FORMULAE

Total Differential
For function ( , ) z f x y = , the total differential of z, dz is given by:
z z
dz dx dy
x y
c c
= +
c c


Relative Change
For function ( , ) z f x y = , the relative change in z is given by:
dz z dx z dy
z x z y z
c c
= +
c c


Implicit Differentiation
Suppose that z is given implicitly as a function ( , ) z f x y = by an equation of the form
( , , ) 0 F x y z = , where ( , , ( , )) 0 F x y f x y = for all ( , ) x y in the domain of f, hence,
x
z
F z
x F
c
=
c
and
y
z
F
z
y F
c
=
c


Extreme of Function with Two Variables
2
( , ) ( , ) [ ( , )]
xx yy xy
D f a b f a b f a b =
a.
If 0 D > and ( , ) 0
xx
f a b < (or ( , ) 0
yy
f a b < )
( , ) f x y has a local maximum value at ( , ) a b
b.
If 0 D > and ( , ) 0
xx
f a b > (or ( , ) 0
yy
f a b > )
( , ) f x y has a local minimum value at ( , ) a b
c. If 0 D<
( , ) f x y has a saddle point at ( , ) a b
d. If 0 D =
The test is inconclusive

Surface Area
R
Surface Area dS =
}}


2 2
( ) ( ) 1
x y
R
f f dA = + +
}}


Polar Coordinates:
cos x r u =

sin y r u =

2 2 2
x y r + =
where 0 2 u t s s
( , ) ( , )
R R
f x y dA f r rdrd u u =
}} }}

Cylindrical Coordinates:
cos x r u =

sin y r u =

z z =

where 0 2 u t s s
( , , ) ( , , )
G G
f x y z dV f r z rdzdrd u u =
}}} }}}


Spherical Coordinates:
sin cos x | u =

sin sin y | u =

cos z | =

2 2 2 2
x y z = + +

where 0 | t s s and 0 2 u t s s
2
( , , ) ( , , ) sin
G G
f x y z dV f d d d | u | | u =
}}} }}}


In 2-D: Lamina
Given that ( , ) x y o is a density of lamina

Mass, ( , ) ,
R
m x y dA o =
}}
where

Moment of Mass
a.
About x-axis, ( , )
x
R
M y x y dA o =
}}

b.
About y-axis, ( , )
y
R
M x x y dA o =
}}


Centre of Mass
Non-Homogeneous Lamina:
( , ) ,
y
x
M
M
x y
m m
| |
=
|
\ .


Centroid
Homogeneous Lamina:
1
R
x xdA
Areaof R
=
}}
and
1
R
y ydA
Areaof R
=
}}


Moment Inertia:
a.
2
( , )
y
R
I x x y dA o =
}}

b.
2
( , )
x
R
I y x y dA o =
}}

c.
2 2
( ) ( , )
o
R
I x y x y dA o = +
}}


In 3-D: Solid
Given that ( , , ) x y z o is a density of solid

Mass, ( , , )
G
m x y z dV o =
}}}

If ( , , ) x y z c o = , where c is a constant,
G
m dA =
}}}
is volume.

Moment of Mass
a.
About yz-plane, ( , , )
yz
G
M x x y z dV o =
}}}

b.
About xz-plane, ( , , )
xz
G
M y x y z dV o =
}}}

c.
About xy-plane, ( , , )
xy
G
M z x y z dV o =
}}}

Centre of Gravity
( , , ) , ,
yz xy
xz
M M
M
x y z
m m m
| |
=
|
\ .


Moment Inertia
a.
About x-axis,
2 2
( ) ( , , )
x
G
I y z x y z dV o = +
}}}

b.
About y-axis,
2 2
( ) ( , , )
y
G
I x z x y z dV o = +
}}}

c.
About z-axis,
2 2
( ) ( , , )
z
G
I x y x y z dV o = +
}}}


Directional Derivative
( , ) ( )
u x y
D f x y f f = + i j u


Del Operator
x y z
c c c
V = + +
c c c
i j k

Gradient of | | = V



Let ( , , ) x y z M N P = + + F i j k , hence,

The Divergence of .
M N P
x y z
c c c
= V = + +
c c c
F F

The Curl of =V F F

x y z
M N P
P N P M N M
y z x z x y
c c c
=
c c c
| | | | c c c c c c | |
= +
| | |
c c c c c c
\ .
\ . \ .
i j k
i j k




Let C is smooth curve defined by ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t x t y t z t = + + r i j k , hence,

The Unit Tangent Vector,
'( )
( )
|| '( ) ||
t
t
t
=
r
T
r


The Principal Unit Normal Vector,
'( )
( )
|| '( ) ||
t
t
t
=
T
N
T


The Binormal Vector, ( ) ( ) ( ) t t t = B T N

Curvature
'( ) ||
|| '( ) ||
t
t
k =
|| T
r


Radius of Curvature
1

k
=


Greens Theorem
C R
N M
Mdx Ndy dA
x y
| | c c
+ =
|
c c
\ .
} }}


Gausss Theorem
S G
dS dV = V
}} }}}
F n F


Stokes Theorem
( )
C S
dr dS = V
} }}
F F n

Arc Length
If ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ , ] t x t y t z t t a b = + + e r i j k, , hence, the arc length,
2 2 2
|| '( ) || [ '( )] [ '( )] [ '( )]
b b
a a
s t dt x t y t z t dt = = + +
} }
r