Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1/17
I t = 50176 ln A
T2 + 234 T + 234 1
A = 0.007 I t I = short-circuit current in rms amperes t = duration of short circuit in seconds, (tc)A = cable conductor cross sectional area in circular mils or mm2 (use actual mm2 instead of nominal size) C = Constant equal to 0.0297 for copper & 0.0125 for aluminum T1 : Initial operating temperature (Max. permissible continuous conductor temperature) (T1 = 90 OC for XLPE insulated conductor) T2 :Maximum permissible temperature at short circuit (T2 = 250 OC for XLPE insulated conductor)
2/17
3/17
I = Fault current flowing through the shield in amperes A = Area of shield in circular mils or mm2/1974 (use actual mm2 instead of nominal size) K = Constant based on temperature limits of jackets and metallic portion of shield T = duration of fault in seconds When the ground/earth fault current is greater than the short circuit current, it will also be necessary to re-check that the phase conductor is still protected against damage by the ground/earth fault current. Emergency Overload Rating Conductor operating temperature affects the life of the insulation. The life of the cable insulation is approximately halved and the thermally caused service failure doubled for every 8 to 10C rise in temperature. Sustained operation over the normal operating temperature or ampacities should not be allowed. Overloading for short periods of time can be considered, provided the following conditions are met for ANSI/IEC based projects. ANSI Based Projects The changes in cable temperature are not instantaneous based on variation in load. During overload conditions, the cable may be overloaded for short periods of time. The ICEA has established maximum emergency overload temperatures for various insulations. For e.g., 130C for XLPE and 130/140C for EPR rated at 90/105C continuous rating. Warning, cable expansion may be a problem at elevated temperatures, particularly for XLPE which has a high coefficient of expansion. For exceptionally long cable lengths providing expansion loop may be considered. Operations at the emergency overload temperature should not exceed 100 hours/year or more than 500 hours during the life of the cable. Refer to IEEE 141, Table 12-5 for uprating factors for short time overloads for various types of insulated cables. This uprating factor multiplied by the nominal current rating of a cable for a particular installation will give the emergency or overload current rating for the particular installation. IEC based Projects For IEC cable current capability, the following definitions apply: In = the nominal current or current setting of the protective device Ib = the design current (full load current of the circuit). ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN 4/17
Where, I = current flowing in the conductor, in amperes. R = total line resistance for one conductor, in ohms. X = total line reactance for one conductor, in ohms. cos= load power factor, in per unit. sin = load reactive factor, in per unit. Es= Sending end voltage
5/17
The voltage-drop obtained from the formula above is in one conductor, one way (i.e., line-to-neutral voltage drop). However, the line-to-line voltage-drop, VD in a three phase ac system is computed by multiplying the formula above by 3:
where, R = conductor resistance per 1000 feet(meters), in ohms. X = conductor reactance per 1000 feet(meters), in ohms. l = total length of circuit, in feet/meters. and VD can be expressed as; VD = (%VD)*(VL) where (%VD) = Percentage of the Voltage-Drop . (VL) = Nominal Bus Voltage
This formula is used in determining the maximum feeder cable lengths. When using the formulae to calculate the voltage drop in a cable supplying a motor load, it is necessary to perform the calculation for motor starting and running conditions. The value at full load is based on practical and economic considerations and that at starting to ensure that motor starting torque is sufficient to accelerate the driven equipment. Resistance data are usually tabulated in the form of dc resistance per 1000 feet of conductor at some given temperature, such as 20C or 25C, for different sizes and cable construction (stranded, solid, coated, uncoated, etc.). This resistance must then be corrected for the proper cable operating temperature, skin effect, installation in magnetic conduit, and, for large cables, proximity effect. (The skin effect causes an increase in apparent resistance for ac operation.) Because most cables carry current that is less than their rated ampacity, their actual operating temperatures will be less than their rated operating temperature. To be on the safe side and to simplify things, the resistance is usually corrected for the cables rated maximum operating temperature. This yields the worst case resistance.
6/17
Cable Ampacity Ampacity is defined as the current in amperes a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of surrounding medium in which the cables are installed. An ampacity study is the calculation of the temperature rise of the conductor in a cable system under steady-state conditions. Cable ampacity, whether calculated or taken from an ampacity table is based on the following equation,
This equation is based on Neher-McGrath method where, Tc allowable conductor temperature (oC) Ta ambient temperature (either soil or air) (oC) Td temperature rise of conductor due to dielectric heating (oC) Tint temperature rise of the conductor due to interference heating from adjacent cables (oC) Rac electrical ac resistance of conductor including skin effect, proximity and temperature effects (/ft) Rca effective total thermal resistance of path between conductor and surrounding ambient to include the effects of load factor, shield/sheath losses, metallic conduit losses, effects of multiple conductors in the same duct etc (thermal-ft, oC-cm/W). From the above equation it is clear that the rated current carrying capacity of a conductor is dependent on the following factors, Ambient temperature (air or ground) Grouping and proximity to other loaded cables, heat sources etc. Method of installation (aboveground or below ground) Thermal conductivity of the medium in which the cable is installed Thermal conductivity of the cable constituents
7/17
1) PROCEDURE The size of the cable is selected based on the following considerations. a) b)
c)
Short circuit withstand capacity (SC Ampacity). Effective current carrying capacity (Thermal Ampacity).
Voltage drop during steady state operating conditions and motor start-up.
Short circuit withstand capacity is to be checked for HT cables and for LT incomer feeders only.For LT breaker controlled motor feeders ,the cable impedance reduces short circuit current considerably,hence, short circuit withstand capacity is not required to be checked for the rated fault level of the LT motors.
For HT feeders & LT incomer feeders ,the minimum cable size which satisfies the above three conditions is selected. For other LT feeders , minimum cable size which meets b) & c) is selected.
3.0
STEPS FOR CABLE SIZING Following steps are to be followed to conclude proper techno-economical cable size for a consumer.
3.1
Step-1 (Applicable for HT cables and LT incomer cables only) The cross sectional area where calculated shall not be less than the value determined by the following formula. S = It K
8/17
= = = =
Rating factor for variation in Ground temperature. Rating factor for Grouping of cables. Rating factor for Depth of laying. Rating factor for Thermal resistivity of soil.
= =
Rating factor for variation in Ambient air temperature. Rating factor for Grouping of cables.
c) Values of different derating factors for calculating C shall be taken as per manufacturer catalogues. The value of C thus calculated is multiplied by the
9/17
a) Calculate load current for a consumer using following formulas (i) I = KW 3 * V* pf *effn KW V*pf*effn KW V*effn for 3 ph AC loads
for 1 Ph AC load
for DC
Where I = Load current of the electrical consumer ( in Amp) KW = Output kW (name plate) rating of the load . In case of battery charger maximum load considering normal load + boost charging to be considered .V = Line to line voltage in case of 3ph AC/ Line to phase in case of 1 ph AC / DC voltage in case of DC ( in kV and name plate voltage rating of the consumer ,not the switchgear bus voltage) in kV pf = power factor in case of AC voltage at rated load effn = Efficiency (1) of the equipment at rated load. b) Select the cable size from the calculated chart (cl 3.2 e) c) Compare the cable size as per short circuit (step-I) and according to load Current (step-3). Select the higher cable size. 3.4 Step-4 Verification of cable size according to permissible voltage drop during steady state operating conditions & motor start up. a) For three phase circuits.
% Voltage drop can be computed using the formula % Vd = Where, Vd = Voltage drop in percentage 3 * I * L * (Rac * Cos + X * Sin) * 100 / (N * V)
10/17
X L N ). b)
For DC circuits :
% Voltage drop can be computed using the formula % Vd = Where, I = Line current in Amps V = System voltage in volts Rdc = DC conductor resistance temperature in ohm per km L = Cable length in km. N = Number of Runs (2 * I * L * Rdc * 100) / (N * V)
at
maximum
rated
conductor
c)
= =
Voltage drop Power factor angle by which the current lags (or leads) the
X L N
= Line current in Amps = System voltage in volts = AC conductor resistance at maximum temperature in ohms per km. = Reactance in ohms per km at 50 Hz = Cable length in km. = Number of Runs
rated
conductor
Check the calculated voltage drop, for the selected cable as per step-3,if voltage drop voltage drop is higher than the permissible value , then calculate voltage drop with next higher cable size until the condition is satisfied.
11/17
Appendix -1
Derating factor due to variation in ambient temperature for cable laid in air
Air Temp in Deg C LV cable PVC insulated Source: CCI Capital . HV cable XLPE insulated Source: Fort gloster
15
20 1.33 1.07
25 1.25
1.04
30 1.16 1.00
35 1.09 0.95
40 1.00 0.91
45 0.90 0.86
50 55 0.83 0.82
Derating factor due to variation in ground temperature for cable laid in ground Ground Temp in Deg C LV cable PVC insulated Source: CCI Capital HV cable XLPE insulated Source: Fort gloster 15 1.17 1.04 20 1.12 1.00 25 1.06
0.96
30 1.00 0.93
35 0.94 0.89
40 0.87 0.85
45 0.79 0.81
50
55
0.76
750 1.00
900 0.99
>1800 0.95
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.94
0.93
1.00 -
0.97
1.00 -
12/17
Derating factor due to variation in thermal resistivity of soil for cable laid in ground
Thermal resistivity of soil in Deg C-cm/w HV cable XLPE insulated Source: Fort gloster
70
100 1.20
120
1.11
150 1.00
200 0.89
250 0.80
300 0.73
Multicor touchi 0.7 e single ng 9 layer 150m 0.8 m gap 2 (c-c) Multicor touchi e tier ng 150m m gap (c-c) Single touchi 0.7 core ng 8 trefoil 150m 0.8 m gap 2 (c-c)
0.69 0.72
0.46 0.51
0.43 0.46 -
0.68 0.71
0.45 0.50
No. of Racks No. of Cables per rack LV cable PVC insulated Source: HV cable paper insulated Source: CCI
1 2 3 6 9 2 3
3 6
6 6
Not available
Multi core 0.84 touching M core with 0.98 1d spacing HV cable XLPE Multi core - 0.84 insulated touching
0.80 0.75 0.73 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.68 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.66 0.96 0.93 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.88 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.68 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.66
13/17
0.96 -
0.94 0.92 -
0.93 0.90 -
APPENDIX-II
SAMPLE OF HT CABLE SIZING CALCULATION INCOMER FEEDER From : Switch Board At Tps To : HT Switchgear
RMS Symmetrical short circuit current = 40 KA (assumed) Operating time of the Protection device for Fault current = 0.6 sec. (assumed) Minimum live Aluminum conductor section in order to allow for max. S. C. current = 40000 * SQRT(0.6)/94= 329.61 mm2 Min. Cable size Full load current = 1 3C x 400 mm2 = 300 A
Cable Data Considered : Cable size considered Cable resistance Cable reactance Cable Ampacity Derating factor Derated cable ampacity No. of cable runs selected = 3C x 400 mm2 (XLPE + Al) = 0.102 /KM = 0.091 /KM = 525 A = 0.58 (from manufacturer catalogue) = 525 * 0.58 = 304.5A. = 300/304.5 = 0.985 Nos = 1 no selected. = 80 m. =1.732 * 300 * 0.08 * (0.102 * 0.8 + 0.091 * 0.6) * 100/(1* 6600)
14/17
Hence 1 Nos. of 3C x 400 mm2 cable is acceptable. MOTOR FEEDER From : To : HT Switchboard HT Motor = 40 KA (assumed)
RMS Symmetrical short circuit current Fault clearing time Min. conductor Size Min. Cable size Cable Length Load (as per load list) Power factor / Efficiency Full load current Derating factor Cable Data Considered Cable size considered Cable resistance Cable reactance Cable Ampacity Cable derated current Min. no. of cable runs required No. of cable runs selected % Voltage drop (during running condition) Locked rotor current Starting power factor = 0.197 %
= 0.2 sec. (assumed) = 40000 * SQRT(0.2)/94 = 190.30 mm2 = 1 3C x 240 mm2 = 0.40 KM (assumed) = 951 KW = 0.90 / 0.92 = 951/(1.732*6.6*0.90*0.92) = 100.475 A = 0.58 (from manufacturer catalogue)
= 3C x 240 mm2 (XLPE + Al) = 0.161 /KM = 0.097 /KM = 385 A = 385 * 0.58 = 223.3 A = 100.475/223.3 = 0.449 NOS. =1 = 1.732 * 100.475 * 0.40 * (0.161 * 0.9 + 0.097 * 0.436) * 100/(1* 6600) (LESS THAN 3 % ACCEPTABLE) = 602.85 A
= 6 * 100.475
= 0.25 (Assumed)
% Voltage drop
15/17
Cable Length Load (as per load list) Power factor / Efficiency Full load current Derating factor Cable Data Considered : Cable size considered Cable resistance Cable reactance Cable Ampacity Derated cable ampacity Min. no. of cable runs required No. of cable runs selected
= 0.425 KM (assumed) = 160KW (assumed) = 0.85/0.95 = 160/(1.732*0.415*0.85*0.95) = 275.665 A = 0.54 (from manufacturer catalogue)
= 3C x 300 SQ.MM.(PVC + AL) = 0.123/KM = 0.079 /KM = 305 A = 305 * 0.54 = 164.7 A = 275.665 / 164.7 = 1.674 NOS. =2
% Voltage drop = 1.732 * 275.665* 0.425 *(0.123* 0.85+ 0.079 * 0.526) *100 /(2* 415) (during running condition) Locked rotor current Starting power factor =3.572% (LESS THAN 5.5 % ACCEPTABLE) = 5.5 * 275.665 = 1516.1575A = 0.25 (Assumed)
% Voltage drop= 1.732 * 1516.1575 * 0.425 (0.123 * 0.25 + 0.079 *0.97) * 100/ (2* 415) (during starting condition) = 14.44% (LESS THAN 15 % ACCEPTABLE) Hence 2 Nos. of 3C x 300 mm2 cable is sufficient.
16/17
17/17
Powerplus
Technical Data
Current Ratings and Rating Factors
The current ratings of copper and aluminium conductor cables stated in the tables in this catalogue are based on the IEC 287 Publication, assuming continuous conductor operating temperature of 90C, for cables laid underground or in air, or drawn through ducts. These ratings are applicable for conditions defined in the tables and derating factors need to be applied in case of variations in: Ambient temperature Ground temperature Depth of buried cable Thermal resistivity of soil Multiple circuits and their configuration Appropriate tables for derating factors are provided in the latter part of this catalogue. Short Circuit Ratings The short circuit rating graphs given in this catalogue assume final conductor temperature of 250C rising from 90C i.e., in a fully loaded condition. It is therefore necessary that accessories used with the cables are also capable of operation at these values of fault current and temperature. The tables also indicate the specific short circuit fault current rating for a duration of one second for each cable size and type. When the fault duration (t) is different, then the appropriate rating may be obtained by multiplying the 1 second rating by the factor 1/t. Short circuit forces should be taken into account when single core cables are installed touching each other. Cleating and strapping should be such that repulsive forces that occur under short circuit conditions are contained.
Installation
Cables described in this publication are suitable for laying direct in ground, in air or drawn through ducts. Special construction features are needed when sustained wet conditions prevail in the ground. Cable pulling forces have to be limited according to the total conductor cross section area (A) in mm2 and the maximum may be limited to A x 50 Newtons for copper and A x 30 Newtons for aluminium. Cable bending radii are recommended as follows: Minimum Bending Radius During installation Single core unarmoured Single core armoured Three core unarmoured Three core armoured D is overall cable diameter. 20D 15D 15D 12D Controlled bending 15D 12D 12D 10D
Repeated voltage tests of an installation, particularly with cables in service for more than 5 years can be detrimental and hence not recommended. If unavoidable, 50% of above voltages may be applied for tests.
58
BICC
S``````HQh``H
Rating Factors
Table 51 VARIATION
IN
Table 52 RATING
FACTORS FOR DEPTH OF LAYING (TO CENTRE OF CABLE OR TREFOIL GROUP OF CABLES)
Depth of laying m
0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 or more
Above 300mm2
1.00 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.88
Table 53
RATING
(AVERAGE
VALUES)
Size of cables mm Single core 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1000 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12
2
Soil thermal resistivity in K.m./W 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.5 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 2.0 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 2.5 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 3.0 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66
Multicore 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69
BICC
59
Powerplus
SPACING
SPACING
Spacing of Circuits Number of Circuits Touching + Trefoil 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 0.78 0.66 0.59 0.55 0.52 0.79 0.67 0.62 0.57 0.54 Laid flat 0.81 0.68 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.81 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.15 m* 0.81 0.71 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.81 0.71 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.30 m 0.85 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.66 0.85 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.66 0.45 m 0.88 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.72 0.88 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.72 0.60 m 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.76
18/30kV cables
* This configuration, at 0.15m spacing, may not be practical for the larger size cables.
Table 55
GROUP
SPACING
Spacing Touching 0.80 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.80 0.70 0.64 0.59 0.56 0.15 m 0.85 0.75 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.83 0.73 0.68 0.63 0.60 0.30 m 0.89 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.87 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.68 0.45 m 0.90 0.84 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.89 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.74 0.60 m 0.92 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.80 0.91 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.78
18/30kV cables
60
BICC
S``````HQh``H
Table 56
VARIATION
IN
GROUND TEMPERATURE
15 1.11 20 1.08 25 1.04 30 35 0.96 40 0.91 45 0.87
Rating factor
1.00
Table 57
RATING
Depth of laying m
0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 or more
Table 58
RATING
Size of cables mm Single core 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1000
2
Multicore 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78
BICC
61
Powerplus
SPACING
Number of Circuits 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6
Spacing Touching 0.85 0.75 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.85 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.65 0.45 m 0.88 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.88 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.60 m 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.76
18/30kV Cables
Table 60
GROUP
SPACING
Spacing Touching 0.88 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.87 0.78 0.73 0.69 0.67 0.30 m 0.91 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.89 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.45 m 0.93 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.92 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.78 0.60 m 0.94 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.84 0.93 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82
18/30kV cables
62
BICC
S``````HQh``H
Table 61
VARIATION
IN
AIR TEMPERATURE
25 30 35 40 Rating factor 1.09 1.04 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 45 50 55
Effect of grouping cables: No reduction in rating is necessary where there is free circulation of air around the circuits provided that: 1. The horizontal clearance between circuits is not less than twice the overall diameter of an individual cable. 2. The vertical clearance between circuits is not less than four times the diameter of an individual cable. 3. If the number of circuits exceeds three, they are installed in a horizontal plane.
Table 62
Conductor cross section mm2 50 - 120 150 - 300 400 and above
Screen Area
mm2 16 25 35
BICC
63
Powerplus
SQ MM
SQ MM SQ MM
SQ MM SQ MM
SQ MM
20
SQ MM
KILOAMPS
SQ MM
IN
SQ MM SQ MM
CURRENT
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
120
95SQ 70
MM
SQ MM
50
SQ MM
35 25
2
SQ MM SQ MM
16
1
SQ MM
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.8 1.0
OF
2.0
IN
3.0
SHORT CIRCUIT
SECONDS
Basis 1. Cable fully loaded at start of short circuit. (Conductor temperature: 90C) 2. Conductor temperature at end of short circuit: 250C Note: It should be ensured that the accessories associated with the cable are also capable of operation at these values of fault current and temperature.
64
BICC
S``````HQh``H
1000
50
SQ MM SQ MM
800
40
630
30
SQ MM
500 400
20
SQ MM SQ MM
KILOAMPS
300 240
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
SQ MM SQ MM
CURRENT
IN
SQ MM SQ MM
SQ MM
SQ MM
70
3
SQ MM
50
2
SQ MM
35 25
1
SQ MM
SQ MM SQ MM
2.0
IN
3.0
Basis 1. Cable fully loaded at start of short circuit. (Conductor temperature: 90C)
SHORT CIRCUIT
SECONDS
2. Conductor temperature at end of short circuit: 250C Note: It should be ensured that the accessories associated with the cable are also capable of operation at these values of fault current and temperature.
BICC
65