MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

15
08 de Marzo,2013
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
15.5
Applications
of Double Integrals
In this section, we will learn about:
The physical applications of double integrals.
APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
We have already seen one application
of double integrals: computing volumes.

Another geometric application is
finding areas of surfaces.

In this section, we explore physical
applicationssuch as computing:

Mass

Electric charge

Center of mass

Moment of inertia
APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
We will see that these physical ideas
are also important when applied to
probability density functions of two random
variables.
APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
In Section 8.3, we used single integrals to
compute moments and the center of mass of
a thin plate or lamina with constant density.

Now, equipped with the double integral, we
can consider a lamina with variable density.
DENSITY AND MASS
DENSITY
Suppose the lamina occupies a region D
of the xy-plane.

Also, let its density (in units of mass per unit
area) at a point (x, y) in D be given by (x, y),
where is a continuous function on D.
MASS
This means that:

where:
m and A are
the mass and area
of a small rectangle
that contains (x, y).

The limit is taken as
the dimensions of the
rectangle approach 0.
( , ) lim
m
x y
A

A
=
A
MASS
To find the total mass m of the lamina,
we:

Divide a rectangle R
containing D into
subrectangles R
ij

of equal size.

Consider (x, y)
to be 0 outside D.
MASS
If we choose a point (x
ij
*, y
ij
*) in R
ij
,
then the mass of the part of the lamina
that occupies R
ij
is approximately

(x
ij
*, y
ij
*) A

where A is the area of R
ij
.
MASS
If we add all such masses, we get
an approximation to the total mass:
* *
1 1
( , )
k l
ij ij
i j
m x y A
= =
~ A

MASS
If we now increase the number of
subrectangles, we obtain the total mass m
of the lamina as the limiting value of
the approximations:
* *
,
1 1
lim ( , )
( , )
k l
ij ij
k l
i j
D
m x y A
x y dA

= =
= A
=

}}
Equation 1
DENSITY AND MASS
Physicists also consider other types of
density that can be treated in the same
manner.

For example, an electric charge is distributed
over a region D and the charge density (in units
of charge per unit area) is given by (x, y) at
a point (x, y) in D.
TOTAL CHARGE
Then, the total charge Q is given
by:
Equation 2
( , )
D
Q x y dA o =
}}
TOTAL CHARGE
Charge is distributed over the triangular
region D so that the charge density at (x, y)
is (x, y) = xy, measured in coulombs per
square meter (C/m
2
).

Find the total charge.
Example 1
TOTAL CHARGE
From Equation 2 and the figure,
we have:
1 1
0 1
1
2
1
0
1
( , )
D
x
y
y x
Q
x y dA
xy dy dx
y
x dx
x
o

=
=
=
=
(
=
(

}}
} }
}
Example 1
TOTAL CHARGE
The total charge
is: C
5
24
Example 1
1
2 2
0
1
2 3
1
2
0
1
3 4
0
[1 (1 ) ]
2
(2 )
1 2 5
2 3 4 24
x
x dx
x x dx
x x
=
=
(
= =
(

}
}
MOMENTS AND CENTERS OF MASS


Here, we consider a lamina with variable
density.
MOMENTS AND CENTERS OF MASS
Suppose the lamina occupies a region D
and has density function (x, y).



We divide D into small rectangles as earlier.

Then, the mass of R
ij
is approximately:
(x
ij
*, y
ij
*) A
So, we can approximate the moment of R
ij

with respect to the x-axis by:
[(x
ij
*, y
ij
*) A] y
ij
*
MOMENTS AND CENTERS OF MASS
If we now add these quantities and take
the limit as the number of subrectangles
becomes large, we obtain the moment of
the entire lamina about the x-axis:
Equation 3
* * *
,
1 1
lim ( , )
( , )
m n
x ij ij ij
m n
i j
D
M y x y A
y x y dA

= =
= A
=

}}
MOMENT ABOUT X-AXIS
MOMENT ABOUT Y-AXIS
Similarly, the moment about the y-axis
is:
Equation 4

M
y
= lim
m, n
x
ij
*
j=1
n

i=1
m

(x
ij
*
, y
ij
*
) AA
= x(x, y) dA
D
}}
CENTER OF MASS
As before, we define the center of mass
so that and .

The physical significance is that:

The lamina behaves as if its entire mass
is concentrated at its center of mass.
( , ) x y
y
mx M =
x
my M =
CENTER OF MASS
Thus, the lamina balances horizontally
when supported at its center of mass.
CENTER OF MASS
The coordinates of the center of mass
of a lamina occupying the region D and
having density function (x, y) are:



where the mass m is given by:
Formulas 5
( , ) x y
1
( , )
y
D
x
M
x x y dA
m m
= =
}}
( , )
D
m x y dA =
}}
1
( , )
x
D
y
M
y x y dA
m m
= =
}}
CENTER OF MASS
Find the mass and center of mass
of a triangular lamina with vertices
(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 2)
and if the density function is
(x, y) = 1 + 3x + y
Example 2
CENTER OF MASS
The triangle is shown.


Note that the equation
of the upper boundary
is:
y = 2 2x
Example 2
CENTER OF MASS
The mass of the lamina is:
Example 2
1 2 2
0 0
2 2
2
1
0
0
1
3
1
2
0
0
( , ) (1 3 )
3
2
4 (1 ) 4
3
8
3
x
D
y x
y
m x y dA x y dy dx
y
y xy dx
x
x dx x

=
=
= = + +
(
= + +
(

(
= =
(

=
}} } }
}
}
CENTER OF MASS
Then, Formulas 5 give:
Example 2
1 2 2
2
3
8
0 0
2 2
2
1
2
0
0
1
2 4
1
3
3
2
0
0
1
( , ) ( 3 )
3
3
8 2
3
( )
2 2 4
3
8
x
D
y x
y
x x x y dA x x xy dy dx
m
y
xy x y x dx
x x
x x dx

=
=
= = + +
(
= + +
(

(
= =
(

=
}} } }
}
}
CENTER OF MASS

Example 2
1 2 2
2
3
8
0 0
2 2
2 2 3
1
0
0
1
2 3
1
4
0
1
2 4
3
0
1
( , ) ( 3 )
3
3
8 2 2 3
(7 9 3 5 )
1
7 9 5
4 2 4
11
16
x
D
y x
y
y y x y dA y xy y dy dx
m
y y y
x dx
x x x dx
x x
x x

=
=
= = + +
(
= + +
(

= +
(
= +
(

=
}} } }
}
}
CENTER OF MASS
The center of mass is
at the point .
Example 2
( )
3 11
8 16
,
CENTER OF MASS
The density at any point on a semicircular
lamina is proportional to the distance from
the center of the circle.

Find the center of mass of the lamina.
Example 3
CENTER OF MASS
Lets place the lamina as the upper half
of the circle x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
.

Then, the distance
from a point (x, y)
to the center
of the circle
(the origin) is:
Example 3
2 2
x y +
CENTER OF MASS
Therefore, the density function
is:


where K is some constant.
Example 3
2 2
( , ) x y K x y = +
CENTER OF MASS
Both the density function and the shape of
the lamina suggest that we convert to polar
coordinates.

Then, and the region D
is given by:
0 r a, 0
2 2
x y r + =
Example 3
CENTER OF MASS
Thus, the mass of the lamina is:
2 2
0 0
2
0 0
3 3
0
( , )
( )
3 3
D D
a
a
a
m x y dA K x y dA
Kr r dr d
K d r dr
r K a
K
t
t

u
u
t
t
= = +
=
=
(
= =
(

}} }}
} }
} }
Example 3
CENTER OF MASS
Both the lamina and the density function
are symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

So, the center
of mass must lie
on the y-axis,
that is,

= 0 x
Example 3
CENTER OF MASS
The y-coordinate is given by:

y =
1
m
y(x, y) dA
D
}}
=
3
Kta
3
r sinu(Kr)r dr du
0
a
}
0
t
}
=
3
ta
3
sinu du
0
t
}
r
3
0
a
}
dr
=
3
ta
3
[cosu]
0
t
r
4
4

(
0
a
=
3
ta
3
2a
4
4
=
3a
2t
Example 3
CENTER OF MASS
Thus, the center of mass is located at
the point (0, 3a/(2)).
Example 3
MOMENT OF INERTIA
The moment of inertia (also called the second
moment) of a particle of mass m about an axis
is defined to be mr
2
, where r is the distance
from the particle to the axis.

We extend this concept to a lamina with density
function (x, y) and occupying a region D by
proceeding as we did for ordinary moments.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
Thus, we:

Divide D into small rectangles.

Approximate the moment of inertia of
each subrectangle about the x-axis.

Take the limit of the sum as the number
of subrectangles becomes large.
MOMENT OF INERTIA (X-AXIS)
The result is the moment of inertia of
the lamina about the x-axis:
* 2 * *
,
1 1
2
lim ( ) ( , )
( , )
m n
x ij ij ij
m n
i j
D
I y x y A
y x y dA

= =
= A
=

}}
Equation 6
MOMENT OF INERTIA (Y-AXIS)
Similarly, the moment of inertia about
the y-axis is:
* 2 * *
,
1 1
2
lim ( ) ( , )
( , )
m n
y ij ij ij
m n
i j
D
I x x y A
x x y dA

= =
= A
=

}}
Equation 7
MOMENT OF INERTIA (ORIGIN)
It is also of interest to consider the moment of
inertia about the origin (also called the polar
moment of inertia):




Note that I
0
= I
x
+ I
y
.
* 2 * 2 * *
0
,
1 1
2 2
lim [( ) ( ) ] ( , )
( ) ( , )
m n
ij ij ij ij
m n
i j
D
I x y x y A
x y x y dA

= =
= + A
= +

}}
Equation 8
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
Find the moments of inertia I
x
, I
y
, and I
0

of a homogeneous disk D
with:

Density (x, y) =

Center the origin

Radius a
Example 4
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
The boundary of D is the circle
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2


In polar coordinates, D is described by:
0 2, 0 r a
Example 4
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
Lets compute I
0
first:
Example 4
2
2 2 2
0
0 0
2
3
0 0
4 4
0
( )
2
4 2
a
D
a
a
I x y dA r r dr d
d r dr
r a
t
t
u
u
t
t
= + =
=
(
= =
(

}} } }
} }
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
Instead of computing I
x
and I
y
directly,
we use the facts that I
x
+ I
y
=

I
0
and

I
x
= I
y
(from the symmetry of the problem).

Thus,
Example 4
4
0
2 4
x y
I a
I I
t
= = =
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
In Example 4, notice that the mass
of the disk is:

m = density x area = (a
2
)
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
So, the moment of inertia of the disk about
the origin (like a wheel about its axle) can be
written as:




Thus, if we increase the mass or the radius
of the disk, we thereby increase the moment
of inertia.
4
2 2 2
1 1
0 2 2
( )
2
a
I a a ma
t
t = = =
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
In general, the moment of inertia plays
much the same role in rotational motion
that mass plays in linear motion.

The moment of inertia of a wheel is what makes it
difficult to start or stop the rotation of the wheel.

This is just as the mass of a car is what makes it
difficult to start or stop the motion of the car.
RADIUS OF GYRATION
The radius of gyration of a lamina about
an axis is the number R such that

mR
2
= I
where:
m is the mass of the lamina.
I is the moment of inertia about the given axis.
Equation 9
RADIUS OF GYRATION
Equation 9 says that:


If the mass of the lamina were concentrated
at a distance R from the axis, then the moment
of inertia of this point mass would be the same
as the moment of inertia of the lamina.
RADIUS OF GYRATION
In particular, the radius of gyration
with respect to the x-axis and the radius of
gyration with respect to the y-axis are
given by:
y
x
Equations 10
2 2
x y
my I mx I = =
RADIUS OF GYRATION
Thus, is the point at which the mass
of the lamina can be concentrated without
changing the moments of inertia with respect
to the coordinate axes.

Note the analogy with the center of mass.
( , ) x y
RADIUS OF GYRATION
Find the radius of gyration about the x-axis
of the disk in Example 4.

As noted, the mass of the disk is m = a
2
.
So, from Equations 10, we have:


So, the radius of gyration about
the x-axis is , which is half
the radius of the disk.
Example 5
4 2
1
2
4
2
4
x
a I a
y
m a
t
t
= = =
1
2
y a =
PROBABILITY
In Section 8.5, we considered
the probability density function f
of a continuous random variable X.
PROBABILITY
This means that:

f(x) 0 for all x.

= 1

The probability that X lies between a and b
is found by integrating f from a to b:
( ) ( )
b
a
P a X b f x dx s s =
}
( ) f x dx

}
PROBABILITY
Now, we consider a pair of continuous
random variables X and Y, such as:


The lifetimes of two components of a machine.

The height and weight of an adult female chosen
at random.
JOINT DENSITY FUNCTION
The joint density function of X and Y is
a function f of two variables such that
the probability that (X, Y) lies in a region D
is:
(( , ) ( , )
D
P X Y D f x y dA = e
}}
JOINT DENSITY FUNCTION
In particular, if the region is a rectangle,
the probability that X lies between a and b
and Y lies between c and d
is:
( , )
( , )
b d
a c
P a X b c Y d
f x y dy dx
s s s s
=
} }
JOINT DENSITY FUNCTIONPROPERTIES
Probabilities arent negative and are
measured on a scale from 0 to 1.

Hence, the joint density function has
the following properties:
2
( , ) 0 ( , ) 1 f x y f x y dA > =
}}
JOINT DENSITY FUNCTION
As in Exercise 36 in Section 15.4, the double
integral over is an improper integral
defined as the limit of double integrals over
expanding circles or squares.
So, we can write:
2
( , ) ( , ) 1 f x y dA f x y dx dy


= =
}} } }

T
2
JOINT DENSITY FUNCTION
If the joint density function for X and Y
is given by



find the value of the constant C.
Then, find P(X 7, Y 2).
Example 6
( 2 ) if 0 10, 0 10
( , )
0 otherwise
C x y x y
f x y
+ s s s s

JOINT DENSITY FUNCTION

We find the value of C by ensuring that
the double integral of f is equal to 1.


f(x, y) = 0 outside the rectangle
[0, 10] X [0, 10]
Example 6
JOINT DENSITY FUNCTION
So, we have:





Thus, 1500C = 1
So, C =
1
1500
Example 6
10 10
0 0
10
10
2
0
0
10
0
( , ) ( 2 )
(10 100) 1500
y
y
f x y dy dx C x y dy dx
C xy y dx
C x dx C


=
=
= +
(
= +

= + =
} } } }
}
}
JOINT DENSITY FUNCTION
Now, we can compute the probability that
X is at most 7 and Y is at least 2:
Example 6
7
2
7 10
1
1500
0 2
10
7
2
1
1500
0
2
7
1
1500
0
868
1500
( 7, 2) ( , )
( 2 )
(8 96)
0.5787
y
y
P X Y f x y dy dx
x y dy dx
xy y dx
x dx

=
=
s > =
= +
(
= +

= +
= ~
} }
} }
}
}
INDEPENDENT RANDOM VARIABLES
Suppose X is a random variable with
probability density function f
1
(x) and Y is
a random variable with density function f
2
(y).

Then, X and Y are called independent
random variables if their joint density function
is the product of their individual density functions:

f(x, y) = f
1
(x)f
2
(y)
In Section 8.5, we modeled waiting times
by using exponential density functions



where is the mean waiting time.

In the next example, we consider a situation
with two independent waiting times.
1 /
0 if 0
( )
if 0
t
t
f t
e t

<

>

INDEPENDENT RANDOM VARIABLES

IND. RANDOM VARIABLES
The manager of a movie theater
determines that:

The average time moviegoers wait in line to buy
a ticket for this weeks film is 10 minutes.

The average time they wait to buy popcorn is
5 minutes.
Example 7
IND. RANDOM VARIABLES
Assuming that the waiting times are
independent, find the probability that
a moviegoer waits a total of less than
20 minutes before taking his or her seat.
Example 7
IND. RANDOM VARIABLES
Lets assume that both the waiting time X
for the ticket purchase and the waiting time Y
in the refreshment line are modeled by
exponential probability density functions.
Example 7
IND. RANDOM VARIABLES
Then, we can write the individual density
functions as:
1
/10
1
10
2
/ 5
1
5
0 if 0
( )
if 0
0 if 0
( )
if 0
x
y
x
f x
e x
y
f x
e y

<

=

>

<

=

>

Example 7
IND. RANDOM VARIABLES
Since X and Y are independent,
the joint density function is the product:
1 2
/10 / 5
1
50
( , ) ( ) ( )
if 0, 0
0 otherwise
x y
f x y f x f y
e e x y

=

> >

Example 7
IND. RANDOM VARIABLES
We are asked for the probability that
X + Y < 20: P(X + Y < 20) = P((X,Y) D)

where D is
the triangular region
shown.
Example 7
e
IND. RANDOM VARIABLES
Thus,
Example 7
20 20
/10 / 5
1
50
0 0
20
20
/10 / 5
1
50
0
0
( 20)
( , )
( 5)
D
x
x y
y x
x y
y
P X Y
f x y dA
e e dy dx
e e dx

=

=
+ <
=
=
(
=

}}
} }
}
IND. RANDOM VARIABLES
Thus, about 75% of the moviegoers wait
less than 20 minutes before taking their seats.
Example 7
( )
( )
20
/10 ( 20) / 5
1
10
0
20
/10 4 /10
1
10
0
4 2
1
1 2
0.7476
x x
x x
e e dx
e e e dx
e e



=
=
= +
~
}
}
EXPECTED VALUES
Recall from Section 8.5 that, if X is a random
variable with probability density function f,
then its mean is:
( ) xf x dx

=
}
EXPECTED VALUES
Now, if X and Y are random variables with joint
density function f, we define the X-mean and Y-
mean (also called the expected values of X and Y)
as:
2 2
1 2
( , ) ( , ) xf x y dA yf x y dA m m = =

Equations 11
EXPECTED VALUES
Notice how closely the expressions for

1
and
2
in Equations 11 resemble
the moments M
x
and M
y
of a lamina with
density function in Equations 3 and 4.
EXPECTED VALUES
In fact, we can think of probability as
being like continuously distributed mass.

We calculate probability the way we calculate
massby integrating a density function.
EXPECTED VALUES
Then, as the total probability mass is 1,
the expressions for and in Formulas 5
show that:

We can think of the expected values of X and Y,

1
and
2
, as the coordinates of the center of
mass of the probability distribution.
x
y
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
In the next example, we deal with normal
distributions.

As in Section 8.5, a single random variable
is normally distributed if its probability density
function is of the form



where is the mean and is the standard
deviation.
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
( )
2
x
f x e
o
o t

=
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
A factory produces (cylindrically shaped)
roller bearings that are sold as having
diameter 4.0 cm and length 6.0 cm.

The diameters X are normally distributed with
mean 4.0 cm and standard deviation 0.01 cm.

The lengths Y are normally distributed with
mean 6.0 cm and standard deviation 0.01 cm.
Example 8
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
Assuming that X and Y are independent,
write the joint density function and graph it.

Find the probability that a bearing randomly
chosen from the production line has either
length or diameter that differs from the mean
by more than 0.02 cm.
Example 8
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
X and Y are normally distributed with

1
= 4.0,
2
= 6.0 and
1
=
2
= 0.01

Thus, the individual density functions
for X and Y are:
Example 8
2
2
( 4) / 0.0002
1
( 6) / 0.0002
2
1
( )
0.01 2
1
( )
0.01 2
x
y
f x e
f y e
t
t


=
=
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
Since X and Y are independent,
the joint density function is the product:
Example 8
2 2
2 2
1 2
( 4) / 0.0002 ( 6) / 0.0002
5000[( 4) ( 6) ]
( , ) ( ) ( )
1
0.0002
5000
x y
x y
f x y f x f y
e e
e
t
t

+
=
=
=
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
A graph of the function is shown.
Example 8
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
Lets first calculate the probability that
both X and Y differ from their means by
less than 0.02 cm.
Example 8
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS Example 8
2 2
4.02 6.02
3.98 5.98
4.02 6.02
5000[( 4) ( 6) ]
3.98 5.98
(3.98 4.02, 5.98 6.02)
( , )
5000
0.91
x y
P X Y
f x y dy dx
e dy dx
t
+
< < < <
=
=
~
} }
} }
Using a calculator or computer to estimate
the integral, we have:
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
Then, the probability that either X or Y
differs from its mean by more than 0.02 cm
is approximately:

1 0.91 = 0.09
Example 8