values of electric and magnetic fields, the waves are known as analog waves.

These waves are typically represented by time varying sine or cosine functions. Modulation of such analog waves is known as analog modulation. There are different types of analog modulations depending on the change in the carrier wave, viz. change in amplitude is known as amplitude modulation (AM), change in frequency is called frequency modulation (FM) and change in phase angle is called phase modulation (PM). The waves which vary with time but take only discrete values (generally only two) are known as digital signals. In this case, the time duration between the discrete levels may change continuously with time. For a digital signal the types of modulations used are (i) pulse d