
.


,

.


,

.


1000.

.

. 46 C
. ,
. .

,
.

/ .

.

.

)

NORATLAS
5000 ,
751 .
,

19

.
,
VOR

.
R/T .
, ,
:
-
.
-
.
-
2000 .
-

,
.
-
.
,
.
.

20


95 2012


/ ,


.
8 5
, ,

.

5000-6000
. .
/
. . ,

,



.
2000

(),
,
.
500 600

(

).

.


.
R/T
/ -




. -
,
.
, .
.
,
. . .
,
, ,
.

. ,
.

)
,

,
,
( ) .
,

,
,
.
.

.
.

,
,
.
300 - 500.

C.
.
.
. , ,
, ,

.

. ,
. RADAR

.
,
.
,
,

21


, ,

80 100 . .

. .
, NORATLAS
.
.

.
30 50.
. . . .


.

.

FIR
F-102.
. . R/T
.
22


95 2012


.

. (.).

)
( 354 )
15 NORATLAS. 35
.
, -
-
,
. 15 13 ( 87%)
.
( 13 14)

.
(2) . 4
.

4 27
- (1) . 6,
,

. (2) (9) .
.
(1) 3


.
.
3 6
5 .
12

,

.




12 ].
9 .
.
9
( ) .


. ,
,
. -

.


.




.
,



112 115 ( ),
.

.
. .

.
, ,
.
Dacota. 35 .
.
115

NORATLAS.

/ .


.

23

. .

, .

.
.
,
. 24:00 15 20
NORATLAS .
(5)
,
,

24


95 2012


.


(20)
.


.

.
, , ,
,
,
.

(NDBVORTACAN) . .


13
.


.
.

.
14
, ,
.


.

. . .
.
,
, ,
,
, 4 -
133 NORATLAS .
, ,
29 , , .

, ,
, ,
,
.
. ,
,
, , ,
.
,


.
.

.
,

, , ,
, .
, ,


.
.


.
.
. , .
, , :

;


.
.
.

.
,
,

. ,
,

, . .

. 35
,

.

.

25



. .
.
.

, ,

.
.
35
NORATLAS.



22 1974
.
.
NORATLAS ,
,
.

112 . 23/7
,
.
.

() .

,
26


95 2012

. .

.
.
.
,
23
.

NORATLAS,
,
. .
.
. NORATLAS
.
. .
(3)
.
C-130. ,

. NORATLAS . .

354
. , ,
,
21 22
1974 .
:
- .
- .
- 354 .
- (15)
.
- (15)

.
- .
- 133 NORATLAS
29
:
- .
-

.

,
- ,
,
.

.


, .
4









:
























.
,
,

. -

- 1
:

:
:

:

27

: 135
- 2
:
:
:

:
: 140
- 3
:
:

:
:
: 207
4 (
)
:

:
:
: 133
- 5
:

:

:
: 234
- 6
:
:

28


95 2012

:
: 139

- 7
:

:

:
: 220

- 8
:
:
:

:
: 144
- 9
:

:
:

:

: 142
- 10
:

:
:

:
: 222
- 11
:

:

:
: 189
- 12
:

:

:

: 143
- 13
:

:

:
: 151
- 14
:

:
:

:
: 132

: 187


.. ()

( 9). 1938
1958
32 .
4500 33, F-84, F5A/B, NORATLAS CL215. 339 /,
337 354
354 ..
129 .. 1985.

- 15
:

:

: -

29

(Stealth)
() ,
IV () ,
V (I)

, .

, , . , ,
,
,
.

30


95 2012


(STEALTH)

31

Stealth,


" ".

,


,
1: / Ho 229, / ( ),
.
,
/


,
"Stealth",


(
.
)
,
.

Stealth,
,
(
) ,
.

,
. ,
Stealth
,
RCS (Radar Cross
,
Section). .

RCS.
,
"
" F-35,
,
32


95 2012

. ,
.
1.

(X..) "Low
Observability" Stealth


(/)
,
.


(/), , , ,
,
, - , - .

: '
,
,

.

'30,

.

(Radar Cross
Section RCS) /,


.
2 , / ..,

. ,
/, .., Horten Ho 229. 1944-5
,

.
,

/.
'80, Northrop Grumman

Ho 229
1,

,
.
2009 National Geographic

2. , Ho 229
.
,
1950,
Avro Vulcan

(STEALTH)

33

3 ( ),
,
.

/ ( )
..

/4.
1958
CIA "Kelly" Johnson

Skunk
Works

Lockheed /
, U-2 (

2: / SR-71 Blackbird Lockheed,


, RAM (Radar-Absorbent Materials).


..
, /,

.
/ U-2
Lockheed '50


(70.000-80.000
ft), RCS ,
34


95 2012

1960, )
(3,2 Mach).
,
1964
/ SR-71 Blackbird
,
(90.000ft),
(3,3 Mach). To / SR-71 ,
,







. ,
,
SR-71 3: / F-117A Nighthawk Lockheed . 1998 Stealth /. 1981, ,
2008.
,
6. U-2 .

,
/
'60, Pyotr
,
Ufimtsev /



.
RCS. ,
/

F-117 Nighthawk7.
F-117 1975
, "Hope
less Diamond" (

"Hope Diamond", 5
. , "Le
bleu de France")
USAF (
.



stealth
)

stealth.
,
Lockheed 1989, 1

1991 (
RCS,
1300 ,
(STEALTH)

35

1600
),
1999, 2001
2
2003. 2008,
/
stealth ,
F-22.
27-03-99,
, F-117

. - SA-3
( '60) , /.

.
(/) "
" (
),


/
,
/ stealth,
7.
/
/ F-168.
, F-117,

7.
,
..

,
36


95 2012

/ ,

/ . ,
/ stealth
,
.

2.
(RADAR CROSS SECTION
RCS)
RCS



/ ""
/ . ,
(
),

.
9, RCS

4




. ,
,
d

,
10:
scat 2
=lim 4 d2 E

d

inc 2

E scat E inc .
RCS
.
,

, ,
/
,


11. RCS
(
, m). RCS

. ,
RCS 12:

= x x

:


""

.

.





()
( ).
RCS


.
, :
.

.
/ .

.
/ .
,




- .
,


.
RCS :

4
RCS

(STEALTH)

37

. 4: RCS
(
).

( ). ,
RCS
/ .
,

( )12:

( ),

:
38


95 2012


(

). , RCS
=2r,
r .
.., 1
m2, 1,13
m,
1 GHz , RCS 1 m2.
(


(200 m )

RCS (m2)

14000

13

100 - 125

3, 13, 16, 19

(25 m)

100

13

B-26 Marauder

100

13

IXE

100

11, 16

C-130 Hercules

80

13

Boeing 707

60

13

Tupolev Tu-160 Blackjack

15

F-15 Eagle

10 - 25

17, 16

Su-27 Flanker

10 - 15

17

F-4 Phantom

6 - 10

3, 13

Mig-29 Fulcrum

17

F-16 A

16

1-3

16, 17, 19

11

M-2000

1-2

17

F-16 C

1,2

16, 19

T-38 Talon

13

11

Eurofighter

<1

3, 19

F-18 E/F Super Hornet

<1

17, 18, 19

F-16 IN*

<1

14

Rafale C

<1

3 , 14, 19

0,75 - 1

3, 13, 20

Tomahawk

0,5

16

Exocet, Harpoon

0,1

19

B-2 Spirit

<0,1

0,01

11,16

F-117A Nighthawk

0,025

F-35 Lightning II

0,0015 - 0,005

16, 17, 19

F-22 Raptor

0,0001 - 0,0005

16,17

0,000001

11

-52 Stratofortress

F-18 C/D Hornet

B-1B Lancer

1: RCS .
, , /
/. "" ( ), -Band (8 12 GHz) ("head on"),
.
* F-16 IN: / F-16 , MMRCA
(Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft).


(STEALTH)

39

5: RCS ,
() (). , ,
12..

leigh),


:
, RCS
.

..
.

RCS
:
Mie),

: RCS .
RCS

,
=2r ,
. ,
RCS

.
10 .,
955 MHz,
RCS 0,063 m2,
, .. 10
GHz, RCS 0,016 m2.

( Ray40


95 2012

5,
RCS ,
,
,

max=4 w2 h2 /2 =4 w2 h2 f 2 /c2 ,
w h
, f
/ c .
RCS . 1m2
RCS 14.000
m2 10 GHz
.
, RCS . ,
. ,

6: RCS
(m2) dBsm (deciBell square meter, 1 m2) 13.

, .

RCS
, ,
ref 1 m2:
dBsm=10 log (/ref ).
6
(m2) dBsm (deciBell
square meter, 1 m2).
7
RCS / (
-26)
() /
Stealth . -26,
/,
RCS ,
,
/ Stealth
RCS ,

, RCS
. , RCS

7: RCS / / Stealth15.
Stealth / -
, .


(STEALTH)

41


, .

RCS .., / . ,
RCS /
. ' ' ,
1 RCS
/ .
, , /,

RCS, / F-16,

RCS .

RCS
,
.
, ,
,
11:
Rmax=

Pt GAe
(4)2 Smin

Rmax
, Pt , G Ae

, RCS
Smin
,
""
. ,
Pt ,

8: ( km) RCS
( dBsm): L-Band ("L-Band surveillance"), / ("AI radar" Airborne Interceptor Radar) - ("Seeker"), XBand.

42


95 2012

G, Ae Smin
,
4
4

RCS : Rmax 
,
""
RCS 1 m ( /) 200 (..),
RCS 5
m ( ) 299 .. (

255 ..), RCS 0,1
m ( ..)
112 .. RCS
0,001 m (/ stealth) 36 ..

/,
. 8,
,
L-Band
(1 2 GHz),
/ X-Band (8 12 GHz)

-, XBand10.

3.
RCS

RCS (Shaping),


(Radar-Absorbent Materials
RAM),
(Passive Cancellation)
(Active Cancellation)10, 13.



( ,
).
RCS

/

(
).
F-117A,
, .




"" / .
, ,
(, , , )
/ RCS / stealth.
,
/


(STEALTH)

43

/. ,
/ stealth
.
,
RCS
. , , ,


.
- -. /
""
.
,

, ,
.
, / .., ,
F-117
SR-71,
, B-2
Spirit.
,

/ stealth
(.. F-117A),
(.. F-22

44


95 2012

),

.

.
,


/,
,
.

, /

(Fly By Wire).

,
RAM (Radar-Absorbent
Materials),

,
.
,

,
(.., , ). RAM
,

.

,

, RCS
21.

,

(Iron Ball Paint),
.
/
,
/
. RAM
,
. ,
RAM


/.
RAM,
/
""
, ,
/ .

(Passive cancellation) "Impedance loading"
,
-

-
10.

,


22,

.

/, . ,
,
RCS. ,
.

(Active cancellation
Active loading)
,

"" ,

10.
""
,
,


.


(STEALTH)

45

, ,
,

"" ,
. ,
"" ,
.
/ Rafale
35, 36.
,
,

,
"plasma stealth"
"Active
stealth". 24, 25, 26,

(),
/.
/

/ ,
/ . ,
/
. , 46


95 2012

,


/. 27
1999
. ' ' , ,
,
.

4. /
STEALTH
RCS
.., RCS,

(InfraRed IR),
.

.
/


. /
..
.

- (Turbofan),
,


.

/,
..,
,

.
,
..
.


. , /

, . /

.
/ stealth
().
USAF /
stealth
,

, ( Yehoudi)4.
,

28.
IR, /

,

, . ,
F-117
-2 (Afterburner),
IR
.
IR
,


.
.


, F-117 B-2
Spirit. ,

.

, ,
(
).
,
,
.
, / ..

(STEALTH)

47

/ ..
.
Rockwell B-1
Lancer ()
/ -1
Rockwell ( Boeing)
9: -2 Spirit Northrop Grumman.
80 "" JDAM 500 (-82).

(52,4 m , 478 m2 ),
RCS 0,1 m2.
,
,
, ..,
,
, IFF, ( ) 1974.
, / (
, .

'80) ,
.. (RCS < 1 m2). 100 / 3, 13,
20, 30.
.
, Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit
()
(Low ProbaTo / -2
bility of Intercept)
,
APG-77 F-22,
" "
"" /

,
.. (RCS < 0,1 m2).
, ""
29
: 1989.
.
20 / 3, 31.
5. /

48


95 2012

Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22


Raptor ()
To / F-22 Raptor
, /,
-

,


- ,
.
: 1997.
RCS
0,0001 m2,
/ stealth.

- 10: / F-22A Raptor Lockheed Martin. Stealth / .
RCS 0,0001 m2 (head on),
.
,
, , , , (
/ . (187

/ ),
/
16,
17,
32
).

.
,
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning

II ()
/ F-35
, / stealth (,
, ). :
2006. 3
: F-35A ( / /), F35 ( /
/) F-35C
( ).
,
: . ,
, , -

11: / F-35 Lockheed Martin


, . RCS
0,0015 m2 (head on) .


(STEALTH)

49

USAF33. F-35,
,

,
.
Dassault Rafale ()
/ Rafale
Dassault Aviation
. / stealth, ..
F-22 F-35. ..,
RCS /,

MMRCA 14.


"Active cancellation"
35.
, Rafale, SPECTRA34, 35,
36. 19-03-11,

, / Rafale
(SEAD Suppression of Enemy Air Defense),

37, 40.
, , 100 Tomahawk. ,
50


95 2012

23 Rafale " ".


Rafale


..
Boeing F-15SE Silent Eagle
()
Silent Eagle F-15E
Boeing,
/,
,
RCS42. , , ,

,
RAM
.
Boeing
.. /
5 43,
F-15SE
.. F-35, , F-15SE stealth
44.

Sukhoi PAK FA
()
T Sukhoi PAK FA
5
,

stealth
OKB
Sukhoi38.

12: -50 Sukhoi PAK FA. PAK FA


2010 / 5 , Stealth.
, 2015-2016.
. / stealth.

" / 5 " (Fifth
CHENGDU J-20 ()
Generation Fighter Aircraft FGFA), To J-20 , Mig-29 Su / 5 39. 27.
..
.., ,

, Chengdu Aircraft
. Industry Group. :

2011. 2017-2019.
,

. 2


/ stealth:

CHENGDU J-20

(STEALTH)

51

/
.

.

Chengdu J-20

.

(UAV, UCAV)
/, (Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle - UAV) (Unmanned Combat
Aerial Vehicle - UCAV),

stealth.
41:
 Boeing X-45 ()
 BAE Taranis BAE Systems
(. )
 Dassault nEUROn (,
, , ,
, )
 EADS Barracuda (,
)
 Lockheed Martin RQ-170
Sentinel ()
 Northrop Grumman X-47B
()
 MiG Skat Mikoyan ().

52


95 2012

/
,
/, ,

. stealth
.
/

(RCS) .
/ 4
,
/ 5
RCS,
stealth.
, ,
/ stealth
,
,
, , , / .
,


, /,

/
stealth F-35,
-

stealth
,
,
] , .

stealth,
,
,
,
.

Weapons Division, Avionics


Department, Electronic Warfare
Division, lectronic warfare and radar
systems engineering handbook, NAWCWPNS TP 8347, w / Rev 2 of 1 April
1999 and later changes,
http://www.dtic.mil/cgibin/GetTRDoc?AD =ADA452799.
13 David K. Barton, Sergey A. Leonov,
Eds, Radar Technology Encyclopedia
(Elec-tronic Edition), Artech House,
1998.
14

Ashley J. Tellis, Dogfight! India's


Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft
decision, Carnegie Endowment for
Interna-tional Peace, 2011.
15

( ):
3

Doug Richardson, Stealth Warplanes,


Zenith Press, 2001.

P.Ya. Ufimtsev, Method of Edge


Waves in the Physical Theory of
Diffraction, Soviet Radio, Moscow,
1962.

18 Bill Sweetman, "EADS Knows LO",


Aviation Week, 23-05-07, http://aviationweek.typepad.com/ares/2007/05/eads_
knows_lo.html.
20

Jim Cunningham, "The New Old


Threat: Fighter Upgrades and What
They Mean for the USAF", Air
Chronicles, 03-12-97,
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?
Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD
=ADA332536

M.W. Browne, "Lockheed credits


Soviet theory in design of F-117",
Aviation Week Space Technology, p.
27, December 1991.

F. Jay, (ed. in chief), IEEE Standard


Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic
terms, ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1984, 3rd
edition, IEEE Press, New York, 1984.

22

Cpt Douglas H. Casanova, USAF, "A


rigorous UTD analysis of electromagnetic scattering from resistive strips and
resistive-loaded conducting strips",
Thesis AFIT/GEIENG/9 1D-09, Dec. 91,
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?
AD=ADA243691

10

Eugene Knott, John F. Schaeffer,


Michael T. Tuley, Radar Cross
Sections, SciTech Publishing Inc, 2nd
revised edition, 2004.

11

Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction to


Radar Systems (2nd edition), McGraw
Hill Book Company, 1981.

12

Lt.Col. Arend G. Westra, "Radar versus stealth - Passive radar and the
future of U.S. Military power", Joint
Force Quarterly, no.55, Oct. 09,
pp.136-143
http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq
-55/22.pdf

23

USN, Naval Air Systems Command,

Rafale International, "Fox Three"


no.15 http://www.dassaultaviation.com/ fileadmin/
user_upload/redacteur/Defence/Rafale/


(STEALTH)

53

FoxThree_Fox15.pdf
28

David Hambling, "Cloak of Light


Makes Drone Invisible?", Wired, 09-0508, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/05/invisible-drone
34

Bill Sweetman, "Killer Angels",


Journal of Elecrtonic Defense, Nov.
2002, http://www.fighterplanes.com/info/rafale.htm
35

, Dassault
Rafale, F.3
-, , 39,
.-.09, .32-49,
http://www.interception.gr /app/ webroot/
objects/39_DASSAULT_RAFALE.pdf
36 Bill Sweetman, "A Stealthier Rafale?",
posted in Aviation Week, 05-04-10,
http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.asp
x?plckBlogId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc842d0-bd3a01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3a27
ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a01329aef79a7Post% 3aa516b9ad-cec24ad8-b583-d79faa5b3052
37

Briganti, Giovanni. "Rafale in


Combat: War for Dummies", posted
in Defense-aerospace, 31 May 2011,
http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/feature/125860/rafale-in-combat%3A-%E2%80%9Cwar-for-dummies% E2%80%9 D.html
40

Hoyle Craig, "France's Rafale fighter


proves its 'omnirole' skills", Flight
International, 14 June 2011,
http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/frances-rafale-fighter-proves-itsomnirole-skills-357687/
43

Stephen Trimble, "F-15 Silent Eagle


Media Briefing", posted in FlightGlobal
Blogs, 17-03-09, http://www.flightglobal.com/ blogs/the-dewline/2009/03/f-15silent-eagle-media-briefi.html

54


95 2012

: ( 30-04-12)
1

http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pa
ges/ news_releases.html?d=167827
2

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ne
ws/ 2009/06/090625-hitlers-stealthfighter-plane. html
4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_tec
hnology
7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_
F-117_ Nighthawk
8

http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/hta
da/ articles/20051121.aspx
16

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ stealth-aircraft-rcs.htm

17 http://www.defence.pk/forums/military-fo-rum/20908-rcs-different-fighters.html
19

http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~dheb
/ 2300/ Articles/PG/PGSA.htm
21

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarabsorbe-nt material
24

http://www.militaryheat.com/43/russian-pla-sma-stealthfighters/
25

http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/
thread89869/pg1
26

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_ste
alth
27

http://air-attack.com/page/19

29

http://www.globalsecurity.org/mili-

tary/systems/aircraft/systems/an-apg77.htm
30

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1B_Lancer

31

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2

32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22

33

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35

38

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK_FA

IV () , V (I)
, "
(
"Stealth") - / F-35".
2011-2.

39

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_J
-20
41

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft
42

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Eagl
e
44

http://www.airforce-magazine.com/
DRArchive/Pages/2009/March%202009
/March%2023%202009/Clarification.as
px


(STEALTH)

55


384 2002

()

2002,
/ AS-332 (Super Puma)
..

SRR/FIR
.
, 43 .

/ .. 8.

, , .
..
..
.
Shephard Media,

.

- .

56


95 2012


.

/ AS-332 (Super
Puma), 2002
358
, 384
. ,
..
.
384
1958 112 ,
, 357 , (4)
/ Sikorsky H-19D ( 1), /

.
.

.
-212 VIP
352
.

1: Sikorsky H-19

1967 13
/ Sikorsky -19
( 2). 1969 357

359 ,
.
1970
.
, 1971,
/ H-19
Augusta-Bell
-205 1 ( 3),
-, Augusta-Bell -206 (
4),
. 1976 (6) -205
(2) -212 ( 5), , -

3: AB-205

2: 357

1981
(2) -212 1983.
1981 (5)
Boeing CH-47C ( 6),
,
..
.
1983 358
/ CH-47C, AB-205,
B-212 AB-206.
112
/ . , 358
. 1988 / CH47C
. / -206
2002.
1999 / Eurocopter
AS-332 C1 (Super Puma) (
7),
(3) 2000.
2003
AS-332 C1
Combat SAR (C/SAR) ( 8)

384 2002

57

4: AB-206


, (3) / Augusta -109 Power

( 9).
/ 358
, . 27 2006
384
/ AS-332. 358

-205 -212,
()
/ -109,
/

/. 21
2011


-109

358 .

2004

(5). 2011
(2) AS-332 C1
C/SAR.
(4) AS-332


,
.
5: B-212


. ..
(8),
,
.
/ ..

NVGs. ,
IR , ] ,
,
hois.
2003,
,

6: CH-47C

58


95 2012

.

1.


2002 AS-332 C1 (Super Puma)



Aydin Kaptan,
7: AS-332 C1 (Super Puma)
. , (
10),


. 19:00 Super
, 230 Puma
. 30 ,
2520
.. ,


, (2)

(), (1)
hoist


(), (1)

- (

-
(), (2) 8: AS-332 C1 C/SAR
).
-

(). 23:55 30
2519, ,
. 00:35 (2/1/2002),
, SOS

S-70B
(Aegean Hawk) 2 ,
-

58. 58, 02:30
.. (/) ,

.

9: -109 Power

2520


384 2002

59


. 2519
/
.

2. Active
Endeavour
Aydin Kaptan
1
2002. 230

HMS
, Beagle
( 11), .



.


,

Super Puma
,

,
/ ,


,
. ,
, /
.
HMS Beagle
Super Puma.

2/1/2002,

2520


,
,

. .
,
/,
,


11: HMS Beagle

,
.
2/1/2000 02:00


SPS Extremadura ( 12),
10: Aydin Kaptan

60


95 2012

, Active
Endeavour ,
. To SPS
Extremadura,
, Aydin
Kaptan,
HMS Beagle
.
,

Amsterdam ( 13), Active Endeavour. On Scene Coordinator


, IAMSAR Manual.


Aydin
Kaptan . ,




.
3.
12:35,

12: SPS Extremadura


.
4 kts
.
2 ,
,
40
.
,

.


HNLMS

13: HNLMS Amsterdam



,
2519
/ ,
.
58, /
13:05 .
, -


384 2002

61

,

45 knots
55 knots,
1000 ft,

8.
2519
,

,
. , ,

,
,
Super Puma .
,
2519



.

60-70 .

/

- ,
/
,
.
25

, , , ( ) .
62


95 2012




.


,
,
,
. ,
.
Super Puma
HNLMS Amsterdam,
SPS
Extremadura,

.

.
,
,
030. /
,
3 7 knots.
,
-
( 78, ).
:

]
,

.


,
,
.


/,
.
40-50



deck

.
14: Billy Pugh

.
harness


hoist,


/.
/

.

hoist



billy pugh,
,
( 14).
, . , hoist operator hoist




. .

, billy pugh
40 knots,


,
hoist -
/

. (bingo).

hoist ,

.
19 : 16
,
, 1
deck
, 2
/

.
.
-

384 2002

63

15:

,

,
/.
bingo , /
.
HNLMS Amsterdam
Super Puma,

. 2519 ,

(
15). , , .

( 40 knots,
, 1,5
),
1 20 .
- .

64


95 2012

2519 ,
58 ( 16),
/
.

,
Super Puma. ,
58 .

,

,
4 .
-.

, /
HNLMS Amsterdam ,
..
.
. 5

, 31
hoist,

19 , 16 () 1 .
hoist
.
58

HNLMS
Amsterdam ,
.
2519

.

/ 16:40

17:15,

. 58


Super
Puma. ,

,
Aegean
Hawk, 54,

. ,
16:15 .
45
knots, HNLMS Amsterdam

2519
8, Aydin Kaptan

.
.

,
spectrolab (
)
.
2519
manual .
.

16: S-70B-6 Aegean Hawk

2-3

. ,
,
3 hoist
4
. 45 ,
.

, . HNLMS Amsterdam Super Puma
SPS
Extrtemadura ,

58.
. , 54
,
,
,

.
2519 ,
.


384 2002

65

Super Puma
,

. 3
2002, . Aydin Kaptan



SPS Extrtemadura HNLMS
Amsterdam.

.

4.

(43) :
. 2519
(23) ,
(1) , (20)
(2) .
. 58
(20) , (16)
(4)
( SPS Extremadura).
. 54 (2)
HNLMS Amsterdam
(
).
,
Aydin Kaptan
2 , ,
. , 2002,

1,45 .

66


95 2012

5.
, ,



43
, .


-
,
- ,
- 2001- 2002. Shepard
Media,


.

Access Intelligence (Aviation
Today),

,
-
, .

( 17)
- - , Brighton
. ..
2519, o 384
(
() . )
.

- 2 2002,
-

17:

, :
2519 (AS-332C1 Super
Puma) / 384 / ..
:
() _
:
()
:
()
:
()
-:
/ ()
-:
/ ()
58 (S-70B-6 Aegean Hawk) / 2
/ ..
:
()
:
()
Radar-Hoist:

(/)
:
()
-:
()
54 (S-70B-6 Aegean Hawk) / 2
/ ..
:
()
:
()
Radar-Hoist:
(/)
:
()
:
(/)
-:
(/)


384 2002

67

18: 2519
384 2

- (Special Projects)
Allied Forces Southern Europe 2002 Press
Releases (http://www.manp.nato.int/JFCN
_Archives/2002releases.htm)
http://news.in.gr/greece/article/?aid=351088
Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
(http://www.wrmea.com/component/content/article/237/4051-issues-in-thenews.html)
Hellenic
Resources
Network
(http://www.hri.org/news/greek/apeen/2002/
02-01-03_1.apeen.html)
The Guardian (http://www.guardian.co.uk/
world/2002/jan/03/3)
Ship and Harbor Photos (http://www.shipsandharbours.com/picture/number3620.asp)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category
:Extremadura_%28F-75%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS_Amsterd
am_%28A836%29
http://www.eunavfor.eu/2010/11/eu-navforthanks-hlmns-amsterdam-after-more-than-2months-of-operations
http://www.hellenicnavy.gr

68


95 2012

http://www.haf.gr
358 . () .
384

..

70


95 2012

71

1912


, .
,
, .

.

,
.
,


.
.


.


.
( ,
,
) .




.
:
72


95 2012


.


,

,
, .
,
,

.


.


].

,

.





.
5 1912
.


(6
1 ) .
.


.


,
,
,
.

,

,

,
. -


,


.






.
13
,

.


.
.


,
.


.
,

,
.
.

73

, ,
V 24.000
, ,
.
,

:
.


.


,
.

.


,


,
-

74


95 2012

, V,

.
,

, V

24/25 ,


,
.

, ,

.

]

.

. ,
,
. .

,


,



.
.
-

.

,




24 1912.
, ,
, 23:00
26 1912,
,
,
.

.


.
,



,
.


,


!

-


,


.
.
,


.

. ,

.


,
.
,
. ,

75

,

. , , ,
.

.
V . ,

.

.


,
.


, :
.




.

.




76


95 2012


.

.
19-20
1913,

35.000
100 .



. .


.

3 1912
5 1913,

.


.
_ 1913
,
:
.


.

16 1913. 19

. ,
, -



. .



.
] ,
.


.
.

, ], .
,




,


].

.


,


.

,
.


.

,
.
.
,
, 6 15 .
.

77


.

,

.
.





.

78


95 2012



-


,

.
,

16-17 ,

. 17
1913

.

, 18 .

17 1913.
.



.


.


, -

19101912. ,
,
.
,

(

),
. ,
] ,

,

. ,

,


. ,
: ;

. ,
, ,
, ,
, .
1912-13.

,
.


.

1 ,
,
15
1913,
,
, ,
,
,

1912-13.
,




,


.

,

, -

79




.

.

,
. .

,
,






. 80


95 2012





1378


.




47 1549
.



,



,

, , , , , , , , , ,




.

,

,
,
.
!

81

-
,
.
,

()

82


95 2012


:
,

, ,

()
( ), .

,
(,
), ,
,
,
.
,

2010, 1,8%1 87%
.
21 .

, : ()
,
()
() .

83

2,
-



2010
1,383 , 87,4
,
,
40
. 77,2% -
()3,
41,5% ,


.

] 73 78,

3
34 /,


4.

264,5 . ,
19,1%
10 .
/ , 12% .

54,4%
( :137 ./, :

84


95 2012

115 ./, : 101,5 ./


: 97,8
./),
5.
,


126,1 .
9,1%
, 188,7 .
13,6%.
,

: .

,
,

,
,
,

.
,



.
30,5%6

,
75%,
(International

Energy Agency)
7.

,
.
,


75,8 .
, 40,5%
. ,

29,6 . ,
15,8%
25,3 .
, 13,5%.

63,1 .
, 33,7% .
:
44,8
. , 23,9%
8 . -

, 4,3%.
, ,
1, .
(87-88%)
, /
/ (37/27/23
21/54/14 ). ,
,
.


/

,
,
2010

85


. .
,
8, ,

.
,

,


9,
,
.
86


95 2012





, .
. ,
20
,

.
10,
A. Mahan,
N. Spykman . Mackinder.
( .
)
(, , ),

. Mackinder
,
Heartland,
Spykman ,
Rimland (. 1)
Mackinder 11.

(containment)
Truman
. 14-3-1947,



Monroe, . ,
-


.
Truman12
,
,



.
. : ,

.
,
90,
,


75% ,
60%
. Brzezinski
:
,

.
,
,
.13
,
Brzezinski

(. 2)
.
,
,
14.
, ,
. ,

87

, ,


( ),
15.



1990

,
,

-

88


95 2012


,


.


Monroe,

,
16. ,

,



.
,
17.
18.
.

,
, .
. 30 /



.
.

(], )
(, . )
.
.
(..) (], , , ) ..
-

,
.




,
1998. ,

,

Putin
,
2000, 2003

, :



,
19.
Gazprom, ,
,
,


Dmitry Medvedev ,
2008,
Gazprom20.

89



.
,

,
..
.


. , ,
. ,
1920
,

] . 21,

.


. ,
: ) (
),
,

( . Nabucco, ITGI,
TAP)
, ) .
,
) .
90


95 2012

- , ,


)

,
,
,
.
90%
, 98% , 99%
,
100%
88% , 40%

,

, ,
31 .
.
,
,

,


_ 22.
,
,
CIA (
Ajax) Mosaddegh
1953
23,
-


1980-1988,


.
, 1988

,

1990.
, ,

199624,
G. Bush
,
,
25
,

. ,
Assad
, ,

,


.




.



,

(, )
(, ),
. ,

, Truman,
, 1980


26. ,
: )
, )

, )
. ( ) ) ,

,

.



,

, ,


-

91

, Saddam
Hussein
. ,
,
, .


( 1991, 2003),

G. Bush,
, ] 27.

Hussein,


28. ,

Hussein

29.


Hussein
.
:

]
1973 .


30. ,

. , -

92


95 2012

11 ,
31.

11 ,

. Hussein Al Qaeda

.
, ]32


.
33



Paul Wolfowitz34,
.
.


,
.
,

,
. ,


,


35,
.

Bush ,
dominoeffect,
. ,
.
Bush

, . ,

,
.

- -
. ,
Hosni Mubarak :

Osama Bin Laden,
36.



.
19
20 ,
37 -


.
, ,

(
),
.


.


:
.

, .
.
,

.
.
. ,

.
,


,

]

.
.

,

.

-

93

, Cheney
, ]
1998, :

,

,
.38

,
2001

,

,

39,

94


95 2012

.
,



(.
3),
,
, Hamid Karzai
1990 Unocal,

40.

Baku-T-Ceyhan (BTC),
2006

J , (.
4).
1 . /
. ,
BTC
,
:
. H
BTC
]
41. ] 7 . ,
0,5%
. -



(, , , )
42l.


,
39,8 . ,
2,9%.
.
38% 43
. ,


-

95


CPC44 (Caspian Pipeline Consortium), 2006,
2008 BTC.
,

,
2005

45 .
.
-

- (.
4).
2008,
,

96


95 2012


(
)

. ,



,
46.

--].

],
1994 , , ]47.


BTC

. ,
-,

,
]-48. , BTC

, 49,
Saddam .

BTC
-,
( )


. ,
-
1,2 . /50, , BTC,

. ,
BTC,


,

--
15 2007.



BTC,
-
2006 &
2009,

.

(. 5). Nabucco, I.T.G.I
(Interconnector Turkey-Greece-Italy)
T.A.P (Trans Adriatic Pipeline)
- . ,
51
, :
. :
(29,6 , .16%), ]
1,3 , .0,7%. ,

(8 ), (1,8 )
& (1,6 ) 15 52,
,
.
.

BTC.

Nabucco 31 . / ,

97


. ,
I.T.G.I & T.A.P, 11 /
, ,
. ,
-

-
,
.



-
-
( & )
,
, ,
, .
,
,
,
.





.
98


95 2012

Brzezinski ,
, ,

53.
,

.
33%
( 17 )
,

, ,

. 70-80%
. , ]
68% .
1/3

,

1939, .
,

, - ,

:
.
. ,
2006 55% ,

27% . ,
1998,

90%
36% ..
2007, 54
.

] . ,
2010 ]
186,45 ..,
..

13,40 ...55
. .
,

. ,



,

.
. , . ,

2010,
41,74%
28,69%
. ,
.
, , , , , ,
, ,



50,92%
37,74% . ,

,

] ,
2030 .,
33% 22%
200056.


2011 Nord Stream,
25%

80%

( 20%
Yamal-Europe 32,9 /57). ,
80%
65%
, 80%
, 90% 100% 58.
,

,

59 :
.
,
2006
2008 .
. ],
,
Yushchenko - 2008.

99

. ].
.

.
.
,


.
.
, Gazprom, 2009
.-.

100


95 2012

.


Nord & South Stream
-


,


.
-

.
,

(Nord Stream)
(South Stream).
,



-
. ,


(. 6),
65%,60
:
.

,
,

,
.
.

-,

,

.
Nord Stream

2011, 27,5 /



. ,
2012

55
/.61
South stream


28-12-2011,
2012
31/
62 /.


,


,
62 (.
7): () ---, () ---, () ---
&
--.

.
, South Stream


63:
. :
31/,
,
64. ,
,
62 /, .
. / : ,
28-12-201165 --

101

- , 16 201066.
,
16
2011 EDF ] Gazprom-ENI

67,

.

. ,

,
,

,

BTC. ,

102


95 2012



,
.

- ,

,

:
. ,
-
, (-) -


. ,

,
,

. ,

.


,
]
/
,

- -.
,

,


( : 28 /10
1920), -
68.
,
,


, .

-,


,


. ,



( ),
,


, ,
,
,
,


.
80%
( ) ]
, ,

69.
,
-,

,
. - ,
A. Davutolu,
,

-

103


, ,
70.
, Davutolu,
, ,

,
-
,


,
, ,

,

71. ,
-
,
, 72:
. /
(
, ,



).
. (
/ ,
).

104


95 2012

,

. ,
-,
. ,
,

Assad,

(
),

,
. ,
- ,



PKK PJAK
201173,
,

,

74. ,
] 2009,

75,
,

76.


,
.

.

,
.

.
, ..
, Obama
G. Bush
,

. ,

:
.
,



()


,

.

Obama:




(Obama 2009).78


..

.
,

. ,
-




, -
-
,
Barack Obama ,
6 7 2009
,
.
,

, . Obama



G. Bush

..-,
77:
. ,

,

.

105

.

, Obama

,


( )
G. Bush , . ,
, -,


.
. (),

,

,

.



,
.

,
-

106


95 2012

.
, , -
- .
,


. ,
,


79
,

(, ,
, ).


-

.

,


. ,

,
,
.


-
-

. ,


,

, 80:
.

2003
,

()

.
.

(.
),
,
.
. ,
-


,

Blue Stream
(. 6),
South
Stream
] ,

,
-, .
,
,



, . ,

:
(
)
-,
. ,

- ,

. Davutolu 81 .
-

107

-- .


,
10 2009.


. ,
]-,

] , .

, , - ,



.82


. South Stream
,
,

,
.

South
Stream,
Nabucco

. ,
108


95 2012




Blue Stream (
) South Stream
.
28
2011 ,

,


Samsun- Ceyhan83.
,
Samsun- Ceyhan,

84:
.

, ,
status
,


;
.


;
.
-
, , ,


;
;



.
,

,

.




,


-,
.
,
:
. (
):





. ,




] ,


,

] .
, ]

. ,
,

] ,

.
.

-.:
,
(. , ),
,
, ,
.
(),
,


,
,

-

109

.

.
.


:

. -
South Stream

.
,

, .
- ,

,

Traicho Traikov 7 2011
85.
,


-

( ),
.


South Stream,

Gazprom
,


110


95 2012

, Putin

86.
, E
-
:

.

..




I.G.B (Interconnector GreeceBulgaria),
...

...
(]
)
] 2009.87
,

,


(
)
.




,

.
,
,
, ,
,

,

.
.

,
, ,
,
.
( , ,
), .

,

.

, . ,
, -


-
.


,
,
,
- ,


,





,
.

BP Statistical Review of World


Energy, June 2011, . 5.
2 ,
,
( 2010), BP
Statistical Review of World Energy,
June 2011,
.
3 :
, , , , .
, , , , , , .

111

. ,
, . ],
,
, ,
2010, . 129-132, Paul
Roberts ,
, , 2006, .
144.
4 ] .
,
, . ], .., .
164-167, 179-180 Paul Roberts,
.. . 145.
5

211 . ,
2/3

,
,

,
. ,



,
, . , , . ], .., . 330-331 Paul
Roberts ,
, , 2006, .
74, 85, 237..
6 . BP Statistical Review of World
Energy, June 2011, . 4
7 . , , ,
2011, . 164, 178
8 . BP Statistical Review of World
Energy, June 2011, Reverse/
Production (R/P) ratio . 6.
9 Paul Roberts, .. . 165-167.
10 . 112


95 2012

. Standard Oil
(Esso) & Royal Dutch Shell,
, . /
.. ,
,
, . 84,
/, (. 70-119), 2008,
. 78 ,
, . ],
.. . 72-74.
11 Mahan, Spykman
Mackinder, . / ..
, . . 76-79.
12 / .. ,
.. . 80, 81.
13 Z.
Brzezinski, The Grand
Chessboard, Perseus Book Group:
New York, 1997, . 194-195,
Lutz Kleveman,
, . ,
2005, . 406.
14

http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.
php ? context=va&aid=6423
15 , -:
, , .., . 15-16, (.
183-203), 2008- 2009,
. 194-196.
16 ,
, .., . 39.
17 Daniel Drezner, The Sanctions
Paradox: Economic Statecraft and
International Relations, Cambridge:
Cambridge Univerity Press:1999 p.
135, . ,
, .., . 38.
18 . . , .. . 42-44.
19 . . , . . 160162.

20

Gazprom, .
,
, . ], ,
, , 2010,
. 317-319.
21
. . , , . ], .., . 64-65, 72-74.
22
. , , . ], .., . 288-290.
23 Stephen Kinzer, All the Shahs
Men.An American Coup and the
Roots of middle East Terror, John
Wiley and Sons, 2003, p.x, :
http://www.en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Iran,
6 Dec 2011, Lutz Kleveman,
, ., . 193
,
, . ], .. .
111-113.
24 D Amato,

,
. ,
, . ], .., .
190.
25 , , , : -, , .., . 15-16, (.
108-132), 2008- 2009,
. 108-132 Lutz Kleveman,
, . ,
2005, . 24, 209, 407 .
26

-

. Lutz Kleveman, .. . 196 -200,


219-228.
27 ,
, . ], .., .
264 Paul Roberts
, .. . 156, 157.
28

,

- .
, . Paul Roberts, ..
. 151-152 , , . ], .., . 186-188.
29
Hussein April Glaspie, 1990 ,
:


. ,

.
,
, . Robert Fisk, Saddam
Hussein: The Last Great Tyrant, The
Independent, December 30, 2000.
: www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/34647.html
30 Paul Roberts, .. . 145, 153.
31
. Lutz Kleveman, .. ,
. 19-20 Paul Roberts, .. .
337-340, 413.
32 .
,

-

113

, , .., . 15-16, (. 133-157),


2008- 2009, . 134139.
33
. , G.
W. Bush :

, , ..,
. 15-16, 2008-
2009, . 69-95 Lutz Kleveman,
.. . 401-414. . Paul
Roberts, .., . 156-161.
34 , ..,
. 79.
35 Lutz Kleveman, .. . 408-409.
36 Lutz Kleveman, .. . 405.
37 Lutz Kleveman, .. ,
. 13-15.
38 Guardian, 23 October 2001, p. 19
Lutz Kleveman,
.. , . 16.
39 Lutz Kleveman, .., . 93, 107.
40 Lutz Kleveman, .., . 256262, 351-357.
41 Russia Sceptical about BTC
Pipeline, :
http://www.en.rian.ru/business/
20050602/40460669.html
42 Lutz Kleveman, .., . 236-239.
43 . , .. .42-43.
44
CPC

, Chevron, Mobil,
Shell, ENI .,
http://www.cpc.ru/EN/about/Pages/
shareholders.aspx
45 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/
country_profiles/1298071.stm,14-Dec
2011 .
46
114


95 2012

- . Lutz
Kleveman, .., . 57-87.
47 Lutz Kleveman, .., . 54-55.
48 . , .. . 237-243.
49
6-2008
25--2008,
:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku%E2
%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_p
ipeline #cite_note-rian-25, last modified 28 Nov 2011.
50 - . . , .. . 263266.
51

Nabucco,
..G.I & T.A.P . . ..
. 228-254 & 287.
52

. . , .. . 189194.
53 Zbigniew
Brzezinski, The
Premature Partnership, Foreign
Affairs, Vol.73 (2), 1994 pp. 67-82,
p.70, . ,
.. . 45.
54 ,
- ,
. . , .., .159-171.
55 BP Statistical Review of World
Energy, June 2011, . 28
56 ] ,
- ,
. . , .., .172-183.
57 : Gazprom,

http://www.gazprom.com/production/projects/pipelines/yamal-evropa/
58 . . , .. . 44-55.
59 . , .. . 147.
60 . , .. . 224-225.
61 : Nord
Stream, 18/12/2011, http://www.nordstream.com/ pipeline/
62 : Gazprom,
http://www.gazprom.com/production/projects/pipelines/south-stream/,
18/12/2011.
63 . . , .. . 287
64 . . , .. . 197
65 . http://premier.gov.ru/eng/
events/ news/17530/index.html, 2812-2011.
66 . . , .. . 273-274.
67 : Gazprom,
http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/
2011/october/article120839/, 17-102011.
68 . . ,
: ,(:
1-39), 13 2011, . 3, :
http://www.skai.gr/news/articles/article/164954/davoutogliani-proseggisikai-geopolitiki-analusi-kritiki-parousiasi-/
69 ,
. . . , .. . 4-6.
70 . . , .. . 6-7.
71 . . , .. . 19.
72 . . , .. . 7-8.
73: http://www.ethnos.gr/article.
asp? catid=22769&subid=2&pubid=
63477402, 21-10-2011.

74

: http://www.enet.gr/?i=
news.el.article&id=328727, 27-112011.
75 : http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.
el. article &id=63416, 14-7-2009
76 Lutz Kleveman,
, . ,
2005, . 159-189.
77
-
B. Obama
2009, .
,
:
; , ..,
. 15-16, (: 23-68),
2008- 2009, . 39-60.
78 . , .. . 45.
79

A.
Davutolu, . . . , .. .
23-26.
80 . . , - ; , 2011, :
http://ceregreece.org/
81 . . . , .. .
38 . , :
, . ,
2010, . 382.
82 Igor Torbakov, Russia and
Turkish-Armenian
Normalization:
Competing Interests in the South
Caucasus, Insight Turkey, Vol.
12/Iss.2 (Spring 2010), pp.31-39,
. , ..
.238-239.
83
South Stream . . ,
.. .255-260 & 266-267.
84 . , - -

115

; ..
85 : http://ceregreece.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/wr1421.pdf,12-12-2011
86 .
http://premier.gov.ru/eng/events/
news/17530/index.html, 28-12-2011
87
.. . . , .. . 275-286.

(-
)
Z. Brzezinski, , -..,

1998.
(:
)
, , ,
:
-, :
:
, .., . 15-16,
(. 108-132), 2008- 2009.
, -:
,
:
:
, .. ( ), . 15-16,
(. 183-203), 2008- 2009.
,
- G. W.
Bush :
, -

116


95 2012

:
:
, .., . 15-16, (.
69-95), 2008- 2009.
Lutz Kleveman,
, . ,
2005.
. . ,

: ,
(:- 1-39), 13
2011.
,
, ,
. 84, /, (. 70-119),
2008.
,
, ],
:
/
,
.
1
.
: , 2010.
. , :
, . ,
2010. (:)
,

, :
:
, .., . 15-16, (.
133-157), 2008-
2009.
Paul Roberts
, , ,
2006.
. , ,

,
2011.
. , - ; , 2011
, :

; : :
,, ..,
. 15-16, (: 23-68),
2008- 2009.

Zbigniew Brzezinski, The


Premature Partnership, Foreign
Affairs, Vol.73 (2), 1994.(: .
)
BP Statistical Review of World
Energy, June 2011.
Daniel Drezner, The Sanctions
Paradox: Economic Statecraft
and International Relations,
Cambridge: Cambridge Univerity
Press:1999. (: . )
Stephen Kinzer, All the Shahs
Men.An American Coup and the
Roots of middle East Terror, John
Wiley and Sons, 2003, p.x (:
en.wikipedia)
Igor Torbakov, Russia and
Turkish-Armenian Normalization:
Competing Interests in the South
Caucasus, Insight Turkey, Vol.
12/Iss.2 (Spring 2010). (:.
)
World Energy Outlook 2011,
Paris, IEA/OECD, 2011.

cle&id=63416, 14-7-2009
http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=328727, 27-11-2011
http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?ca
tid=22769&subid=2&pubid=6347
7402, 21-10-2011
http://www.gazprom.com/production/projects/pipelines/southstream/
http://www.gazprom.com/production/projects/pipelines/yamalevropa/
http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/34647.ht
ml, : Robert Fisk, Saddam
Hussein: The Last Great Tyrant,
The Independent, December 30,
2000
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index
.php?context=va&aid=3882
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index
.php?context=va&aid=6423
http://www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/eur
ope/country_profiles/1298071.stm
h t t p : / / w w w . n o r d stream.com/pipeline/
http://www.oldenburger.us/gary/do
cs/TheColdWar.htm
http://www.premier.gov.ru/eng/eve
nts/news/17530/index.html, 28-122011
http://www.skai.gr/news/articles/arti
cle/164954/davoutogliani-proseggisi-kai-geopolitiki-analusi-kritikiparousiasi-/

http://www.ceregreece.org/
http://www.en.rian.ru/business/20050602/40460669.html,
: Russia Sceptical about
BTC Pipeline
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira
n-raq_War#cite_note-140
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira
n, 6-12-2011
http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.arti
-

117

118


95 2012

, 52 ( 1945)

.
(Iceberg)
,
.

119



_
1943

:

]

.



120


95 2012

.


,
550
,
,
.

1944



,
(Admirality Islands).

,
,

,

, ,
,
, , ,

,
,
],

.
-

, ,

,
17
.
,
19 ,


.

60
18 .
,
2/3
,

1000-1500 ,

. ,
1/3 ,

,

121



( ,
, , ,
)
183.000 ( ),
200
.
1800

( 1/4
.

,
- ).



(, , . , ),
4/5
1300.
,

117.000


(67.000-77.000
,
, 9.000



, 24.000
,

).
.




.


A ,
.
122


95 2012

, , ,
.

,

.
1500 ,
6
22 185
, -




.

,
.


,
700 ,
,

,
,
. ,
-
-
,
.


:

123


(
- )

, .


300

, 3.700

,
10 12 .



30

124


95 2012


,
24



,
() ,
.



(LDay), 1 1945

,


, -

.

,

,
,
,


,


,

.


,
21

.
,
,
.
, -


, .


,


,
.
12,13 14
,

125

.
19



,
.


324 ,


650
. ,
.
,

22 .

126


95 2012






() .

,

.
,

(Typhoon of Steel)
,
, .
1 (L-Day)

,
.


,



(,



, )
.


,
.
.

11

_,
23
, , 4 _


.

,



_.

,

,

.
, 1
,

:

127

,

.


23
,
.

9.000
1.100

,

, 4 13


.
, , -


.



.
,
,
.
,

.


,

,

.

128


95 2012

12.513

38.926, .
33.096


95.000
(
)
7.400 - 10.735 . ,
42.000 150.000,

.

.
( )
.
768

.
,
27 - 14.000 , -
, 368
.
.
,
4907 4874
, 16
,
.

,
225
.
, 27 743 ,
.

.
2008


(, , ) 240.734
,

:

129

90%



.
,
,
.
,

,
, .
, .
130


95 2012


.

; ;



, , .

,
, ,


.
( )

.



.
,

.

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/battle
_of_Okinawa
- http://battleofokinawa.net/battle-of-okinawa-statistics
- USMC
Historical
Monograph,
Okinawa: Victory in the Pacific, Major
Chas.S. Nichols, Jr.,USMC, Henry I. Shaw,
Jr.

, .

131


() ..

132


95 2012

1982 ,
, -
-, ,

.

,
, ,
.

133




,
500 8.000
. Falkland Islands
Islas Malvinas
,
.
12.175
J (Port Stanley).

,
.
,
, 2001 2.813.

1764,

1766. 1765-1766
,

134


95

2012

1770. , 1820,
1832-1833 .




1982
,

.
1976

() 1981
] . ,
,
:
,
,

.


-

,

,


8.000 (12.874 )
.









.


, 19
1982,


,


. ,

,
, 2
,
.


15 _.
1982, -

.
Hermes

Invincible
. ,
Vulcan
.


.

. 9.000

,

135

. ,

,
,

.


, ,

,
,


.
, 20.000
.

()
. 136


95 2012


(Royal Navy)
,
,
.

,
A (Ascension
Island)
,
,
4.000 (6.437 )


.
C-130 Hercules
Wideawake, ,

. (Royal Air Force RAF)
Avro Vulcan B.Mk2,
Handley Page Victor K.Mk2,
Nimrod MR.2.
Phantom FGR Mk2
.
(Royal Marines) 2.000
, 3 Commando
.

, , Canberra Uganta .
-


A, 34
Harrier (28 Sea Harrier FRS.I
10 Harrier GR.3
RAF). Harrier
Hermes
Invincible,

.
8 , 15 , 6 , 2
6 , 2
, , 6 ,
().

9.000 .
3
, 12 . 5
3 , , 2
12 . , SBS (Special Boat
Squadrons) SAS
(Special Air Service) ,


.
, 5 Portsmouth.

, ,
, -



.
.


.
,



,
, . ,

,
.


.

137


. (Aviatin Naval Argentina) - 1982

,

. 25 de Mayo
.
(8) 11
Douglas A-4Q Skyhawk .

14 Dassault Super
Etendard, 20 Exocet.


. 1981

Exocet.

,
.
, Super Etendard

.
,
,

Super Etendard
Exocet

.
138


95

2012

, (6) Grumman
S-2E Tracker Lockheed P-2H
Neptune ,

.



,
.
. (Fuerza
Area Argentina) -
, 1945, .



.
1950,

(Luftwaffe),

.
,
,


,


,
.

,
,
.

.


.


,
,

.


, ,
.
,
,

,
,
,
. ,


.

,
.
,


.
, 2 1982,


.
,
Boeing 707
.
,



,

. , ,
,

,

139




.



,

,



600 .
, 11 Mirage III EA
, 34 Dagger
,
Canberra .62 33
Douglas -4 Skyhawk B C .
KC-130 Hercules, C130 Hercules, - Lear Jet turboprop IA-58
Pucara ,
-

140


95

2012

.
,
Canberra

.
, , Harrier

AIM-9L Sidewinder
.
Mirage Dagger,
KC-130,
. ,
Skyhawk, ,

,


.

, -

,
.

7 1982,
, .
,
1 _, -


.
,

,
.
, ,
:
- ,
750 . J, 26

.

,

, ,
. , .

Skyhawk 10 Mirage
- 700
., 10 Dager 15 Skyhawk,
- , 690 ., 10 Dager, 5
Super Elendard Skyhawk,

- (860 .)
, Mirage
Pucara. C-130

141

.
Canbera,
,
,
.
,
.
,


.

,
Lear Jet 35A,
Skyhawk. Lear Jet

, . ,

126
Harrier C-130,

J.
110
Pucara


,
,
,

142


95 2012

.
,
J
,

(Goose Green). 19
,
Aermacchi 339 T-34B
Mentos. , 24 Pucara
,
30 35 mm
-

Shorts
Tigercat Rolant. ,
.
-
J 1972

.
1.250 .,

,
,

.
,
, .
,
J, , ,

.
-

J
,



. ,

,

, ,

, ,

,
.
11.000 , 9 , , , , ..

.

12.000
.


.

.
J,
.

.



,

J,
.
21 _.



20
1982 Handley
Page Victor SR.2 ( ).


, ,
A,
7.250 (11.667
) 14 45 .

,
.
25
1982,
75
, 30 ,
(UK)
(Total Exclusion
Zone TEZ) 200
.
, .
1 _
J,

143

Avro Vulcan.
Sea Harrier .

,
,


.
Vulcan
.
144


95

2012


. ,


A,

7.500 (12.070
.),
16 .
Operation Black
Buck,

.


Vulvan.



J
,


.

.
Vulcan,
,
, J
Vivtor
,
.
Vulcan,
,


Handley Page Victor,
A.

J,
30 1 _
1982,
. Vulcan (Black Buck1 Black
Buck 2),

11 Victor .

,
.
, Black
Buck 1
A, 15 45
.
Victor ,

Black Buck 1,

.
Victor Vulcan, -

Avro Vulcan B.MK2

Vulcan
A.
Black Buck 1, . 300
J
3.000

,
40 10.000
,
21 , 1.000 .
( 04:46 07:46
GMT) ,
.
10
,
,

400
A,
Victor .

J, Black
Buck 2 7.
Vulcan Black Buck 2 3 4 _,
,
Vulcan Black Buck 7, 11 12
,
,

.
Black Buck 4, 5
6

145

Shrike
,
TPS-43F, TPS-44
Skyguard. Vulcan
Black Buck 4,

28 _,
Shrike,

200 . .
Victor .


Black Buck 5,
. TPS-43F.

Vulcan Black Buck 6 2
3
.
Skyguard.
Super Etendard Skyhawk

. . Rio
, de Janeiro,
.
KC-130H .

.
28
Sea
Harrier (Fleet Air
2 _ Arm)

10 RAF
General Belgrano


Conqueror, 321

,
.
,

J
,

.
.



146


95 2012


. 36
, Mirage III, Dagger, Skyhawk
Canberra.
Dagger
.
Sea
Harrier Dagger
Canberra. Mirage III

Sea Harrier,

, -

4 _,
General
Belgrano, Sheffield, Exoset
Super Etendard .
Super Etendard
45
.
Sheffield P-2 Neptune


- AIM-9L
J,
.


Skyhawk Dgger
, Canberra
Mirage III
Sea Harrier.

.


Skyhawk. , 9 _

4
.
,

. Skyhawk .

147


,
.
12 _
Skyhawk 5

J, Glasgow
Brilliant.
Super Etendard , Sheffield.
Skyhawk .
Cuna .
.
.

, .
Sea Wolf

.
,

.

,
. Oro

. 2 4
Glasgow 3
Brilliant.
,

.


148


95 2012

Skyhawk .

Glasgow
.
,


.
Brilliant,
,

.
,
,

Glasgow,
.
,

,
.


21 _ 1982,
.
, .

17.000
80 .
, ,

Sea Harrier.
, Ardent Antel-

ope Coventry.
Argonaut
Brilliant.
25 _
Exocet Super Etendard,

Atlantic Conveyor, Chinok

.
Exocet, ,
Invincible.
Exoset
.

-

. , , Exoset MM 38
,
.
, . 12

J C130, Giamorgan
.
.

Exoset , Super Etendard


.


. Super Etendard

Skyhawk 21
_,
. Skyhawk


,
50%, .
_

.
5 ,
.
21 30 _
14
Skyhawk 10 Dagger.
8 ,
Skyhawk.


Sir Galahad
Sir
Tristram.





, 21 _ 1982.
4.000 ,
5.000 .
, , 14
,
.

149

, J.
,
9.800 .


.
,

, 1983.
8.

- :
- :
- :

649
1.068
11.313

258
775
115

- /: 37
- :
25
- / 4

10
24
-

2
2
3

/ /
:
:
:
:
/

34
1
1
7

907
74

, :
649
: - - : 194 (16 /, 35 /
143 ).
-: 341 ( 321
General Belgrano,
4 ).
150


95 2012

- : 34
-: 55 ( 31
14 ).
- : 9
- : 16
255
:
- (Royal Navy): 88.
- (Royal Marines):
27 (2 /, 14 / 11 ).
- : 16.
-: 123 (7 /, 40 /
76 ).
- (Royal Air Force): 1
/
-
3
.



J
, RAF

. ,


. Mirage III


.


,

General
Belgrano Conqueror, .


445 ,
280
,
.
2.782 ,
7.719 1.963
.


.

, .

,
.


. ,


.
, ,
:
-

,

, 200 ., .
,

.
- , 7 1982
, ,

.


,

.

,


.
,

, .

,
. ,


.
- T
. ,
1982,
,

. ,
, .


,
. ,

151


,
. , , . ,

,
Harrier.
- 60%
,
. , .
,

.
, 1982,

,

,

,

.

,

, .

.
. 13

.
152


95 2012

,


.
RAF, ,

,
, :

.

1,6 .
,

.



.
,


,



Harrier.
J.


(ECM electronic counter-measures).
Harrier

,

,




.
,

Gannet AEW.3 (
),
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
:
- (A). Vulcan

,

,
Vulcan . (). Vulcan
(
Polaris).
, Vulcan


, , o
British Airways.


()


,

, ] ,
.
,
] , . .
J
,
, 21
1982 ,
.

.
,
,
1983,
.
1986

153


.

.


,
.


. ,

,
1983.
,


.
(3.000 )
J
.





.
,
.

154


95 2012



(),
.
. -
,
,


. ,



,
,
.

, M.

, !
,

,
,

.
. -
.

.
,


,
Exocet , . ,
,


Exocet,
, ,

. .




.
, .

Super Etendard Exocet,



.
2 ,


.
.


,
,

.
,
.
,



.

36.000



- .
, .

,


.
,


. 1981 ,

,
1980 ,
.

.
, 1982

155

7 ,

,
,
.



,



.
.



.

.
() ,

,


.
.


]

, .



.

.

156


95 2012



,
,

.
, ,
, ,
.


, .

. ,
,
.


,

.

,
,
,

,


.
*

- Bill Gunston: History of MILITARY AVIATION, 2003.
- Paul Jackson: AVRO VULCAN, Wings of
Fame, Vol. 3, 1996.
- Aerospace Encyclopedia of World Air
Forces: ARGENTINA.
- The Aerospace Encyclopedia of Air
Warfare: FALKLANDS INVADED, Vol. 2.


,
, - 2008.
- LAROUSSE
BRITANNIKA.
- Yves Lacoste: QUESTIONS DE
GOPOLITQUE, La D couverte Et Librairie
Generale Franaise, 1988.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands
_War
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_air
_forces_in_the_Falklands_War
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_invasion_of_the_Falkland_Islands
- http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/
falklands-war-aircraft.asp

() 26
(1952-1955),
,
, ,
. .
337, 353, 115,
117,
.
F-86E D, C-47, HU-16B, A7H F-4E. 1981.

157




:


() /, PHD,
, ,

Junkers J1 1915.
.
1939.
..




,

1. '

158


95

2012


,
]

'20. ,


Reichswehr
. ' '..,


.
,


Rapallo
(1922) (1926).


,
, .



]. (1921),
17
.


,

/

' .



.
'
' .

1919 - 1922
.

(28 1919).
(,
, ) ', '
, "
"2, J .


. , , .
/

3.
( 1922)

.
(Inter Allied
Aeronautical Commission of Control
IAACC) . ,
(
)

159


,
Wirth (10-5-21),
Seeckt

Junkers J 21 . Junkers Fili.

100.000 (Reichswehr),
Foch,
4.
' ' . BrockdorffRantzau,

,

Seeckt 5.
Seeckt 1919
Truppenamt,
'
. , '
,
.

160


95

2012

6. ' 1919.


,

Brest - Litovsk
(27 1918)7.
1919

Ioffe 1918,
' 8.
,
,



. Narkomindel,



Georgi Chicherin, - H J 22.
- .
,
, 12
,
, Enver Pasha,
9
, . . O Enver

Karl Radek,
Seeckt,
'.. '
Komintern,
, Seeckt
1919,
Enver
, .
.

nver
,
,
Radek,
,
Junkers
191913 .(
. Radek

,
,
Walther Rathenau ).
Max
Bauer, Junkers,
Ludendorff
Hintze10 .


,
. , . '
Viktor Kopp
Radek " -
11
" .


,

161

ugo
Junkers (1889-1935).
. .

1920, /14 .
,
1921, .
300 1000 /, '
, . ' ..
/,
, 15 .
, '
10.000 ( ), 3.500 (
1920), '
'
16.
'
162


95

2012


..

,

17. 1921
' /
'
,
. , ,

18.
( 1921)
'

,


.
'
..19
/ Junkers D..20

'

'

.
,
,
1920/21: Truppenamt, Sondergruppe
R,
21 .
1921, opp

' Albatross,
' Blohm und Voss
' Krupp,

22.



. - Junkers
. . 1925.

- Junkers .

Reichswehr


/ "" 26.
23.
Seeckt '

(Radek, Kopp, Krasin)


- . 1932,
27.
,
Otto Haase
'
Truppenamt
Seeckt,
Reichswehr. O Haase .
1921, , 1921,


Sondergruppe R, Junkers, Truppenamt

,
/
Kopp. 28.
Seeckt
' , 24
Wirth . Sondergruppe
29. Ago von Maltzahn,

"
Jumkers25.
"
(
Gefu, -

163

, Fili.
. Junkers .

),

] '
" "
Reichwehr30.
1921 ,
Deruluft, Derutra, Derumetal, ,
.


. '
31 Hugo Stinnes,
Ago von Maltzahn
, ] ,
,
. '
'21, -

164


95

2012


, .

Seeckt


Wirth,
1921 .
Wirth
32
Reichswehr
150 . Reichsmark (2,8 . )
.
1921 Sondergruppe R Junkers,

40 . RM 100
.
/
. .
' Gefu,
75 . RM
.


21 . 33.
16 1922 Rapallo,


.
.34. Chicherin
Entente.

.
' ,
Rapallo
35.

Brockdorff-Rantzau ( 1922)
Seeckt36.
, ' , .




.
'

' 37,
( 1928).
1922 Seeckt



Deruluft.


,
Gessler ( 1921 - 1927).
Seeckt " "

38 '

. '
Wirth, 1922,
39: " '

... ',
'
".

Seeckt Radek,
,
- -40

165


Deruluft. - 11 .

.

-
Radek-,

.
Radek,

. '

41.
Junkers,
100 / (20 J22,
J21, J22) 42. / ' Albatross
' Blohm und Voss



43.

166


95

2012


Trotsk, Bersol,

.
Reichwehr
" "44

,


.
(
)
. 45.

"" . ,
192246. 600 / 600
47 '
Junkers Fili,
(
). Fili


,

22 Junkers,
48.
Junkers
,

Andrei Tupolev Deruluft Junkers F. 13,

-
' 1922 - Dobrolet. Fili,
.
AGO ( )
'
,
49.
,
/ '
Ruhr.
'30, ' 1923
Fili
,

kol'chugaluminy
Hugo Stinnes,
/
Reichswehr 100 /

Fokker D.XI/D..XIII, ( ).
51. 100 / Junkers,
,
1922,
192350 20
( , 1
J20.
4000 . RM). '
,
, 1922 - 1929 - Gustav Stresemann,

1923,
' 1923 1929. Stre semann Ruhr,
,

,
.
Dawes, 1925
Cuno (
.
Wirth) ,
. Ruhr
Entente
-

167

Dobrolet.

,

.

192552.
Stresemann
Locarno ( 1925). ,

1930.

. , '
'20,

53.
Stresemann

, ,
,

54.

168


95

2012

Brockdorff-Rantzau,


. ,





55.
'23

Reichswehr.
Zentrale
Moskau (Zmo) 1929, Hermann von der Lieth
Thomsen,


'
.
Thomsen56


Reichswehr .
1924, -

Dobrolet.




GeFu
Zmo57. ,
, Junkers,
Krupp
(
)
Dobrolet.

(Bersol)
Kazan
58. (
Kama). ,
Saratov
( ,
( Tomka), ;)

Voronezh
Lipetsk62.
59
Kazan .
, Brockdorff 15 Rantzau
1925.

Lipetsk
'24
(500 . .. ) ,
60.
' '
, Radek
61.

Thomsen,
Reichswehr. '
1925, '


" " ("Research &
Development") .

Fili.

169

.

IAAC,


1925

.
'
Junkers F. 13
Lipetsk - .

120 65
, 100 450

( 1933)63.
(
50 ,
Fokker D XIII 1933
Ruhr. '
Luftwaffe).
30 / 50-100

1930. .
Wivupal,

,
'
Deruluft
1930 168 Knigsberg--.
,

'
, ' Lipetsk (' 168,
,
77 Lipetsk
Luftwaffe)66.
Lipetsk 2 .
R. 64.
,
incognito
.
.
1928 Lipetsk
'
Lipetsk ,
Jun kers Fili
, . ' 1923
,
1926

' , 142 . 1928-1933,
40
20

170


95

2012


67.


1300 68,

,
Junkers .
- : O ! Junkers. - .



72,
Hugo

1924 Junkers 200 /,

.
.

Seeckt


100 /,

Hugo
Junkers.
73
,
10-20 /. '
'
Junkers,
o Brockdorff-Rantzau
Reichswehr :
1924 "

69
,

, "


Junkers Reich. 70

" .

Reichswehr

.

.
Junkers
BMW ,
Hugo
Junkers71.
Junkers
600
Junkers
,
Chiang-Kai-Shek.

171



Lipezk, . E

.


,
.


Sondergruppe
.
".
' BMW ( Fili) M-17
172


95

2012

(BMW VI). Junkers ' , Fili



1926.



50.000 RM (12.000 )74.
1927,
(GAZ) No 22. -

'

Tupolev,
TB-1,
Junkers75. Junkers


. '

,
1926,
.
, Junkers
Reichstag
ReichswehrJunkers-. 76


Manchester Guardian (
1926).



SPD Philip Scheidemann
Reichstag 16 1926.
Scheidemann Reichswehr

.

,
-


1927. ,
/
1926

/77.
1918

Reichswehr
'
78. '
, ,79




.
1926

, 300
. RM
.

Stresemann

.
Locarno,

,

80. 1927

-

173

- Tomka. H .



.


.
Seeckt, ( 1926) Reichswehr
. ,
Heye


Gessler 81.

,

Scheidemann. Gefu 1926

174


95

2012

, Wiko,
Gefu 82.
1926, Gessler
Brockdorff-Rantzau
Chicherin .




83. Scheiderman



84.

, Heye

Stresemann
1927. 85 (
1927) :
(1)
Junkers ,

( Trotsk, )

(2) Wiko

(Lipetsk) (Kazan)

.
Reichswehr
(3) "
"
,
(4) -

.
Heye
Stresemann, Lipetsk / Kazan

. Stresemann
86.

87,
, J
J .
1928,

"" 88. ,
, Gessler,
.

HD-55 Heinkel .
.

175


Heinkel .

Groener

,
89. ,

. 1929
. '

, Junkers
Fili Gefu
Wiko.
Gustav Hilger,

, 1926

176


95

2012

90. Seeckt,
' Mo,

91.

.



.
,
Blomberg, Truppenamt

19 - 17
1928.
92

. Blomberg Lipetsk, Kama


Tomka
.
.
192893,
.
Rheinmetall
, ( 1930)

.


1926,


. ,

, Dirksen (
Brockdorff
Rantzau 1928)
Reichswehr,
.
Heinkel.
Heinkel D 37
1927,
,
'30 -794. 1929, Heinkel
20 ( ) HD 55



. ,

Dornier 1926-27, 22
Dornier Wal
95. Reichswehr
.
Reichswehr
1926,
, '


.
' " ", "
" (
,
,
192896).
1926,

' .
1929, Stresemann .


.

,
' .

177

HD-55 Heinkel .

. R-1.

' , Reichswehr


, . 1930 1933 97.

Voronezh (1930)
Lipetsk (1933),
.

, Deruluft (
1921)
1937,
98.

178


95

2012




.
]
.
( ) 1925-1933, 24 .
16,5 . .

"" Reichswehr

.
(29 . 49 .

)99.

Reichswehr (

)
]

.
Brockdorff-Rantzau
Stresemann
,


"" Reichswehr.

. Reichswehr

. (
1927 )


, ' . ,
""

,

.
. 1919,

.

'.. ( )
.
'
-

.
.
'

.

.


,
(
' ).

..
.
/
,
/ 1925-1935
' , ,
, .
1935
, ,
.
'
(, , )
, '

179

,
.
,
' 1939,

.
Wehrmacht ,

- - 1939,

"" Reichswehr.

,
'
.
Fili ,

Reichswehr,


Sondergruppe R .
Junkers

.

,
'
.

180


95

2012

,

.




.


(
Bersol),
.
,


. 100


,
.


Reichswehr (
- ,
Junkers, Bersol,
-),


Heinkel Dornier. ,

,
]
, ' (

, Fili

' ,



).


'20. ' 1925
1929, 15-22%

101.
""

,


.
'30,


'20 '30
102
. Seeckt
103 "

'
".
' ' ,
1941
'
Seeckt :
.




.. .


1945-47.
.


. . (, , ,
).

,
.

Tu 144,

turboprop.

. PierreRenouvin-Jean Baptiste Duro-selle, , , 1977, . 264-265


2
Lehmann, .17
3
170 km/h,

181

600 kg, 4000 m, 2,5


-200km, Hooton, . 34.
4
Lehmann, .21
5
Holborn, . 167
6
.
7
Lehmann, . 26
8
Udricks, . 52
9
, .54
10
Carr II, . 314
11
Carr I, . 19
12
, . 20
13 Carr II, . 361
14
Hooton, .
15
Miller, . 18
16
, .43
17
Marc Ferro,
, 1914-1918, , 1993, . 277
18
Geust, . 133, 3 . . Banagskis Miller
35
.
19
Hooton, . 37
20
Junkers
Bryan Cooper-John Batchelor, Fighter, A
history of Fighter Aircraft, New York, 1973,
. 62
21
Gatzke, . 21
22
Carr I, . 57
23
Carr II, . 339
24
, . 363
25
Hooton, . 37
26
Carr II, . 363
27
, . 364
28
Hooton, . 37
29
. Holborn, . 167, Gatzke .42,
Carr II, . 365
30
Gatzke, .43
31
Carr II, .368-369
32
Eyck, . 205
33
Hooton, . 38
34
Udricks, .72
35
Carr I, . 66, Gatzke, . 43
36
Eyck, . 223
37
Gatzke, .44
38
Hooton, .38

182


95

2012

49

Eyck, .204 .223


Carr II, . 378
41
, .371
42
Hooton, . 38
43
Carr I, .61
44
Eyck, .223
45
Gatzke, .54
46
Carr I, . 61
47
Baginskis, .3
48
Hans Nowarra, Russische Jagdflugzeuge, 1920-1941, Friedberg 1978, .6
49
Baginskis, .2
50
Andersson II, . 71
51
Hooton, .39.
52
, . 40.
53

54
Gatzke, . 49
55
, .50
56
Hooton, .44
57
Gatzke, .50
58
Carr II, . 1013
59
.
60
Gatzke, .50
61
, .48.
62
Carr II, . 1014, Hooton, .45
63
Andersson I, .40.
64
Hooton, .47
65
Andersson I, .42
66
Hooton, .57
67
, .49
68
Geust, .134
69
Carr II, .1010
70
Gatzke, .51
71
Carr II, .1010
72
Baginskis, .3
73
Carr II, .1011
74
Hooton, .48
75
Baginskis, .4
76
Hooton, .48
77
, .54
78
Eyck, .97
79
Carr II, .43
80
Carr I, .87
81
Hooton, .60
40

82

Gatzke, .50
, .55
84

85
, .56
86
, .57
87
Hooton, .60
88

89
, .61
90
Gatzke, .57
91

92
Carr II, .55
93
Gatzke, .59
94
Geust, .138
95
, .136, .139
96
Hooton, . 69
97
, .74
98
, .49
99
, .62
100 Geust, .134
101 Carr II, . 48
102 A.V. Bakunin, Utilization of foreign
machinery and technologies in the industrialization of the Urals, . 106,

:
Russia
and
West
Europe:Interaction of Industrial Cultures,
1700-1950, Ekaterinenburg 1996
103 Hooton, .4
83

1. Lennart Andersson, Secret Luftwaffe,


German Military Aviation Build-up between
the Wars, Air Enthusiast 41, (1990), 3848, Andersson I.
2. , Junkers Two-seaters, Air
Enthusiast, 44 , 1991, 70-77,
Andersson II.
3. Alex-Vanags Baginskis, Chronicle of
the remarkable ANT-6, Air Enthusiast 35
(1988), 1-18, Baginskis.
4. Edward Carr, German-Soviet Relations
between the two World Wars 1919-1939,
New York, 1966, Carr I.

5. ,
- The Interregnum 1923-1924
- Socialism in One Country 19241926, Baltimore 1969,1970, Carr
II.
6. Erich Eyck, A History of the Weimar
Republic New York 1970, 2,
Eyck.
7. Hans W. Gatzke, Russo-German
Military Collaboration during the Weimar
Republic, American Historical Review,
LXIII, No 3 ( 1958), 565-597,
Gatzke.
8. Carl Fredrik Geust, Under the Red
Star, Shrewsbury, 1993, Geust
9. E.R.Hooton, Phoenix Triumphant, The
Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe, London
1994, Hooton.
10. Hajo Holborn, Diplomats and
Diplomacy in the early Weimar Republic,
Gordon A. Craig-Felix Gilbert (). The Diplomats 1919-1939, New
York, 1968, Holborn.
11. Hans Lehmann, Die Weimarer Republik, Muenchen, 1961, Lehmann.
12. Rusell Miller, The Soviet Air Force in
War, Alexandria 1985, Miller.
13. Teddy J. Uldricks, Diplomacy and
Ideology. The Origins of Soviet Foreign
Relations 1917-1930, London-Beverly
Hills, 1979, Uldricks.

(),
/, Phd,
, ,

183

melia ary arhart

() , /

184


95

2012

. 1897 .

,

, . 1917
,
..


(Spadina)

(Volunteer Aid Detachment). Royal
Flying Corps ,

. 1918, ,

,
. 1920,
Long
Beach, . ,
1.000
,
1921 (Kinner Field)

Anita "Neta" Snook,
. 1921

Kinner Airster,
22 1922,
14000 ,
.

15 _
1923
16
Federation
Aeronautique!


1927,
500 solo , .
American
Aeronautical Society
Kinner,


. Charles
Lindbergh, 1927,

,
. , 17 1928
Trespassey
Newfoundland, Fokker
F.Vllb/ 3m Friendship
20 40
Burry Point
, .

,

(Calvin
Coolidge).
Lady Lindy

AMELIA MARY EARHART

185



,

. , Modernaire Earhart Luggage, .
Cosmopolitan,
,
National Airways
, Transcontinental Air
Transport (TAT) .. . ,

1929

Santa Monica-to-Cleveland
Woman's Air Derby , 3

186


95

2012

(Federation
Aeronautique Internationale FAI.
1931,
(18415 )
Pitcairn PCA-2
the Ninety-Nines
,
.

,

, ,

,
.

Bendix Trophy
1934 ,



(Mary Pickford)

, .
,
.

.
,
,
5
Lindbergh!
20 _ 1932,
Harbour Grace, Newfoundland
15 ,
Culmore,
Londonderry ,
,
.

National Geographic
Society Hoover,
Distinguished Flying Cross
Cross
of the Knight of the Legion of Honor
.
-

,
Honolulu, Hawaii, Oakland,
California,

Solo
. 1935
Los Angeles
Mexico City,
Mexico City New York,
1930-35

. ,
,

,
!

,
, 29.000 (47.000
)

Captain Harry Manning, Fred Noonan
Paul Mantz.
Lockheed Electra L-10E.


AMELIA MARY EARHART

187

Oakland
California, Hawaii.
,
,

Florida
California. , 17
1937,
, Hawaii,

.
, ,
,

,
(Lockheed)
(Burbank)
.

,
188


95

2012

Harry Manning
Paul Mantz
. , Earhart
Noonan, 1
,

.

.
,

Lae New
Guinea, 29 1937,
22000 .
()
, ,
Howland 2556 ,
,
6500 , 1600
, 20
.

,

,
.
,


,
,
, . , ,

. ,
Lae 2 1937,
12:30
Howland. ,


, ,

,
Noonan

,




,

(
Greenwich ) ..
3 1937, 7.20
.. ,
20
Nukumanu ( 800
) 7:42 .. - -
,
,
,
-

8:43.
Itasca
, .

66 9 ,
.

18 1937,
, George
Putnam

, 5
1939, Amelia Earhart
Los Angeles,
. 35-100
,


AMELIA MARY EARHART

189


,
Gardner
Island
(

Nikularoro), .

, ,

190


95

2012

Electra.

. , ,


Lockheed 10A Electra

, 1997
Linda
Finch .
2001 Dr. Carlene Mendieta, Avro Avian
( ) .
Earhart .
,




,
,
.

,
, ] ,
, ,
,
. , , , ,
,

.
2009,
], Amelia
Hillary Swank. ,


,
.

, , , ,
. ,

,

,
.
Hillary Swank (Boys
dont cry, Million dollar baby)
,

,

. Ewan
McGregor

Richard Gere -

,
.
,

Earhart



.
,

,


AMELIA MARY EARHART

191

192


95 2012

()
113




.


, , .



,
;

;
, illustration
; , ,

.

( ) ,

.
,

.
.
,
..

,

.


Special Project.

.

22 ,


2010
2011.
2011
,

2010,
.

, Serial
Numbers (S/N)

193

.

,
S/N
.

.. .
, ,

,
Serial Number (S/N), o Classification
Number (C/N)
,

.
, ,
,
..,
.. ,



.

667

,

,
.



..
-

194


95 2012


.

,
. ,

,
,


.


,
,
.
,

,
,

.
,





: .


,
,


.
..

,
,
,

.
,


, ,
,

, .
,
,
,
,
.

,
, -




,
. 1938,





,

. ,
,
, ,
, ,
,


.
, ,
,
,

, . ,

,
.


95 2012


95 2012


95 2012


95 2012

10


95 2012

11

12


95 2012

13

14


95 2012


(, ,
)
:
*
*
*
*
*
* :




,

* -

, .
* -

' .
.
, , , , , , slides, .
.

, .
.
.2/76198/0022/ (
208//11-02-2008). ,
,
(: 210 8192045)
.

1,17

/ , / - 1010.
2320016 - 5
(
/ - . 2108192047).

You might also like