VSRD International Journal of Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Vol. 3 No.

5 May 2013 e-ISSN : 2231-3346, p-ISSN : 2319-2232 VSRD International Journals : www.vsrdjournals.com

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF D-STATCOM AND DVR FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1Ashish
1,2Department

Nigam* and 2J.K. Dwivedi

Scholar, 2Associate Professor, of Electrical Engineering, HBTI, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA. *Corresponding Author : hodnvp_ec@narainagroup.net

1Research

ABSTRACT
At transmission level, instead, power electronic based devices are mainly applied for power flow control and to improve the stability of the power system. As commercial and industrial customers become more and more reliant on high- quality and high-reliability electric power, utilities have considered approaches that would provide different options or levels of premium power for those customers who require something more than what the bulk power system can provide. Insufficient power quality can be caused by (1) failures and switching operations in the network, which mainly result in voltage dips, interruptions, and transients and (2) network disturbances from loads that mainly result in flicker (fast voltage variations), harmonics, and phase imbalance. The main objective of this paper is to show that performance analysis of D-STATCOM and DVR for power quality improvement in distribution system. This work describes the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a power distribution system. Among these, the distribution static compensator and the dynamic voltage restorer are most effective devices, both of them based on the VSC principle. Keywords : D-Statcom, DVR, Voltage Dips, Interruption, Power Quality, VSC.

1. INTRODUCTION The rapid change in the electric load profile from being mainly a linear type to greatly nonlinear, has created continued power quality problems which are difficult to detect and is in general complex. The most important contributor to power quality problems is the customers (or end-user electric loads) use of sensitive type nonlinear load in all sectors (Industrial, Commercial and Residential). Power Quality issues can be roughly broken into a number of sub-categories: Harmonics ( integral, sub, super and Interharmonics) Voltage swells, sags, fluctuations, flicker and Transients Voltage magnitude and frequency, voltage imbalance Hot grounding loops and ground potential rise (GPR) The voltage generated by power stations has a sinusoidal waveform with a constant frequency. Any disturbances to voltage waveform can result in problems related with the operation of electrical and electronic devices. Users need constant sine wave shape, constant frequency and symmetrical voltage with a constant rms value to continue the production. This increasing interest to improve overall efficiency and eliminate variations in the industry have resulted more complex instruments that are sensitive to voltage disturbances. Harmonics cause equipment to fail prematurely and also decrease the efficiency of the electric distribution/utilization network. The typical power quality disturbances are voltage sags, voltage swells, interruptions, phase shifts, harmonics and

transients. Among the disturbances, voltage sag is considered the most severe since the sensitive loads are very susceptible to temporary changes in the voltage. In distribution systems, the power quality problems can reduce the power supplied to the customers from its nominal value. Voltage sag, harmonic, transient, overvoltage and under voltage are major impacts to a distribution system. The best equipment to solve this problem at distribution systems at minimum cost is by using Custom Power family of DSTATCOM. This work describes the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed system. Both of them based on the VSC principle have been used in this paper to perform the modeling and analysis of such controllers for a wide range of operating conditions. A DVR injects a voltage in series with the system voltage and a D-STATCOM injects a current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and interruption [3]. These cases have been modulated with compensation devices and simulated using simulink software. 2. VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS (VSC) A voltage-source converter is a power electronic device, which can generate a sinusoidal voltage with any required magnitude, frequency and phase angle. Voltage source converters are widely used in adjustable-speed drives, but can also be used to mitigate voltage dips. The VSC is used to either completely replace the voltage or to inject the missing voltage. The missing voltage is the difference between the nominal voltage and the actual. The converter

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is normally based on some kind of energy storage, which will supply the converter with a DC voltage. The solid-state electronics in the converter is then switched to get the desired output voltage. Normally the VSC is not only used for voltage dip mitigation, but also for other power quality issues, e.g. flicker and harmonics. 3. DISTRIBUTION STATIC COMPENSATOR A D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator), which is schematically depicted in Figure-3.1, consists of a twolevel Voltage Source Converter (VSC), a dc energy storage device, a coupling transformer connected in shunt to the distribution network through a coupling transformer. The VSC converts the dc voltage across the storage device into a set of three-phase ac output voltages [3]. These voltages are in phase and coupled with the ac system through the reactance of the coupling transformer. Suitable adjustment of the phase and magnitude of the D-STATCOM output voltages allows effective control of active and reactive power exchanges between the D-STATCOM and the ac system. Such configuration allows the device to absorb or generate controllable active and reactive power.

Fig. 2 : Single Line Diagram of the Test System for D-STATCOM The test system comprises a 230kV, 50Hz transmission system, represented by a Thevenin equivalent, feeding into the primary side of a 3-winding transformer connected in Y/Y/Y, 230/11/11 kVA varying load is connected to the 11 kV, secondary side of the transformer. 4. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR) By injecting a current in the point of connection, a shuntconnected VSC can boost the Voltage in that point during a voltage dip. Alternatively, voltage dips can be mitigated by injecting a voltage into the grid with a series-connected VSC. The injected voltage adds up to the supply voltage during the dip in order to restore the load voltage to its prefault value. This device, known also with its commercial name of Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), has been applied successfully in a number of facilities around the world. both in shunt and series configuration, the VSC must be controlled properly to inject the necessary current (in shunt connection) or voltage (in series connection) into the grid in order to compensate for a voltage dip .The circuit on left hand side of the DVR represents the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the system. The system impedance Z
th

Fig. 1 : Schematic Diagram of a D-STATCOM In fig.1 the shunt injected current I corrects the voltage sag
sh

by adjusting the voltage drop across the system impedance Z . The value of I can be controlled by adjusting the
th sh

output voltage of the converter. The complex power injection of the D-STATCOM can be expressed as, Ssh = VL Ish* It may be mentioned that the effectiveness of the DSTATCOM in correcting voltage sag depends on the value of Z or fault level of the load bus. When the injected shunt
th

depends on the fault level of the load bus.

current I is kept in quadrature with V the desired voltage

sh L,

correction can be achieved without injecting any active power into the system. On the other hand, when the value of I is minimized, the same voltage correction can be
sh

Fig. 3 : Schematic Diagram of a DVR When the system voltage (V ) drops, the DVR injects a
th

achieved with minimum apparent power injection into the system. The control scheme for the D-STATCOM follows the same principle as for DVR. 3.1 Test System : Fig. 2 shows the test system employed to carry out the simulations for D-STATCOM.

series voltage V

DVR

through the injection transformer so that

L

the desired load voltage magnitude V can be maintained. The series injected voltage of the DVR can be written as, V
DVR

=V +Z I -V
L th L

th

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Where, V is the desired load voltage magnitude

L

Z is the load impedance

Th

I is the load current

L

V is the system voltage during fault condition.

th

The load current I is given by,

L

IL = [(PL +J*QL)/V L]* The complex power injection of the DVR can be written as, SDVR = VDVRIL* It may be mentioned here that when the injected voltage V is kept in quadrature with I , no active power injection
DVR L

5.1 Simulation Model without D-STATCOM : The Fig.5 shows the simulation model without D-STATCOM. This simulation model contains a 230 KV, 50 Hz three phase programmable voltage source represent by a thevenin equivalent, feeding in to the primary side of a three winding transformer connected in Y/Y/Y, 230/11/11 KV, winding resistance [R1R2R 3] = [0.005 0.005 0.005] . Varying load is connected to the 11 KV, tertiary side of the transformer. A two level DSTATCOM is connected to 11 KV, secondary winding to provide instantaneous voltage support at the load point. (In this case D-STATCOM is not connected).

by the DVR is required to correct the voltage. It requires the injection of only reactive power and the DVR itself is capable of generating the reactive power. Note that DVR can be kept in quadrature with I only up to a certain value
L

of voltage sag and beyond which the quadrature relationship cannot be maintained to correct the voltage sag. For such a case, injection of active power into the system is essential. 4.1 Test System : Single line diagram of the test system for DVR is shown in Fig.4 and the test system employed to carry out the simulations for DVR. Fig. 5 : Simulation Model without D-STATCOM 5.1.1 Simulation Results Without D-STATCOM : The Fig.6 and Fig.7 shows the simulation result of voltage swell and sag problems without D-STATCOM. When a single line to ground fault is applied at point A, via a fault resistance 0.001 , during the transition time 400 -600 ms. the voltage swell at the load point is 50 % with respect to the reference voltage as shown in figure-5.2. When a three phase fault is applied at point A, via a fault resistance 0.001 , during the transition time 400-600 ms. The voltage sag at the load point is 60 % with respect to the reference voltage as shown in Fig.7. Fig. 4 : Single Line Diagram of the Test System for DVR Such system is composed by a 735 kV, 50 Hz generation system, feeding two transmission lines through a 3-winding transformer connected in Yg/Yg/Yg, 735/315/315 kV. Such transmission lines feed two distribution networks through two transformers connected in Yg/Yg, 315/100 kV. 5. SIMULATION RESULTS In this course, the MATLAB R2010a (SIMULINK) software has been used for analyzing Performance analysis of D-STATCOM and DVR for power quality improvement in distribution system.

Fig. 6 : Simulation Result of Voltage Swell without D-SATCOM

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Fig. 7 : Simulation Result of Voltage Sag without D-SATCOM 5.2 Simulation Model with D-STATCOM : The Fig.8 shows the simulation model with D-STATCOM. This simulation model contains a 230 KV, 50 Hz three phase programmable voltage source represent by a thevenin equivalent, feeding in to the primary side of a three winding transformer connected in Y/Y/Y, 230/11/11 KV, winding resistance [R1R2R3] = [0.005 0.005 0.005] . Varying load is connected to the 11 KV, tertiary side of the transformer. A two level DSTATCOM is connected to 11 KV, secondary winding to provide instantaneous voltage support at the load point. A 750 F capacitor on the dc side provides the D-STATCOM energy storage capabilities. Fig. 9 : Model of D-STATCOM

Fig. 10 : Control of D-STATCOM

Fig. 11 : Phase-Mod of Control Angle Delta of D-STATCOM 5.2.1Simulation Results With D-STATCOM : The Fig.12 shows the simulation result of remove the voltage swell with D-STATCOM when a single line to ground fault is applied at point A, via a fault resistance 0.001 , during the transition time 400-600 ms. and the Fig.13 shows the simulation result of remove the voltage sag with DSTATCOM when a three phase fault is applied at point A, via a fault resistance 0.001 , during the transition time

Fig. 8 : Simulation Model with D-STATCOM Fig.9 shows the model of D-STATCOM & Fig.10 shows the control of D-STATCOM and Fig.11 shows the Phase Model of Control Angle Delta of D- STATCOM.

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400-600 ms. A very effective voltage regulation provided by the D-STATCOM and the voltage swell is mitigated almost completely.

5.3.1Simulation Results Without DVR : The Fig.15 shows the simulation result without DVR for the voltage, active power and reactive power, when a single line to ground fault is applied at point A, via a fault resistance 0.001 , during the transition time 400-800 ms. The voltage sag at the load point is 30 % with respected to the reference voltage as shown in Fig.15

Fig. 12 : Simulation Result of Voltage Swell with D-SATCOM

Fig. 15 : Voltage, Active Power (P) and Reactive Power (Q) results without DVR Fig.13 : Simulation Result of Voltage Sag with D-SATCOM 5.3 Simulation Model without DVR : The Fig.14 shows the simulation model without DVR. This simulation model contains a 735 KV, 50 Hz three phase programmable voltage source represent by a thevenin equivalent, feeding in to the primary side of a three winding transformer connected in Yg/Yg/Yg, 735/315/315 KV. Such transmission lines feed two distribution networks through two transformers connected in Yg/Yg, 315/100 KV. 5.4 Simulation Model With DVR : The Fig.16 shows the simulation model with DVR. This simulation model contains a 735 KV, 50 Hz three phase programmable voltage source represent by a thevenin equivalent, feeding in to the primary side of a three winding transformer connected in Yg/Yg/Yg, 735/315/315 KV. Such transmission lines feed two distribution networks through two transformers connected in Yg/Yg, 315/100 KV. A two level DVR is connected with three winding linear transformer to 315/100 KV, to provide instantaneous voltage support at the load point. A 100 F capacitor on the dc side provides the DVR energy storage capabilities.

Fig. 14 : Simulation Model without DVR Fig. 16 : Simulation Model with DVR

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Fig.17 shows the model of DVR, Fig.18 shows the control of DVR, Fig.19 shows the phase mod of control angle delta of DVR.

Fig. 20 : Voltage, Active Power (P) and Reactive Power (Q) Results With DVR 6. COMPARISON OF SIMULATION RESULTS Comparisons of simulation results using DSTATCOM & DVR are given in Fig.21, Fig.22 and Fig.23 are shows that the D-STATCOM maintained the rms voltage almost completely but the DVR maintained 98 % of the rms voltage at the sensitive load point. So we can say that the D-STATCOM is much better than DVR.

Fig. 17 : Model of DVR

Fig. 18 : Control of DVR

Fig. 21 : Simulation Result of Voltage Swell Using D-SATCOM

Fig. 19 : Phase-Mod of Control Angle Delta of DVR 5.4.1 Simulation Results With DVR : The Fig.20 shows the simulation result with DVR for the voltage, active power and reactive power, when a single line to ground fault is applied at point A, via a fault resistance 0.001 , during the transition time 400-800 ms. When the DVR is in operation the voltage sag is mitigated almost completely and the rms voltage at the sensitive load point is maintained at 98 % as shown in Fig.20. Fig. 22 : Simulation Result of Voltage Sag Using D-SATCOM

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[6] Bollen, M.H.J., Voltage sags in three-phase systems

Power Engineering Review, IEEE, Vol. 21, Issue: 9, Sept. 2001, pp: 8 - 11, 15.

Fig. 23 : Simulation Result of Voltage Sag Using DVR 7. CONCLUSION The main objective of the thesis is to show the performance analysis of D-STATCOM and DVR for power quality improvement in distribution system. This work describes the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed system. Among these, the distribution static compensator and the dynamic voltage restorer are most effective devices, both of them based on the VSC principle. A DVR injects a voltage in series with the system voltage and a D-STATCOM injects a current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and interruption. The D-STATCOM and DVR which can be used for improving power quality is modelled and simulated using proposed control strategy and the performance is compared by applying it to a radial distribution system with and without D-STATCOM and DVR. These cases have been modulated with compensation devices and have been simulated using Simulink software. The D-STATCOM technique is handling both voltage sage & voltage swell problem but in the DVR technique is handled only voltage sage related problem. So DSTATCOM technique is much better than DVR technique. 8. REFERCENCES
[1] S.V Ravi Kumar and S. Siva Nagaraju SIMULATION OF D-STATCOM AND DVR IN POWER SYSTEMS in ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (ISSN 1819-6608). [2] B. Vijayalakshmi and Md. Rafi Khan Simulation of FACTS and Custom Power Devices in Distribution Network to improve Power Quality in International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) (ISSN: 2248-9622), 2011. [3] G.Sundar and S.RamaReddy DIGITAL SIMULATION OF D-STATCOM FOR VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS in International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(5), 2010, 1131-1135 [4] N. G. Hingorani, Introducing custom power, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 4148, June 1995. [5] Haque, M.H., Compensation of distribution system

voltage sag by DVR and D-STATCOM, Power Tech Proceedings, 2001 IEEE Porto, vol.1, pp.10-13, Sept. 2001.

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