CE470 Lecture 10 Bolts

Types of Fasteners, Properties Slip-Critical and Bearing-Type Connections Methods of Tightening Bolts Tension, Shear, and Bearing capacity of bolts

Types of Fasteners
Rivets

Mild carbon steel, Fy = 28 38 ksi Clamping force varied Bad rivet? Difficult & expensive to remove Required crew of 4 skilled workers

Types of Fasteners
Unfinished Bolts

Low-carbon steel, ASTM A307, Fu = 60 ksi Machine, Common bolts Least expensive Typically used in light structures and secondary members (small trusses, purlins, girts etc.)

Types of Fasteners
High-Strength Bolts

started use in 1950s less bolts required More labor (washers) Most economical

Parts of the Bolt Assembly

Grip Washer Face Washer Nut

Shank Head Length

Thread

Grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of the nut or washer

Sum of the thicknesses of all the parts being joined exclusive of washers

Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the bolt Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

AISC Table 7-15 [7-80]

High-Strength Bolts
Thread length

Standard dimensions (F, H, W, thread length)

A325

WASHER goes under part youre using to tighten bolt (head or nut)

AISC Table 2-5 [2-41]

ASTM
A325 A490

Material
Medium carbon steel Heat-treated alloy steel

Fub
105 - 120 ksi 150 ksi

Common Sizes

Buildings 3/4 and 7/8 Bridges 7/8 and 1

for 0.5 to 1 diameter

Markings
Material Specification Underline if Type 3 bolt (weathering steel) Otherwise, Type 1 standard (Type 2 discontinued) Manufacturer (initials or abbreviation; hereCordova Bolt)

A325 COR

SLIP-CRITICAL

Bolts tightened to specified tensile stress

Friction-type used when slip resistance desired at service loads (Joints subject to fatigue, bolts in combination with welds, anytime deformation due to slip unacceptable for design)

Slip-Critical Joints

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

In a slip-critical joint the bolts must be fully pre-tensioned .

This force develops frictional resistance between the connected elements The frictional resistance allows the joint to withstand loading without slipping into bearing, although the bolts must still be designed for bearing The slip critical joint faying surfaces may require preparation

BEARING TYPE

Contact or bearing on plate

Permitted to be snug-tight all plies in a joint are in firm contact

May be PRE-TENSIONED [AISC J1.10]

Bearing Joints

In a bearing joint the connected elements are assumed to slip into bearing against the body of the bolt If the joint is designed as a bearing joint, the load is transferred through bearing whether the bolt is installed snug-tight or pretensioned Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Bolt Installation
Turn-of-the-nut

Simplest method 1/3 to 1/2 turn, typically, beyond snug tight

Calibrated wrench

Manual torque wrenches Variation +/- 30% Wrenches MUST be calibrated DAILY

Turn-of-Nut Method

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Turn-of-Nut Method
Installation Procedure: Check bolts and nuts for rust and lubrication Install nut and washer with markings up Washer, if installed, must be under the turned element

Step 1 Tighten bolt to snug tight condition having all faying surfaces in tight contact

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Turn-of-Nut Method
Step 2 Match-Mark bolt tip, nut and base steel (this procedure is not required By RCSC specification)

Step 3 Rotate nut specified Turn-of-Nut amount

Note: Bolt may be tightened by turning the bolt head Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Turn-of-Nut Method

Step 4

Check for rotated Tolerance For 1/3 turn, +/- 30 degrees For 1/2 turn, +/- 30 degrees For 2/3 turn, +/- 45 degrees

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Turn-of-Nut Method

The turn-of-nut method of installation is reliable and produces bolt pretensions that are consistently above the prescribed values.

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Proof Load = yield stress x tensile stress area = approx. 70 80% of tensile capacity Pretension = 70% of tensile capacity

55K

Bolt Tension

40K

Pretension 39K = Proof Load for A325

A325 7/8 diameter

10K Snug

1/3 to 1/2

3/4 to 1 Turns from Snug

~1-3/4

Calibrated Wrench Method

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Calibrated Wrench Method

Portable bolt-tension calibration -convert tool output to bolttension
-Torque-Control Wrenches -Conventional Impact Wrenches -Turn-of-Nut Method

Skidmore-Wilhelm Calibrator Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Bolt Installation
Alternative-design bolts

Twist-off or Tension-control bolts Special wrench required Spline designed to twist off at required level of torque / tension

Spline
ANIMATION http://www.tcbolts.co.uk/2_installation.html

Direct Tension Indicator Bolts

ASTM F1852-08 Twist-Off Bolts

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Direct Tension Indicator Bolts

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Bolt Installation
Direct Tension Indicators (DTIs)

Direct Tension Indicator Washers

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Direct Tension Indicator Washers

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

TENSION FAILURE

SHEAR FAILURE

Deformation / elongation of bolt hole

Shear rupture / splitting of plate

BEARING FAILURE

Bolted Joint Failure Modes

Bearing Yield

Bearing Fracture

Bearing Fracture

Bearing Yield

Bolts in bearing joints are designed to meet two limit states: 1. Yielding, which is an inelastic deformation (above left) 2. Fracture, which is a failure of the joint (above left) The material the bolt bears against is also subject to yielding or fracture if it is undersized for the load (above right)

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Resistance Factor

Rn

Pu

0.75

Use this for : -- tension capacity -- shear capacity -- bearing resistance

Tensile Strength

AISC J3.6 [16.1-108], Table J3.2

Rn
Fn

FnAb
Ft

Nominal, unthreaded cross section (in2)

0.75 F

b u

Tensile stress capacity

AISC J3.6 [16.1-108], Table J3.2

Shear Strength

Rn

FvAb
b u

Rn m uAb Number m(of 0. 5 F ) A b shear

planes

P P m=1

P/2 P/2

Shear Strength
P P/2

P/2 P/4 P/4

P m=2

P/4 P/4

Shear Strength
b u

Rn m uAb m(0.5F ) Ab
Connection length effect = 0.8 shear factor (from tests) = 0.62 0.8 x 0.62 ~ 0.5

Shear Strength (threads included)

A325X
(threads excluded from shear plane)

A325N
(threads included in shear plane)

Rn m uAb m(0.4F ) Ab
0.5 x 0.75 ~ 0.4

b u

Threads in the Shear Plane

The shear plane is the plane between two or more pieces of steel. The threads of a HS bolt may or may not be assumed to be included in the shear plane; however, based on the fixed length of thread, it is highly unlikely. The bolt capacity is greater with the threads excluded from the shear plane The most commonly used bolt is an ASTM A325 3/4 HS bolt with the threads assumed to be included in the shear plane

Threads Included In The Shear Plane

Threads Excluded From The Shear Plane

Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates

Bearing Limit State

d
Le

Rn = 2 t [Le- d/2] if Le = 2-2/3 d

Rn = 3.0Fud t

AISC J3.10 [16.1-111]

Design Bearing Resistance

Deformation IS a design consideration (do not want hole elongation > inch)

Lc Lc

Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu
Clear distance (in)

AISC J3.10 [16.1-111]

Design Bearing Resistance

Plate / angle tensile stress (ksi) Plate / angle thickness (in) Bolt diameter (in)

Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu

Design Bearing Resistance, contd

Deformation is NOT a design consideration

Rn 1.5LctFu 3.0dtFu
Rn (boltgroup ) Rn (individual )

AISC J3.3 [16.1-106]

Minimum Spacing

2 2 dbolt 3
preferred

3dbolt

AISC Table J3.4

Minimum Edge Distances

Bolt Diameter 3/4 7/8 1 for Sheared Edge 1-1/4 1-1/2 1-3/4
[d] [d]

for Rolled Edge 1 1-1/8 1-1/4

Le

1.5dbolt
preferred

[d]

permitted to be 1-1/4 in. at ends of beam connection angles and shear end plates

AISC J3.5 [16.1-106]

Maximum Edge Distances

Le 12t Le 6"