hnI-k-\-ns

hnth-N\
]mT-
Children of Dalit Adivasi
And Fishing Communities
in Kerala Development

AP-bI
- p-am hn.-_n.
cLp Cc-hn-t]-cq
dnbm-kp-o F.
- cm[m-evan Un.H.

vikasanathinte vivechana padangal

children of dalit adivasi fishing communities in kerala development
Research team
Ajaykumar VB
Raghu Eraviperur
Riyasudheen A
Radhalekshmi DO
First edition
September 2011
Publisher
RIGHTS, Trivandrum
Cover
EV Anil
Layout
Bhattathiri
For private circulation only
This book was written for the benefit of the marginalized communities in Kerala
and may be quoted from or copied so long as the source are acknowledged

RIGHTS
TC 16/1051, JRA-163, CS Road, Jagathy, Trivandrum 14
Tel: 0471 2326455 ,9895853646
rightsfirst@gmail.com
www.rightsfirst.asia

\n
a \p-jym-h-Imi {]h-\-cw-K-v, {]tXy-Inpw IpnIfpsSbpw, ZenXv BZn-hmkn aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b-fpsSbpw Ah-Imi kwc--W-hp-ambn _-sv ]T-\--K-th-jW--tam-Wn--dnwKv {]h-\- \S-n-h-cp kwL-S-\-bmWv
Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- pcw Bm-\a- mbn {]hn-p RIGHTS
"tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I'-bn CSw t\SmsX t]mb-h-cmWv ChnSps Acn-Ip-hIrX kap-Zm-b--sf-Xv tIcf hnI-k\ amXrI-bpsS hm-Xs k-Xn-n-p hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. ]t,
Cu Acn-Ip-h-cW {]{In-bsb km[q-I-cn-p nXn-hn-h-c- W - p- I ]e- t mgpw e`y- a - . P\m- [ n- ] Xy Ah- I m- i pthn Acn-Ip-hIr-X \S-p kmaq-ly--cm-jv{Sob
CS-s]-S-ep-Iv CsXmcp ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv. Cu t_my-amWv Cc-n-semcp ]T-\
- n-tev RIGHTS s\ \bn-X
- v.
2009 sk]vw-_-dn Bcw-`n Cu ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS Fm
L--fnepw \nc-h-[n kwL-S-\-Ifpw hyn-Ifpw Rsf klmbn-n-p-v. AXm-bXv Cu ]T\w RIGHTS s am{Xw kw`m-h-\-b-,
adnv ta]-d--Xp-t]mse tIc-fn\Ipw ]pd-p-ap \nch[n {]m-\-fpsSbpw hyn-I-fp-sSbpw Bm-amb klI-cW
-
- ns ^ew-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.
hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-n-\m-bp tNmZym-h-en-bpsS Ic-Sp-cq]w Xmdm-nb Pn_p tXmakv (K-b, Xrq), tNmZym-h-en-bn Bh-iyamb am- \nt-in cho{ sI.sI. (X-v, A-m-Sn), Fw.
kPojv (Xo-ct- Zi kwc-W
- k
- a- n-Xn) Pn-\m-tdmbn (Xo-ct- Zi alnfm-th-Zn) ]m-bv ASn-m-\-n-ep hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-n\v
{]m]vXc- mb F\yq-at- d-t-gvkns\ Is-p-X
- n\v Rsf klmbn n. ]o (tI-cfm kzX{ aky-sm-gn-emfn s^U-td-j),
cmtP{ {]kmZv (tKm-{X-`q-an), sI.-kn. {ioIp-am (Xo-ct- Z-ik
- w-c
- W-k-an-Xn), n.-sI. knnJv (SIFFS), AUz. kvs]k am-kv,
kn.-F. {ioIp-am (lyq-a-kv), tIcfm BZn-hmkn t^md-nse
]n.-hn. t_mf, cmL-h ASp-w, ]n.-sI. ktmjv Ipam (DSS
-Fd-Wm-Ip-fw), sI.-n. dPn-Ip-am, keow A, n.-Fw. kXy,
3

Fw.-sI. a[p-Ip-am Ipw Fn-h-tcmSv R IS-s-n-cn-p-p.

Cu ]T-\
- ns Ghpw {][m-\s- {]h-\a- mb ]m-b
- p-Xe hnhc tiJ-cWw \Snb F\yq-sa-td-t-gvkn-t\m-Sp IrX-RvPX hmp-I-Xo-X-amWv (t]-cp-I A\p-_-ambn tNn-cn-p-p). dntmv Xm-dm-p--Xn BZyw klmbn ss_Pp (P-\-ap-tw) , tiJ-cn hnh-c- t{ImUo-I-cn-p--Xn-\mbn {]tXyI tkm^vv shb cq]-I\
sNbvX Ah-\oXv Ac-hnv (tkm^vv shb FPn-\o-b, sNss), dntmv Xm-dm-p-X
- n\m-h-iy-amb am-\nt-i- \Ip-Ibpw BapJ- Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvX kn. Fw.
I]n-mSv (sN-bam, \h-P-\m-[n-]Xy {]m-\w), tPmkv ]o (kz-X{ Kth-j-I), cho{ \mb (dn-. tPm. Ub-d-IvS, ^nj-do-kv), Cu ]T\w bmYmy-am-m Rsf klmbn Child Right and You (CRY) {]tXy-In-pw, Bh-iy-amb am-\nt-i- \Inb CRY
bnse tPm tdm_v, hnZym- cm-a Fn-h-tcm-Sp IS-mSv AXn-cn-m--Xm-Wv.
km[m-cW Am-Z-anIv ]T-\--fpsS coXn ioe- ChnsS A\p-hn-n-n-. ^oUn
\nv e`n hnh-c- Xnb-dn-I-fp-sStbm av cm{ob hymJym-\--fp-tStbm AI--Sn-bn-msX
t\sc Ah-X-cn-n-m-\mWv {ian-n-p--Xv. Cu ]T\w ka-{Khpw kq-hp-am-sWv R
Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-n-. tIc-f-nse Acn-Ip-hIrX kap-Zm-b-n-S-bn Dm-tI Cu
Zni-bn-ep {]h-\-v Cu ]T-\-samcp XpS--am-Ip-sav R {]Xym-in-p-p.
kl-I-cn Fm-hpw \n.
AP-bI
- p-am hn.-_n.
F-Ivkn-Iyq-ohv Ub-dI
- vS
RIGHTS

D-Sw
BapJw
]T\coXn
1. ZenXv

tIcf hnI-k\w sIp-I-Y-I-fpsS BtLmjw kn Fw. I]n-mSv

hnZym-`ymkw

BtcmKyw
2. BZn-hmkn

BZn-hmkn(sb) ImWm- hnI-k\w tPmkv ]o

hnZym-`ymkw

BtcmKyw
3. aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b-

Hgn-hm--s--h Fkv. cho-{\mb

hnZym-`ymkw

BtcmKyw
4. A\p-_w

Bap-Jw
"tIcf hnI-k\w' A\p-I-c-Wo-b-amb Hcp amXrI F \ne-bn tZio-bhpw Atio-b-hp-amb {i ]nSnp ]p Ime-b-f-hn-semw Xs tIc-f-nse Acn-Ip-h-cn-s--h-cpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-, sImn-tLm-jn--s nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-Ipw AmZ-anIv ]T-\-pw ]pd-m-bn-cp-p. ]Tnw ]mXn-h-gnv \nn Im-Wnv t]mIp-hcpw hnv hne-hmn Cn-m-S--fn ASn-a--Wnv t]mIphcpw I-h-S-m-]-\-fn skbnkv tKfmbn t]mIp--hcpw I-a-c-hp-ambn IS-en Cd-p--h-cp-amb Ipn-I
Hcp bmYmy-am-bn-cn-p Acn-Ip-hIr-Xsc kw_-n-n-St- mfw Xv "CS'anm
Hcmibw am{X-am-bn-cpp tIc-f-hn-Ik\ amXr-I. tIcf hnI-k-\-am-XrI t_m[-]qtam
Am-sXtbm Xa-kv-cn Zen-X-cp-sSbpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b-fp-sSbpw PohnX bmYmy--fmWv Cusbmcp ]T-\-n-tev Rsf \bn--Xv. tIcf
hnI-k-\s kw_-nv Cp \S-p-Xpw \S-m-\n-cn-p--Xp-amb kwhm-Z--fn AcnIp-hIr-X-cpsS {]ta-b-v Al-amb P\m-[n-]Xy {]mXn-\n[yw e`y-am-Im Cu ]T\w
klm-b-I-c-am-Ip-sav R {]Xym-in-p-p.
tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-Isbpdn-p N-Ifpw kwhm-Z-fpw Fgp-p-Ifpw Bcw-`np-Xv 1975 CDS (Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum)se tUm. sI. F. cmPns
]T\w ]pd-n-d-n-b-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Xmc-Xtay\ Xmgv hcp-am\ \nc-p-I \ne-\nptmgpw PohnX KpW-kq-N-I--fpsS Imcy-n Ap-Xm-h-l-amb t\- ssIh-cn-m
Ign-p-sh-X
- m-Wtm tIcf amXr-Ib
- psS ImX1. Xpey-Xb
- nepw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bnepw A[njvTn-Xa- mbn km-nI -- tkh\ hnX-cWw kmh-{Xn-Ia- mn Fp-X
- mWv tIcf hnI-k\
- a- mXr-Ib
- psS khn-ti-jX
- b
- mbn FSpp ]d-bp-X
- .v Btcm-Ky-h
- n-Zym-`ymk taJ-eI
- f
- n ssIhcn
t\--fpsS nXn-hn-hc IW-p-I Cu amXr-I-bpsS hnPb kqN-I--fmbn \nc-cw D]tbm-Kn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Hcp Intem ao-dn-\p-n ss{]adn kvIqfp-Ifpw Hmtcm cp Intemao-d- n-\p-n Ass{]-adn kvIqfp-Ifpw Bdp-In-tem-ao-d- n-\p-n sslkvIqfpw _lp-`q-cn-]-n\pw e`y-am-sW-Xpw, kvIq {]th-i-\-nse Db \ncpw Ipd sImgn-pt]m-I \ncpw {]th-i-\--]-T\ \ne-hm-c-ns Imcy-n B--s] t`Z-an-m-bvabpw
hnZym-`ym-kc- w-Ks tIcf hnI-k\
- a- m-Xr-Ib
- psS t\-f
- mbn hne-bn-cp-s- -Sp-p. {]mY-anI
Btcm-Ky-tI-{--fpsS km-{Xn-I-amb e`y-X, Ipd amXr--inip ac-W-\n-c-v, sa-s
tUmIvSP-\-kw-Jy, Bip-]{Xn InS P\-kwJy A\p-]mXw Fo BtcmKy ]cn-cm
kqN-I- tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I-bpsS t\--fmbn Nqn-m--s-Sp-p.
tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I-bpsS {][m\ t\--fmbn hne-bn-cp-p Btcm-Ky--hn-Zym-`ymk
taJ-eI
- s- f ASn-m-\s- -Sp-n, Acn-Ip-hIrX kaq-l
- nse Ipn-I FhnsS \n-pp
F \nco-W
- a- mWv Cu ]T\w aptmp hbvp-X
- v.
1. tIcfw Fs\ Pohn-p-p, tIcfw Fs\ Nnn-p-p tIc-f]
- T- \
- w, tIc-fi
- m-kv{X-kmln-Xy-]c- n-jv
7

]T\ coXn
tIc-f-n-se- ZenXv BZn-hm-kn aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b--fp-sS sshhn-y-sf {]Xn\n-[o-I-cn-p hn[-n 14 Pn-I-fn \np-ap 30 ]m-b-p-I-fnse 2100 IpSpw-_-fn\n-mWv ]T-\
- n-\S- n-m-\a- mb hnh-ct- i-Jc- Ww \S-n-bn-p-X
- .v aqp hn`m-K
- f
- n-ep-ambn
]v hoXw ]m-b-p-I-fm-Wv CXn-\mbn sXc-s-Sp--Xv. kwm-\-ns sXv, hSv
ayw ae-\m-Sv, CS-\m-Sv, Xoc-{]-tZiw XpS-nb `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb sshhn-y- IqSn IWn-se-Sp-mWv ]m-b
- p-Isf sXc-s-Sp-n-cn-p-X
- v.
Xmc-Xay]T-\
- n-\p-thn Db kap-Zm-b
- f
- ns 614 IpSpw-_
- s- f-qSn ktbvp
hnt[-b-am-n-bn-p-v. hnh-c- \Inb ZenXv BZn-hm-kn--aky_-\ kap-Zm-b-fns IpSpw-_-v kao]w Xma-kn-p- Db PmXn hn`m-K--fns IpSpw-_-sf-bmWv ChnsS Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
kt-bn ]s-Sp IpSpw-_--fn Zen-X 62% Dw BZn-hm-kn-I 77% hpw aky_\ kap-Zm-b- 31% hpw tImf-\n-I-fn/ sknsa v / kt-X-fn Xma-kn-p--hcm-W.v
kt-bn
]s-Sp--hcpsS
{]mbw

ZenXv
%

25--30
31-35
36-40
40\p apI-fn

8.22
14.84
24.35
52.59

kt-bn
]s-Sp-Ipn-IfpsS {]mbw

0-6
7-10
11-14
15-18
8

BZn-hm-kn-I
%

aky-_\
kap-Zm-b-
%

Db
kap-Zm-b-
%

25.80
17.52
23.35
33.33

11.35
19.96
20.16
48.53

6.95
15.72
20.54
56.79

ZenXv
%

BZn-hm-kn-I
%

aky-_\
kap-Zm-b-
%

Db
kap-Zm-b-
%

23.33
20.89
23.94
31.84

24.56
26.96
23.48
25

18.73
26.64
24.83
29.80

18.77
21.30
23.47
36.46

ZenXv BZn-hm-kn--aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b--fp-ambn _-sp \np kmaq-ly-{]h-Icpw Kth-jW hnZymn-I-fp-a-S-nb Hcp kwL-amWv hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-n\v Bh-iyamb tNmZym-hen hnI-kn-n-s-Sp--Xv. IrXyhpw hy-hp-amb hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-p--Xn\mbn kmaq-ly-cw-Kp {]hn-p--h-cpsS klm-b-tmsS ]m-b-p-I-fnse nc-Xm-ak-m-cmb 30 F\yqa-td-tgvkns\ sXc--Sp-p-Ibpw Ahmbn tNmZym-hen ]cn-N-b-s-Spn-smv 3 Znh-ks ]cn-io-e\w \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. ]T-\
- n\v t\XrXzw \Ip
kwLw 30 ]m-b-p-I-fnepw t\cn-sn hnh-c--fpsS IrXyX Dd-p-h-cp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Xmc-Xay ]T-\-n-\mbn s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk Ub-d-IvS-td-v, lb skUdn hnZym-`ymk
Ub-dI
- vSt- dv Fn-hc- n \nv e`y-amb hnh-c
- fpw, tZiob I
- pSpw_ BtcmKy ks (NFHS
3) dntmn se hnh-c
- f
- pw, Cu hnj-b
- f
- p-ambn _-s ap ]T-\d- n-tmp-If
- p-w D]-tbmK-s-Sp-n-bn-pv
BtcmKy hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-I-fn tIc-f-nse Acn-Ip-hIrX kaq-l-p m\-w ]cn-tim-[n-p--Xn-\mbn Xmsg--d-bp kqN-I--fmWv kt-bn A]-{K-Yn-n-p-Xv.

hnZym-`ymkw
1. Xmakes kvIqfp-I-fpsS e`y-X.
2. em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-Ifpw km \b--fpw.
3. Ipn-IfpsS sImgn-p-t]m-v
4. {]okvIq-fnw-Kv

BtcmKyw
1. Xmakes {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{--fpsS e`yX; Ah \Ip tkh-\--fpsS
KpW-\n-e-hm-cw.
2. {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{--fpw km \b-hpw.
3. amXr--inip BtcmKy kwc--W-n-\mbp km tkh-\-.

10

11

12

tIcf hnI-k\w
sIp-I-Y-I-fpsS
BtLmjw
kn Fw. I]n-mSv
hkvXp-XI
- f
- psS ]n_-ean-m km-nI cmjv{Sob BtemN-\-I kaq-l-ns ]X-\-s-bmWv kqNn-n-p--Xv. Ccw
Btem-N-\-I-fn P\--fpsS bYm PohnXw ad-bv-s-Sp-I-bpw,
Xm-\v Ab-Ym-amb Ah-Imi hmZ- m\w ]nSnp-Ibpw sNpp. bYm-n \ne-\np--Xns\ ImWm-Xncn-p-Ibpw Cm--Xns\ BtLm-jn-p-Ibpw sNp Ccw
k`--fmWv kaq-ls sIp-I-Y-I-fn Pohn-m t{]cn-n-p-Xv. ]pI-gvs] tIcf tamU hnI-k\w Ign \qm-n aebmfn kaqlw krjvSn-s-Sp Hcp sIp-I-Y-bm-Wv. X Hcp
amXrIm kaq-l-am-sWpw Csy-bvs- temI-n\p Xs
tIcfw Hcp amXr-I-bm-sWpw ta\n \Sn ae-bmfn, Xs Iapn Dbp-h Hcp bmYmysbpw Xncn--dn-bm\m-hmsX
Cm--Xns\ BtLm-jnp Pohn-p-I-bmbn-cpp. tIcfw XI-cp
Hcp k-ZvL-S-\-bm-sW bmYmyw a\-n-em-m \app aqv
]Xn-mv thn-hp FXv tIcf kaqlw F-s-n-cn-p
A]-I-S-I-c-amb Ah--bmWv shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv.
tIc- f - n- s e- h n- s S- s b- nepw ZfnXv ]oU\w \S- m
AsXmcp \pW-bm-sWv hniz-kn-m-\mWv ae-bm-fnIv Xmev]cyw. kzw Pohn-X-n PmXn \nb-a- Ii-\-ambn ]men-p
hynIfmWv tIc-f-n PmXn ]oU\w Akm-y-am-sWv hmin]n-Sn-p--Xv. BZn-hm-kn-In-S-bn ]n-Wn-a-cWw dntmv sNs-m AXv ]{X-mcpw BZn-hmkn t\Xm-fpw ]d-bp \pWbm-sWv Icp-Xp--h-cmWv ae-bm-fn-I. Cs\ Icp-Xm Fsnepw hkvXp-X-IfpsS ASn-m\w thW-sa-pt]mepw Ah IcpXp-t-bn-. BZn-hm-kn-Is-n-\mWv At- `qan-sbv tcmjmIp-e-cm-Ip ae-bm-fn, \qdp IW-n\v G `qan kzImcy hyn13

I ssIhiw hbvp Hcp kaq-l-amWv tIc-f-sav ImWp-t-bn-. km ifw sImSpp m]\fn `c-WL
- S- \
- m-hI
- m-ia- mb kwh-cWw \S-n-em-m-X
- n Fs-nepw Ipg-ap--Xm-bn-t]mepw ae-bm-fnv tXmn-bn-n-. s]mXp-hn hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb bmsXmcp ASnm-\h
- p-an-m Nne A-hn-izm-k
- f- n-emWv tIc-fob kaqlw Pohn-p-Xv Fp ]d-m
AXn Hpw AXn-i-tbm-n-bn-.
Cu ]m--e-n-emWv tIcfob kaq-ls kw_-n Nne hkvXpXm ]T-\-v
apssI-s-Sp ssdvkns {ia- A`n-\
- \
- ml-am-Ip-X
- v. AXv tIcfm tamU hnI-k\-hp-ambn _-sv ZenXv hn`m-K
- f
- psS Pohn-Xm-h
- s- b-p-dn-m-Ip-tm IqSp-X Kuchw
Aln-p-p-. tIc-f-n \nc-h[n amXrIm kt-I \S-m-dp-s-nepw Zen-X-cpsS PohnXm-h
- sb tI{o-Ic- nv hn]p-eh
- pw imkv{Xo-bh
- p-amb Hcp hnhc tiJ-cWw BZyt-Xm-sWp
tXmp-p. tIc-f
- ns `q{]-IrXnbpw P\-hn-\ymkhpw ap \nn-bmWv ]T-\
- n-\mbn ]mb-p-I sXc-sR-Sp--Xv FXpw hnhn[ {]mb-ap--hsc kt-bn-eps-Sp-n-sb--Xpw,
AZenX hn`m-K
- f
- psS A`n-{]m-b
- fpw tiJ-cn-p-sh-Xpw Xmc-Xt- ay\ hnizm-ky-amb \nK-a\
- -fn-te-bvs-m klm-bn-p LS-I
- f
- m-Wv. tIc-f
- nse hnZym-`ymk BtcmKy taJ-eI-fnse Zen-Xc- psS nXn-sb-mWv F-Xm-bn-cpp Cu kt ey-an-X
- v.
tiJ-cn--s hkvXp-X-I kzbw shfn-s-Sp-p Hm-as Imcyw hnZym-`ymk BtcmKy taJ-e-I-sf-p-dnv tIcfw \mfn-Xp-hsc hniz-kn-n-cp ]e Imcy-fpw bYm
hkvXp-X-I-fp-ambn bmsXmcp _-hp-an F-Xm-Wv. hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bp-ambn _-s
Hcp Imcyw Cu dntmn ]cn-tim-[n-p--Xn--s\-bm-Wv. ""tIc-f-nse- apgp-h P\pw Ah Xma-kn-p--Xns Hcp Intem-ao- Np-f-hn hnZym-e-b- Dv''. hni-Zamb hnhc hni-I-e-\-n-\p-tijw dntmv Fn-t-cp \nK-a\w ""Zen-X-cn 54% \pw Hcp
Intem-ao--dn-\p-n hnZym-`ymk m]-\-ns e`yX C'' Fm-Wv. hnZym-`ymk taJ-ebp-ambn _-sv Zen-X-cpsS \ne Hpw kpc-n-X-a-sv IW-p-I \ncn sXfn-bnm Cu dntmn\v Ign-n-p-v. kvIqfp-I-fn \np hn sImgn-p-t]m-v,
\jvS-n-em-sWv km IW-m-nb kvIqfp-I-fnse ZenXv hnZymn-I-fp-sS FqSpX, sk{S kne-_kv ]Tn-p ZenXv hnZymn-I-fpsS F-p-dhv XpSn \nmb-I-amb \nc-h[n hnh-c- Cu dntmn tiJ-cn--s-n-p-v. tIc-f-n 25906 ZenXv
tImf\nIfp-s sRn-p hkvXp-Xbpw Cu dntmv shfn-s-Sp-p-p-v. ZenXv IpSpw_--fpsS hn`h-cm-ln-Xy-hpw tImf\n Pohn-Xhpw ZenXv hnZymn-I-fpsS ]T-\s Fs\
_m[n-pp FXpw Cu dntmn N sNp-p-v.
kzw Btcm-Ky-s-p-dnv Gsd DXvI-WvT-bp--h-cmWv tIc-fo-b. tIc-f-n
IqWp-t]mse Xnn \nd-bp Bip-]-{Xn-I BtcmKys kw_-n ae-bm-fn-bpsS Akw_ [mc-W-I-fp-sSbpw DXvI-WvT-I-fp-sSbpw kvamc-I- IqSn-bm-Wv. Fn-cp-mepw \psS
Btcm-Ky-ta-Je F{X-am{Xw timN-\o-b-amb \ne-bn-em-sWv Cu kt-I-s-p-p-v.
{]tXy-Inpw {KmaoW taJe. {]mY-anI BtcmKy tI{--fn NnIn tXSn-sb-phcn
_lq-`q-cn-]hpw Zfn-X-cm-Wv. tUmIvS-dn-, acp-n XpSn-- AXyw timN-\o-b-amb nXnbmWv ]n.F-v.-kn.-bvp--Xv. tIc-f-n sshZy tkh-\-n-\p Ah-Imiw t]mepw kac-n-eq-sS-bmWv Zfn-X ssIh-cn--sX A]q hkvXp-Xbpw Cu dntmv shfn-s-Sp-pp-v. tI{ kwm\ Khsap-I-fpsS BtcmKy kwc-W ]-Xn-I \S-n-em-p-Xn h tXmXn-ep A]m-I-- \S-pXmbpw Is-m Cu ]T-\-n\v km[n-n-pv. km ^ns hn\n-tbm-K-n {KmaoW taJe Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp--Xns IW14

p-I ]pd-p-sIm-p-h-cp--Xn-eq-sS, tIc-f-nse BtcmKy cwKw Xmdp-am-dm-Ip--Xn P\m[n-]Xy Khsap-I \S-p ""tkh\'' hpw \app t_my-s-Sp-p.
hkvXpXm tiJ-c-W-n-eqsS \S-nb Cu ]T\w cp Imcy--fmWv apJy-ambpw
shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv. hnZym`ymk - BtcmKy taJ-e-I-fn ZenXv kap-Zmbw FhnsS Fn
\nevpp F bYmy-amWv Hm-a-Xmbn shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv. cv, Cu taJ-e-I-fnse
Khsa v \b- F-s\-bmWv Imcy-- IqSp-X hj-fm-p--sXpw Cu dntmv
\s t_my-s-Sp-p-p. tIc-f-s-p-dnv bmYmy t_m[-tmsS ]Tn-m {ianphv hne-s hnh-c--fmWv Cu dntmn-ep--sXv \nkwiw-bw ]d-bp-hm km[npw.
CXn-e-S-nb hnh-c- tIc-f-nse ZenXv {]h-\-v Duw ]I-cp-Xm-Wv. hkvXp-XI
- f
- psSbpw nXn hnh-c
- W
-
- p-If
- p-sSbpw ASn-m-\
- n IqSp-X hyambpw bpn-`{- Z-ambpw kwhm-Z
- f
- n-tes-Sp-hm\pw Bh-iy-f
- p-bp-hm\pw Cu ]pkvXIw
ASn-m-\-am-Ip-sa {]XymibmWv F\n-p--Xv.

15

hnZym-`ymkw
hn-Zym-eb
-
- f
- psS e`yX
tIcfw hnZym-`ymk cwKv ssIhcn t\-v Ghpw henb DZm-lc- W
- a- mbn \nc-cw
]d-bp-Ibpw Hcp "anv' t]mse Dd-p-t]m-bX
- p-amb Imcy-am-W,v tIc-f
- nseapgp-h P\-pw
Ah Xma-kn-p--Xns Hcp Intem-ao- Np-f-hn hnZym-e-b-- Ds-p--Xv. bmsXmcp
]cn-tim-[\
- bpw \S-msX Imem-Im-e
- f
- mbn hnZym-`ym-kh
- n-N
- W
- cpw Bkq-{XW hnZ-Kvcpw
\nc--c-ambn FSp-p-]-tbm-Kn-p Cu nXnhn-hc-
- W
-
- mWv Cu ]T\w BZy-ambn ]cn-timASpp kvIq
[n-p-X
- .v
F{X ZqcmWv?
Zen-Xsc kw_-n-n-S-tmfw 46% IpSpw-_0-1 In.-ao-.
46.07% p am{Xta Ah Xma-kn-p--Xns Hcp
1-2 In.-ao-.
27.03% Intemao Np-fh
- n hnZym-eb
-
- Dq. asm2-4 In.-ao-.
10.02% cp-hn-[-n ]d-m 54% ZenXv IpSpw-_4 In.-ao-. apI-fn
16.88% pw Hcp Intem-ao- Np-f-hn kvIqfp-I
C. kt-bn D-bn tNmZyw ss{]a-dn,
Ass{]-a-dn, sslkvIq t`Z-at\y GsX-nepw hnZym-`ymk m]\- ]d-n-cn-p
Zqc]cn-[n-bn Dtm-sb-m-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Zen-Xc- n 54% \pw Hcp Intem-ao-d- n-\p-n
hnZym-`ymk m]\fpsS e-`yX C F-XmWv bmYmyw.
. tIc-f-n 3123941 ]n-I-Pm-Xn-m Dv. CXv tIc-f-ns samw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS
9.8% hcpw. ]n-I-PmXn P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 81.8% hpw {Kma-{]-tZ-i--fn Xma-kn-p--hcpw, 95.6%
t] IjI sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Iqen--Wn-m-cp-am-Wv1 . ]n-I-PmXn IpSpw-_--fnse 60% hpw
Xma-kn--p-Xv kwm-\s 25906 ]n-I-PmXn tImf-\n-I-fn-em-Wv2. tIc-f-tam-U-ens ASnm-\s- apw hn-hI
- c- a- mbsXpw {]N-cn-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p tIcf `q]-cn-j
v c- W
- w, AXns
{]{Inb ]qn-bm-n-bt- m, anw h Zen-Xsc ]p\-c[
- n-hk
- n-n-m 1972 Bhn-jvc- n
ew-hoSv ]-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv tIc-f-n \nb-a-]-c-ambn tImf-\n-I m]n-sXv v3 .
kwm-\v tImf-\n-I m]n--s-Xpw
m]n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xpw I\m ]pd-tm]Tn-p-
nepw tdmUv tXmSv dbnsh ]pd-tm-p-Ikne_kv
fnepw sh-snepw ]md-p-dpw H-s {]tZkn._n.Fkv . C.
6.02%
i-f
- n-ep-am-Wv. tIc-f
- nse khh-cn-tv kne_kv
87.73%
s
kmaql
nI
kmwkv
Im-cnI km-nI apJysF.kn.Fkv . C.
1.85%
[m-c-bn \nv ]pd-m--s-Sp-Ibpw Ah-assnepw
4.40%
tbmsS am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNp--h1skkkv 2001
2. Under RTI from Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)
3. sI.-sI.-sImv `q-]-cn-jv-c-Whpw Zen-Xcpw DSS Smaranika

16

cmWv tImf-\n-hm-kn-I. AXp-sIm-p-X-s kvIq m]n-epw AXns hn\ym-k-hp-ambn

_-s N-If
- ntem ]cn-KW
- \
- I
- f
- ntem apK-W\
- m-{I-a
- f
- ntem "tImf\n' h-cn-s- -h CSw t\Sn-bn Fp--X
- mWv hkvXp-X.
Zen-X-cn _-lp-`q-cn-]-hpw (87.73%) ]Tn-p-Xv tv kne-_-kn-em-Wv. CBSE, ICSE kne_-kp-I-fn bYm-{Iaw 6.02% ,1.85% Ipn-I am{Xta ]Tn-p-p-p. 4.40% Bfp-Iv XfpsS Ipn-I GXp kvIqfn-emWv ]Tn-p--sXv IrXy-ambn [mc-W-bn-. CBSE, ICSE kne-_kp-I-fp-ambn kao-]-Im-e-L--n tIc-f-n hym]-I-ambn Cwojv aoUnbw kvIqfp-I
{]hn-p-p-.v Ccw kzImcy hnZym-`ymk
{]tZiv Ghpw \ kvq GXv?
m]-\
- f
- n-tev Ipn-I [mcm-fa- mbn tNtFpsImv ?
dp-p-ap-.v Cu m]-\
- ]T-\\
- n-eh
- m-c
- n
Cwojv aoUnbw
27.11
DX
\
ne
h
mcw
]pephbms
W
[mcW
\ bqWnt^mw
7.53
tIc-f-nse s]mXp-k-aqlw hp-]p-ep-p\ sInSw
12.95
v. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Cu kvIqfp-If
- mWv sakvIq _v
3.91
s--sXv ap--h-sc-tm-se-Xs ZenXv kaqDb ]T\ \nehmcw
38.85
lhpw hniz-kn-p-p-v
kaqln DXcpsS
a ]TnpXp sImv
2.41
ASp-p Ghpw \ kvIq GsX-pw,
\ amt\Ppsa v
7.24
Fp-sIm-mWv AXv \ kvIq BIp-Xv
Fp-ap tNmZy-n\v _lp-`q-cn-]-hpw
kvIqfns ASn-m-\-- -]-m-e--kuI-cy--fpw -]T\\nehmc hp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-bmWv
Dcw \In-bn-p-X
- v.
ktbn ]s-Sp 60% Zen-X A`n-{]m-bs- -Xv X \-sXp hniz-kn-p kvIqfne X-fpsS Ipn-I ]Tn-p-Xv F-Xm-Wv. CXn-\p-Im-c-W-ambn ]d-n-p--Xv, Cwojv
aoUn-b-am-b-Xp-sImv (16.94%), aebmfw aoUn-b-am-b-Xp-sImv (9.68%) AUvan-j Inm--XpsImv (11.29%) henb ^okv kw`m-h\ (30.97%) Zqc-q-Sp-X (16.93%) ap-h (14.19%) Fn-s\-bm-Wv. Cwo-jv, ae-bmfw aoUnbw kvIqfp-I-sf-p-dnpw km, FbvU-Uv, A
FbvUUv taJ-eI
- s- f-p-dnpw Ch ]pep ]T-\K
- p-W\
- n-eh
- m-cs- -p-dnpw hyXy-a- mb
A`n-{]m-b- \ne-hn-ep-v. Cu k{-Zm-b--fpsS KpW-tZm-j--sf-p-dnv ChnsS N-sNm Dt-in-p-n-. \-sXp ZenX hniz-kn-p Hcp hnZym-`ymk k{-Zm-b
- n-te-p
{]th-i\w Ahv \ntj-[n-n-cn-pp F-XmWv hkvXp-X.

Ipn-IfpsS sImgn-p-t]m-v
km IW-p-{]-Imcw Ign \nc-h[n hj--fmbn kvIqfp-I-fn \npw sImgn-pt]m-Ip ]n-IP
- m-Xn hnZymn-If
- psS Fw icm-icn cv iX-am-\
- n Xmsg-bm-Wv v4. tZiobm-Sn-m-\-n sImgn-p-t]m-ns IW-tm, Cy-bnse CXc ]ntm kwm-\-fnse sImgn-p-t]m-ns IW-tm-h-mWv tIc-f-nse ]n-I-Pm-Xn-m-cpsS Db hnZym`ymk \nc-n-s\-p-dnv km ta\n ]d-bp-X
- v.
kvIqfn \npw sImgnp t]mIp--Xn-s\-p-dnpw ]Tn-m--h-sc-p-dnpw Cu -]T\w
kt, \S-nb 6\pw 17 \pw CS-bn-ep Ipn-I \Ip Nn{Xw sImgn-p-t]m-n-s\-p4. Directorate of Public Instruction

17

Ipn- I
ZenXv

B
s]
BsI

468
423
891

Db
B
kap-Zm-b- s]
BsI

280
261
541

sImgnp
t]mbh
76
53
129
24
17
41

%
16.24
12.53
14.48

kv I qfn
t]mIm--h
35
26
61

%
7.48
6.15
6.85

8.57
6.51
7.58

10
10
20

3.57
3.83
3.69

dnv hnZym-`ym-kh
- I
- pns Ah-Im-ih
- m-Z
- f
- n \nv hn`n-a- m-Wv. 14.48% hpw hnhn[ L-f
- nembn kvIqfn \nv sImgnp t]mb-hcpw 6.85% t] kvIqfn t]mIm-h
- c- p-am-Wv. CX-ck
- ap-Zm-b
- f
- p-ambn Xnp t\mp-tm, sImgn-p-t]m-bh
- cpsSbpw ]Tn-m-h
- cpsSbpw Acw
10% A[n-I-am-Wv. 21% e[nIw ZenXv Ipn-Ifpw kvIq kwhn-[m-\-n\v ]pd-m-sW-p-XmWv hkvXp-X. kt-bn-eps Ipn-If
- n ]Xn-\
- n\pw ]Xn-s\-n\pw CS-bn {]mb-ap
Ipn-I 17% am{X-am-Wv. ]Xn-\
- n\pw ]Xn-s\-n\pw CS-bn {]mb-ap-, AXm-bXv Fkv.F
- k
- v.F.-kn. Ign hnZymn-I-fpsS sImgn-p-t]mv \ncv am{Xw FSpv ]cn-tim-[n-m
Nn{Xw hfsc `bm-\-I-am-bn-cn-pw. tIc-f-n ]pXnb ]mTy-]-Xn \ne-hn h-Xn-\p-ti-jap Ime-b-f-hn GI-tZiw 90% A[nIw t]cpw Fkv.-F-kv.-F.-kn. ]mm-hp Hcp
kml-N-cy-ntmepw Zen-X-cpsS hnP-b-i-X-am-\-ns icm-icn 80% Xmsg-bm-Wv. ]pXnb
]mTy-]
- X
- n-p-ap]v, AXv tIhew 32% am{X-am-bn-cp-p. Ap-hj-n-\p-n 32% s 80%
amn amp am{nI hnZym-`ymkns KpW-\n-eh
- mcw Xo-bmbpw N sN-s-tS-X
- mWv.
tIc-f-nse lbsk-dn kvIqfp-I-fn 39.89% am{X-amWv 5 km DS-a--X-bn-ep-Xv. _mn-h-cp Adp-]-Xp-i-X-am\w kvIqfp-Ifpw FbvU-Uv, A FbvUUv taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.
FbvUUv taJ-e-bnse `qcn-]w m]-\-fpw aX--\yq-\-]---]n-tm kap-Zm-b--fpsS
DS-a
- X
- b
- n-em-Wp-X
- v. Cu m]-\
- f
- n-sem-pw-Xs kwh-cWw e`y-a
- .6 am{X-a
- , kvIqfpI-fn \ iX-am-\hpw \K-c-tI-{o-Ir-X-hp-am-Wv. Xrq, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, ae-pdw Pn-I-fn-emWv
lbsk-dn kvIqfp-If
- psS henb tI{o-Ic- Ww Dm-bn-cn-p-X
- v. Ccw kml-Nc- y-
\ne-\np--Xn-\m ]mw mv ]mmb ZenXv Ipn-Iv lbsk--dn-bn {]thi\w e`y-am-ImsX hcn-Ibpw Cu {]mb-n-ep ZenXv Ipn-I-fpsS sImgnp t]mv hnp-Ibpw sNp-p. Cu kt-bvn-Sb
- n \S-nb A`n-ap-J
- f
- n\nv Rv a\-n-embXv Ggmw mpw ]mw mpw Fn ]T\w \nn-b-h sImgn-p-t]m-b-h-cmbn kzbw
IW-m-p-n-m-sb-p--Xm-Wv. CXv kt ^e--fnepw {]Xn-^-en-t-m-w. AXp-IqSn
tNm sImgnp-t]m-ns tXmXv hfsc he-pXm-bn-cn-pw.

em`-Ic- a-
- m kvIqfp-Ifpw ZenXv hnZym-`ym-kt- a-Je
- bpw
Imem-Im-e
- f- n km \n-bn-p-{- ]-Imcw hnZymn-A
-
- ym-]I A\p-]m-Xs ASnm-\a- mn kvIqfn\v sNe-hm-t-n-hc- p hn`-h
- ns ASn-m-\
- n-em-Wv B hnZym-ebw
5. Economic Review-2011
6. prospectus-Higher Secondary Admission-2011

18

tIc-f
- nse em`-Ic
- a-
- m kvIqfp-I
No.District
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Number of schools
Govt
LPS
UPS
HS TOTAL
Trivandrum 157
28
13
198
Kollam
141
11
0
152
Pathanamthitta149
38
27
214
Alapuzha
135
35
8
178
Kottayam
148
57
24
229
Idukki
63
27
12
102
Ernakulam
148
72
24
244
Thrissur
66
18
7
91
Palakkad
88
3
0
91
Malapuram
61
1
0
62
Kozhikode 109
15
6
130
Wayandu
50
2
0
52
Kannur
93
27
1
121
Kasargod
93
17
0
110
Total
1501
351
122
1974

LPS
41
47
215
102
154
58
124
107
95
26
272
6
429
32
1708

Private Aided
UPS
6
4
40
19
43
12
33
8
6
0
15
1
55
2
244

HS
2
6
5
4
8
4
3
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
36

TOTALGrant Total
49
247
57
209
260
474
125
303
205
434
74
176
160
404
116
207
104
195
26
88
287
417
7
59
484
605
34
144
1988 3962

em`-I-c-amtWm Fv km \n-bn-p--Xv. km FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn \nv

hnZymn-I kzIm-cy--C-Xc kne-_kv kvIqfp-I-fn-tev amdp--Xns\ XpSv em`-I-c-a-mXmb kvIqfp-I-fpsS Fw 2010-se IW-p-{]-Imcw 3962 BW.v7 CXv tIc-f-nse kvIq
kwhn-[m-\-ns \men- Hcp `mKw hcpw. CXn 1974 Fw km taJ-e-bnepw 1988
Fw ss{]hv FbvUUv taJ-e-bn-ep-am-Wv. em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-I-fn 3209 Fhpw {]mYanI hnZym-eb
-
- f
- m-Wv. tIcfnse km, FbvUUv {]mY-anI hnZym-eb
-
- f
- n A]Xp
iX-am\w em`-Ic- a-
- m kvIqfp-If
- psS ]n-Ib
- n-em-sW- A]-IS- I
- c- a- mb Ah-- tIc-f
- nse
s]mXp kaqlw CXp-hsc Xncn--dn-n-n-.
GI-tZi IW-p-I{]-Imcw km / FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn \nv icm-icn 25%
Ipn-I hjw-tXmdpw Ipd-bp-tm Cwojv ]T-\-am-[y-a-am-bn-p kzIm-cy--A FbvUUv
kvIqfp-I-fn-te-p hnZymn-I-fpsS Hgpv 71% hsc hn-n-p-v .8 em`-I-c-a-sp {]Jym]n-p-Ibpw asm-c-n AS-p-]q- `oj-Wnsb t\cn-Sp--Xp-amb km / FbvUUv
kvIqfp-I Hcp hi-pw, hXp-I-I tImg hmp ss{]hv A FbvUUv m]\ adp-hi
- v kwm-\
- ns apnepw aqe-bnepw s]mn-hc- p-X
- p-amWv tIc-f
- ns kaIm-enI bmYmyw. km, FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn Hmw mkn tNcp Ipn-I-fpsS
Imcy-n Hcp e-n-e-[n-Iw-t]-cpsS Ipd-hmWv Ign cp-hj--fn-embn ImWp--Xv.
AtXm-sSmw AwKo-Im-c-ap-Xpw Cm--Xp-am-b, ICSE, CBSE kne-_t- km-Sp-Iq-Snb kvIqfp-I
7. Directorate of Public Instruction
8. Front line 14 July 2011

19

tIc-f
- ns hnZqc {Kma-f
- nt]mepw Xg-p-hf
- c- p-Ib
- m-Wv. tIc-f
- nse P\-kw-Jy-bn, P\\-\n-c
- n-ep-mb Ipd-hp-sIm-mWv km/FbvU
- Uv kvIqfp-If
- n Ipn-I Ipd-bp-s- X
km hmZw ta-d DZm-lc- W
-
- sImp-Xs \ne-\np-X
- .
1990 XmbveUnse "tPman--Wn' UNICEF, UNESCO, UNDP, WORLD BANK tNv
kwL-Sn-n D-tIm-Sn-p-tijw 1992- Cym- K-hsa v ]pXnb hnZym-`ym-k-\bw Bhnjjvc- n-p. BtKm-fh
- IrX \b-\p-kr-Xa- mbn ]p\-kw-LS- n-n-s- hnZym-`ym-k\
- b
-
- ns
`mK-am-bn-mWv DPEP Cy-bn Ah-Xc- n-n-s- -X
- v. Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-kc- w-Kt- v A\u]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-k-co-Xn-I-sf, t_m[-\-k-{-Zm-b-n-sbpw t{KUnwKv kwhn-[m-\-n-sbpw
Zq{K-l]
- Z- m-he
- n-If- psS ad-hn Hfnp IS-p-Ib
- m-bn-cpp DPEP- bneqsS sNbvXX
- v 9 " tIcfn
DPEP bpw XpSv ]pXnb hnZym-`ymk ]-Xnbpw t{KUnwKv kwhn-[m-\hpw \S-n-em-n-b-Xn-\pti-ja- mWv km kvIqfp-If
- n-tev Ipn-Isf Ab-bvp-X
- n\npw cn-Xm- hym]-Iambn ]nhm-n-bX
- v"
em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-I-fpsS h-\hv10
2004- 05
2005- 0 6
2006- 0 7
200708

hjwem`-I-c-a-m
kvIqfp-I-
2071
2919
%
16.38
23.09
tIc-f-nse BsI kvIqfp-I: 12642

3198
25.29

2008- 0 9 2009- 1 0

3414
27.01

3661
28.96

3962
31.3

em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-I-fpsS Fw - hjw-tXmdpw 2% F tXmXn hnv, e`y-amb

Ah-km-\s IW-\
- p-kc- nv tIc-f
- nse s]mXp-hn-Zym-eb
-
- f
- n 31.34% em`-Ic- a-
- m-sb
-nXnbnemWv. em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-I-fpsS Fw hn-p-h-cp-Xpw bmsXmcp \nb-{-Whp-an-msX kzIm-cy-A
- FbvUUv kvIqfp-Iv A\p-aXn sImSpp-Xpw s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymks \in-n-p-sav a\-n-em-m henb ]T-\
- ns Bh-iy-an-.
tIc-f
- nse s]mXp-hnZyme-b
- f
- n ]Tn-p hnZymn-If
- n 11.64 iX-am\w Zen-Xc- m-Wv.
tIc-f-nse em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-I-fn ]Tn-p 249222 Ipn-I-fn 40083 t]cpw Zen-XcmWv; AXm-bXv 16.08 iX-am\w.11 em`-Ic- a-
- m kvIqfp-If
- n ZenXv Ipn-If
- psS Ak-p-en-Xamb tI{o-Ic- W
- w, hnZym-`ym-kc- w-Kv Zen-Xv h Xncn-S- n-bp-m-Ip-sa-p-X
- n kwi-ba- n. kmaq-lyhpw km--n-I-hp-amb Imc-W--fm Zen-Xv B{i-bn-m-hp s]mXp-hn-Zym`ymk taJe XI-s-Sp-Xv; Cu taJ-eb
- n Zen-X t\Snb ]cn-an-Xa- mb t\-sf Cm-Xmp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS `mhnsb A\n-n-X-Xz-n Bp-Ibpw sNpw.
tIc-f-nse s]mXphnZyme-b-fn -]Tn-p hnZymn-I-
3988473
tIc-f-nse em`-I-c-a-m
kvIqfp-I-fn ]Tn-p
hnZymn-I-
249222

tIc-f-nse s]mXphnZyme-b--fn
]Tn-pZenXv hnZymn-I-
464326
tIc-f-nse em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-I-fn
]Tn-p ZenXv hnZymn-I-fpsS
40083

9. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-k-n-\m-bp tZiob kJyw (NAFRE)- Position Paper on CSS.

10. Commuted from DPI Reports.
11. Directorate of Public Instructions Under RTI

20

%
11.64
%
16.08

{]okvIq-fnw-Kv
Cu ]T-\
- ns Hcp {][m-\t- a-Je
- b
- {]okvIq-fnw-Kv Fn-cp-mepw AwK-\h
- mSn k{-Zm-bs-p-dn-p hnh-ct- i-Jc- W
-
- nepw A`n-ap-J
- f
- nepw Rv e`n hnh-c
- N sNs-tS--Xp-v. km IW-p-I{]-Imcw tIc-f-n 33000 AwKhmSn tI{--fp-v.
Cu IWv {]Imcw Hmtcm Xti kzbw-`-c-W-m-]-\-n\p Iognepw icm-icn 30 Hmfw tI{- n kz-ambn
Dm-bn-cn-t-X
- m-Wv. kmXs Ah-Im-is- -Sp-Xv12 Cu tI{-f
sIn-S-ap-Xv 55%, tSmbvev kuI-cy-ap-Xv 63%, sshZyp-Xn-bp-Xv 74%, Kymkv IW--\pXv 60% Fn-s- \-bm-Wv. av IW-p-Itfm ]T-\
- tfm Cm-sX-Xs F{X-am{Xw ]cn-Xm-]I-ca- mWv AwK-\h
- mSn k{-Zm-bs- a-Xv \app a\-n-em-m-hp-t- X-bp-p. F-n _rlmb Hcp kwhn-[m-\-am-bmWv AwKhm-Sn-I \ne-\npsX-nepw 79.85% ZenXv IpSpw-_t Hcp Intem-ao- Zqc-]c- n-[n-p-n AwKhmSn tI{-f
- p-p.
tIc-f-nse Zen-X-cn 56.08 iX-am\w t]cpw {]okvIq-fnw-Kn-\mbn AwKhmSn tI{--sfbmWv B{i-bn-p--Xv.13 KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ns Imcy-n At-bw timNym-h--bn-ep
AwKhmSn tI{-f
- n-em-Wv, Ipn-If
- psS _pn-hn-Im-k
- ns kp{]-[m-\a- mb Ime-Lw sNeh-gn-p-Xv F-pXv Kuc-hs- Hcp {]iv\a- m-Wv.
tIc-f
- n hnZym-`ym--kc- w-Kv Cp \S-p htXm-Xn-ep aqe[-\\
- n-t-]
- n\pw kzImcy-h-c-W-n\pw DX-Ip coXn-bn-emWv {]o kvIqfnwKv taJ-e-bn hyXykvX te_-ep-I-fnembn tIc-fa-- msI Cp ]Sp ]nSn-p t kvIq _nkn-\kv. htXm-Xn-ep \nt]hpw AXp-sIm-p-Xs henb ^okpw hmn B`m-S-tmsS {]hn-p kzImcy{]o
kvIqfnwKv kwhn-[m-\
- t- fm-SmWv Fm A-
- nepw A\m-Ij-Ia- m-bn-cn-p AwKhm-SnI ak-cn-p-X
- v.

BtcmKyw
ZenXsc kw_-n-n-S-tmfw B{i-bn-mhp {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{- cp Intem- {]mY- a nI Btcm- K y- t I- { - fntep
ao- Zqc-]-cn-[n-p-n tIhew 23% am{X-am-Wv. Zqcw
_lp-`qcn]-
- n-\pw, AXm-bX
- v, 75% ne[nIw
22.97%
t]pw Ffpw sNs-m Ign-bp hn[- 0-2 In.ao.
2-5 In.ao.
35.08%
n {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-f
- nm Fp-XmWv hkvXp-X. CXns 41.95% t]pw
ASp-p {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI{w 5 Intem-ao-d- n\p apIPHC BtWm
fn-em-Wv.
NnIn \SpXv?
Zen-Xc- n `qcn-]hpw NnIn-b
-
v mbn B{i-bn-p-Xv BWv
71.77%
{]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{--sf-bm-Wv. kzIm-cy-ta-J-esb A
28.23%
B{i-bn-p Imcy-n ]mh-, ]W-m F t`-Zan-s14 IW-p-I-fn \nv hyXy-kvX-ambn Z-enXv hn`m-K-ns--h-cn 71.7% t] {]mYanI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-sf kao-]n-p-tm av PmXn hn`m-K--fnse 55.92% t] am{X-amWv
12. kcci.in
13.NFHS-3

14. tIcfw Fs\ Pohn-p-p, tIcfw Fs\ Nnn-p-p. tIc-f-]-T-\wKSSP

21

NnIn-b
- vmbn {]m-Ya- nI Btcm-Ky-tI--{-sf kao-]n-p-X
- v. {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-sf
NnIn-b
-
v mbn D]-tbm-Kn-m-h
- c- n, tUmIvSd- n (29.63%), Bh-iy-n\v acp-p-If
- n (27.16%)
InSn NnIn C (19.75), em_v kuI-cy-an (6.17%), Bh-iy-n\v _n (6.17%), Xpd-mdn (6.18%) {]hn-m-dn (4.94%) Fn-s- \-bmWv Imc-W
- tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-X
- v. Zcn{Z k-t- c-m An-c- n-bn-e[
- nIw XpI NnIn-b
- vmbn Nne-hg- n-tn hcp-p-sh-p
- m-tcmKy m]-\
- f
- psS ta-d Ah-I
- sf ASn-m-\s- -Sp-n]T\-15 s]mXp-P\
thWw ]cn-tim-[n-m . tcmKm-Xp-ca- mb Hcp Btcm-Ky-kw-c
- W kwhn-[m-\s B{ibn-tn-hc- p-h
- IqSp-X tcmKm-h
- b
- n-tepw IqSp-X ]Ww sNe-hg- n-s- -Sp-X
- n-tepw \bn-s-Spp
C{Xbpw timN-\o-b-amb {]mY-anI BtcmKy tI{--sf-bmWv _lp-`q-cn-]w Zen-Xcpw
B{i-bn-p-Xv F bmYmyw ZenXv kaq-l-ns tcmK --- NnIn BtcmKy Ah-I F{X-am{Xw kohpw Zpcn-X-]q-hp-am-sWv shfn-s-Sp-p-p. s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyn\mbn- - km sNe-hm-p XpI hjm-hjw Ipdp hcp-X
- pw-, _lp-`q-cn-]w
Zen-Xcpw ]mh-s-h
- cpw B{i-bn-p NnIn-m-tI-{-, km-cns \b-cp-]o-Ic- W
-
- nepw
apK-W\
- m-{I-a
- f
- nepw Ah-KW
- n-s- -Sp-Xpw bmZr-n-Ia- s- v \ymb-ambpw kwibn-t-nbn-cn-pp

sF.-kn-.Un.Fkv tI{--fpsS tkh-\-

Zen-X-cn 56.3 iX-am\w t] sF,-kn.-Un.-Fkv tI{-sf B{i-bn-p--h-cmW v16 tIc-fnse sF,-kn.-Un.-Fkv kwhn-[m-\--fpsS ASn-m-\-ku-I-cy--sf-p-dnv {]o kvIqfp-Ifp-ambn _-s `mKv hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p- v. ICDS \p Iogn-ep A-K-\-hmSn tI{n Bdp-hb
-
- n Xmsg-bp Ipn-Ipw ape-bq-p A-ampw K`n-Wn-Ipw Bhiy-amb t]mj-Im-lm-ch
- n-Xc- W
- w, tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ ]cn-]m-Sn-I, Btcm-Ky-]c- n-tim-[\
- , {]o-kvIqfnwKv IqSmsX 15 \pw 45 \pw CS-bn {]mb-ap s]Ip-n-I-fp-sSbpw kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw BtcmKy-kw-c
- W
-
- n-\m-hi
- y-amb t]mj-Im-lmc hnX-cW
- hpw BtcmKyhnZym-`ym-kh
- p-amWv ey-anSp-X
- v.
Bdv hb-p-hs- c-bp Ipn-If- psS Btcm-Ky-]c- n-c
- W
- c- w-Kv \nm-bI
- a- m-hp ICDS kwhn[m\w av BtcmKy kwhn-[m-\
- e`y-a
- m Zen-Xsc kw-_
- n-n-St- mfw \nm-bI
- a- m-W.v
tcmK{]Xntcm[ acppI \Inbnptm?
Dv
C

63.65 %
36.35%

{]Xntcm[ acppI \Im--XvFpsImv?

Adnbn
AXns\pdnv hnhcfn
ASpv AwK\hmSnItfm, BtcmKytI{tfm C
cmjv{Sob/hnizmk]camb ImcW

30.23%
64.54%
0.58%
4.65%

tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ Ipn-hb
- ]
v ns Imcy-n kmh-{Xn-It- \w ssIh-cn-m-\mbn FXv tIc16. NFHS-3

22

f-am-Xr-I-bpsS Hcp {][m-\-L-S-I-ambn hne-bn-cp--s-Sp Hm-Wv. ]t, kt ^e-

\Ip kqN-\, slv ImUn (Health Card) ]cm-ain {]Xn-tcm[ acp-p-Ifpw Ipnh-bv]p-Ifpw 36.35% Ipn-Iv \In-bn-n Fp-X
- m-Wv. {]Xn-tcm[ acp-p-I \Im-h
- cn 95% t]pw CXns\ kw_-nv Adnthm hnh-c-tfm C!
\mSp-I-S-n-sbv tIcfw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp ]e kmw{I-an-I-tcm-K-fpw Xncn-p-h-p-sImn-cn-p-p-sh-p ka-Im-enI bmYmy-n, inip-kw-c--Whpambn _-s Cu
IW-p-I Imcy-amb ]cn-K-W-\bpw hni-Z-amb ]T-\hpw Aln-p-p-v.
K`nWnIpw/Aampw
km \Ip klmb
e`yambnptm?
Dv
48.65%
C
51.35%

e`n klmb
[\klmbw
t]mjImlmchnXcWw
IuknenwKv
acppI

Csn FpsIm?v
Adnbn
AXns\pdnv hnhcfn
ASp AwK\hmSnItfm, BtcmKytI{tfm C
assnepw

32.35%
28.16%
13.44%
26.05%

36.05%
55.81%
5.81%
2.33%

K-`n-Wn-Ipw A-ampw, tI{--kw-m\ km-cp-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-n-ep A\h[n ]-Xn-I-fn-eqsS \In-h-cp hnhn-[-X-c-n-ep klm-b--fpsS tImSn--W-n\v cq]bpsS IW-p-I hjm-hjw km-cp-I ]pd-p-hn-Sp-p-v. Cu klm-b
- A\n-hm-cyam-bn-cn-p kaq-l-amWv Zen-X. ]t, ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[nIw t]v (51.34%) Cu klm-b-
e`n-p-n. e`n-p-h
- c- nX-s, K`n-Wn-If
- p-sSbpw A-am-cp-sSbpw Btcm-Ky-hp-ambn _sv ka-{K-ambn e`n-t acp-v, [-\k
- l
- m-bw, t]m-jI
- m-lm-cw, Iukn-enwKv Fnh hyXy-tXm-Xn-emWv e`n-p-X
- .v ^e-n CXns KpW-^e
-
- \ma-am-{X-am-bn-cn-p-sav ImWm
Ign-bpw. {]Xn-tcm-[a- c- p-p-If
- psS Imcy-n-se-t- ]mse Cu klmb ]cn-]m-Sn-Is- f--p-dnv _lp`q-cn-]
-
- n\pw hnhcfn F-XmWv hkvXp-X.

{]mYanI BtcmKytI{fpw km \bhpw

BREAK UP OF REVENUE EXPENDITURE INTO MAJOR SUB HEADS
1986-87
1990-91 1993-94 1996-97 1999-00 2002-03
UHS ALLOPATHY
61.11
49.47 47.73
47.48
47.03 45.87
UHS OSM
8.02
8.29
9.42
9.41
9.89
9.7
RHS ALLOPATHY
7.71
19.04
19.7
18.9
18.75 18.28
RHS OSM
0.35
0.56
0.22
0.48
0.55
0.24
MT AND R
12.08
12.77 13.35
13.47
13.03 16.76
PUBLIC HEALTH
10.73
9.86
9.59
10.25
10.72
8.94
Source: Government of Kerala detailed budget years (various years)
UHS- Urban Health System: RHS- Rural Health System: OSM- Other Systems Of Medicine: MT AND R- Medical
Training And Research

23

TABLE IV: BREAK UP OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURE INTO MAJOR SUB HEADS

MAJOR SUBHEADS
URBAN HEALTH SYSTEM
RURAL HEALTH SYSTEM
MEDICAL TRAINING AND RESERACH
PUBLIC HEALTH

1986-87
1990-91 1993-94 1996-97 1999-002002-2003
21.37
12.23 27.07
19.46
27.05 11.96
20.7
16.44 21.28
8.12
0.96
2.91
54.47
68.76
48.2
72.07
69.68 83.34
3.47
2.57
3.46
0.35
2.31
1.79
Source: Government of kerala detailed budget years (various years)

19-82-\pw 199798\pw C-S-bn Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn kwm\w sNe-hm-p- XpI 9.62%

n\nv 6.98% ambn Ipdp. s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-cw-Kv km sNe-hm-p XpI {Iaambn Ipdp hcp--Xm-bn-m-Wmw. Nn-e-hm-p XpI Ipd-bp-p Fp am{X-a ]Whpw
{ibpw A\n-hmcyambn-cn-p {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-sf Ah-K-Wn-p-sImv kq
kvs]jym-enn kwhn-[m-\
- f
- n-tev Chsb Hgpn hnSp-Ibpw sNp-p. A\p-Zn\w hn-p-hcp NnIn-m-sN-eh
-- p-Ifpw Igp---dp- ]Ww ]nSp- \S-p kzImcy Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw
"kzm{i-b'- n htXm-Xn ]Ww \nt-]nv Xncnp ]nSn-m-\n-d
- p tUmIvSamcpw ChcpsS CwKn-X
- -\p-kr-Xa- mbn \b- amn-ad- n-p km kwhn-[m-\hpw tNv tIc-fnse Btcm-Ky-ta-Je
- sb Xmdp-am-dm-n-bn-cn-p-Ib
- m-Wv.

D]-kw-lmcw
""Btcm-Ky--hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-e-I-fn ae-bmfn ssIh-cn t\- hnI-knX cmPy--fpambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm, Zen-X-cpsS Ah ]cn-tim-[n-m _olm-dns\ sXc-s-Spp-Xv cp Imc-W--fm FXn-s-tS--Xm-Wv. Hv, _olm-dn \S-p Iq-sm-eI ZenXv ASn-a- -ens GI-ap-Js- a coXn-bn Ah--Xc- n-n-p-Ibpw"atX-Xc- - ]
- p-tcm-Ka- \'
tIcfw \-S-p ASn--a-ep-Isf adp ]nSn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. cv, tIc-f-nse av
kap-Zm-b
- f- p-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm Bt]-n-Ia- mbn Zen-X Fp t\-ap-mn Fp
hkvXp-\njvT At\z-jW
-
- sf Hgn-hm-p-p17 ''
\mbvp-t]mepw \S-m Ign-bp s]mXp \nc-p-I-fn\npw a\p-jys\ hne-nb
kh {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw \mSp-hmW `qXIm-e-am-bn-cpp tIc-f-n-t-Xv. t{iWo-_tPmen
ZenXv %
Db
kap-Zm-b- % -amb PmXn-hy-h--bpsS Ghpw Xmsg-n \nc-c- a- mb ASn-a- -ep-Ipw
km
3.75
5.02
kzImcyw
5.38
8.46
ASn-a
-
- n\pw hnt[-ba- m-s- Hcp P-\Iqenthe, \nmWw 69.52
48.59
X-bm-bn-cpp Zen-X. 19-mw \qmns AhIrjn
1.45
13.17
km-\]
- m-Z
- f
- n ZenXv P\-hn-`m-K
- n-SIjIsmgnemfn
0.82
0.31
bn Bcw-`n kmaqly ]cn-jv-cW
]ccmKXsXmgn
7.5
5.33
{]m-\
- v, hnZy Bn-pI FXv
_nkn\v
1.14
5.33
hntam-N\
-
- ns ImX-emb LS-Ia- m-sWv
IhSw
1.63
3.13
Xncn--dn-hp-m-bn-cp-p. A-m-fn-bpsS
sXmgnclnX
8.81
10.66
t\Xr-Xz-n 1906 Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn
17. Sunny. M. Kapikkadu, No Alphabet In Sight

24

A[x-n-Xc- psS hnZym-eb {]th-i\

-
- n-\mssIhiap `qan
bp _rl-mb kacw bmZr-n-I-am-bnZenXv
Db
cp-n-, A\n-hm-cy-amb Imh-bv]m-bn-cp% kap-Zm-b- %
sv Ncn{Xw \tmSp ]d-bp-p.
1 skn\p Xmsg
2.33
2.42
53.58
32.42
A-m-fn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n shm- 2--5 skn\panSbn
24.85
\qcpw s]mbvI-bn A-s t\Xr-Xz- 5--10 skn\panSbn 27.29
16.06
n Aa-c-bnepw hnZym-e-b- m]n- 10--25 skn\panSbn 10.87
25
skn\p
apIfn
5.98
24.25
p-X
- n-\mbn \Snb alm-ka- c-
- CXnt\mSp tNp hmbn-t--Xm-Wv. {io\mhnZym`ymk tbmKyX
%
cm-bW
- {- ]-m\w, ]nv Idp-, ]mm-Sn tPm tPmk1-7
30.13
^v, shn-c tNmXn, sshIp-WvT-kzmanI Fn-h-cp-sS8-10
35.67
sbmw t\Xr-Xz-n \S-nb kmaq-ly-CS- s- ]-Se
- p-I A10-12
14.82
[x-n-X \S-nb hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i
- n-\m-bp ka12\p apIfn
4.88
sF.n.sF.
0.81
c--fpsS Ncn{Xw IqSn-bm-Wv.
t]mfnsSIv\nv
0.33
sFIy-tI-cfw bmYmy-am-hp-Ibpw Cy kzX-{-am]Tnnn.
13.36
hp-Ibpw ]-h
- c- ]
-
- X
- n-Ifpw tZiob t\Xm-f
- psS t]cnep {]tXyI ]-Xn-I-fpsS \n-lWw ]qn-bm-n-b%
Xn-\p-ti-jhpw Zen-X-cpsS \ne-hn-ep Ah. \thm-m- IpSnshw e`npXv?
s]mXpSmn \nv
35.74
\-{]-Inb ]qn-bm-bn-n-sv \s Hmn-n-p-p.
av InWdn \nv
26.88
hnZym-`ym-ks km-c-X-bmn Npcpn ]n-I-Pm-Xn-- temdn shw
1.31
]-n-I-h-m-cpsS nXn-hn-h-- c--W-p-I hn]p-e-amn \ZnI XSmI
1.15
Ah-Xc- n-n-p tIc-f
- nse \b-tKm-hn-ampw Bkq- kzw InW
31.31
{X-Wh
- n-ZK
- vpw ""Fs kapZm-b
- n\npw 10 _n.-F. kzw ss]v IW
3.61
msc-sb-nepw In-p-thWw F\np acn-m'' Fv
A-mfn ]d-n-cp-X
- ns Aw a\-n-em-bn-n-!
{]mYanI Bhiyv
%
19-mw \qm-ns BZy-]m-Z--fnXs Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq- Xm D]tbmKnpXv
89.97
dn Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw av Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\ tI{-fpw kzwIqkv
3.75
km DS-a--X-bn Bcw-`n-s-nepw, 1906- Xncp-h\
-- - s]mXpIqkv
Xpdmb
ew
9.80
-]p-c
- ns {]m-{]-tZ-i
- f
- n-ep ]pe-b, InSn NnInassnepw
1.47
-bvp Ah-Im-i
- n-\p-thn Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- pcw P\-d
18
Bip-]-{Xn-bn-tev \S-nb {]tm` ka-c-am-Wv, Btcmamen\y
Ky-kw-c
- W
-
- n-\p Ah-Im-i
- n-\mbn Zen-X \S-nb \nt]npXv
%
BZy {]Xy CS-s]-S. Fm, ]noSv s]mXp Btcm- kzw ]pcbnSn
9.26
Ky-cw-K-hp-ambn _-sv Zen-Xp-I Kuc-hXc-amb Hcn-S- tdmUcnIn
4.47
s]-S \S-n-bX
- ns hnh-c
- e`y-am-bn-n-.
s]mXpev
2.80
tIc-f-nse kvIqfp-I-fn 40% am{X-amWv km DS- Pemibfn
0.99
a--X-bn-ep--Xv. Cy-bn, km DS-a--X-bn-ep amen\y kw`cWnI
1.48
kvIqfp-I Ghpw Ipd-hp kwm-\
- f- n-sem-mWv tIcfw. _mn hcp 60% kvIqfp-Ifpw ss{]hv FbvUUv taJ-e-bnepw A FbvUUv taJ-e-bnep-am-Wv. 2009 hsc-bp IWv {]Imcw 132805 Aym-]-I-cn tIhew 4% AXm-bXv 5352
18. Human Development Report- Kerala-2005

25

t]cmWv ]n-I-Pm-Xn-bns Aym-]-I19 tIc-f-nse hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-v, Hcp kaq-l-sap \ne-bn kvIq \S-n-ntem Aym-]\
-
- ntem Cu kaq-l
- n\v Hcp ]p-an Fp-XmWv Cu IW-p-I ImWn-p--Xv. 70% tmfw Iqen-th-e-mcpw 83% n\pw 10
sknmsg `qhp-S-a--X-bp-ap Hcp kaq-lw, aSn-o-e-bpsS I\-a-\p-k-cnv hnZym-`ymkw
\Ip kwhn-[m-\
- n, ]pd-tImp t]mbn-s-nte Ap-Xs- -Sm-\p-p..
amXm-]n-Xm-f
- psS hnZym-`ym-km-h
- , km-nI kmaq-ly-nXn Fnh Ipn-If
- psS ]T\-n F{X-am{Xw kzm[o\w sNep-pp F-Xn \nc-h[n ]T-\- ]pd-p-h-n-p-v.
_lp-`q-cn-]
- hpw tImf-\n-I Xma-kn-p-h
- cpw Iqen-th-e
- mcpw hnZym`ymk \ne-hm-c
- n
]ntmw \np--hcpw av kmaq-ly--km--nI hn`-h--fpsS Imcy-n tIc-f-nse
av kaq-l
- f
- p-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm henb A-ca- p Zen-Xsc kw_-n-n-St- mfw
Ah-cpsS Ipn-I-fpsS `mhn Hpw Bim-h-l-a-.
tIcf amXrI tcmKm-Xp-c-am-sWv Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _-s-Spn BZy-ambn ]dXv tIc-f-hn-I-k\ amXr-I-bpsS hm- Xs-bm-Wv. hnZy-m`ymk taJ-e-bn kw`-hn-Xp-t]mse Xs kzIm-cy-ta-Je
- b
- psS Xn-b
- - hpw hnI-ea- mb km \b-fpw Bkq-{XWhpw Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn ssIh-cn t\-sf ]pd-tIm--Sn-p {]h-W-X-I 80 Iptijw A\p-`-h-th-Zy-ambn XpS-n. Btcm-Ky-cw-Ks nXn hnh-c-I-W-p-I-fpsS t\-
\nc-n-bm-Wv tIc-fa- m-Xr-I, hnI-k\
-
- ns DX amXr-Ib
- mbn hymJym-\n-p-Ibpw {]N-cn-np-Ibpw sNp--Xv. tIc-f-nse s]mXp--P-\m-tcm-Ky-cwKw henb {]Xn-k-n-Isf t\cn-p-sImn-cn-pp Fp ImWm Hcp Kth-jW
-
- n-stbm ]cn-tim-[\
- b
- p-sStbm Bh-iy-an-. Ghpw
Npcp-nb ]w tIc-f
- nse Acn-Ip-h-cn-s- -h
- sc kw_-n-n-St- mfw Ah-cpsS ssZ\wZn\ A\p-`-h-am-Wv. Xmsg--n-ep BtcmKykwc-W kwhn-[m-\ Ipsd hj--fmbn
bn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. ""tZiob BtcmKy IpSpw-_-kt (NFHS-3) Xcp hnh-c-
Ip-Xp-d
- n-p-X
- m-Wv. kt-{]-Imcw Hcp hb-n\pw cp-hb
-
- n\pw CS-bn {]mb-ap IpnIv Bhiyw e`n-n-cn-t {]Xn-tcm[ Ipn-hb
- v]p-If
- psS Imcy-n sXm-Sp kwm\-amb Xan-gv\mSv 81% amsW-n tIcfw 75% Bbn Xmgvn-cn-p-p. 90 Ifn ChnsS inip-a-cW-\n-cv Bbn-c-n ]v Bbn-cp-Xv NFHS-----3) 2005 {]Imcw 15 Fn-bn-cn-pp.20
_lp-`q-cn-]--n\pw 5 skn Xmsg-bmWv `qan-bp--sXv t\ct \mw IXm-Wv.
CXn-\-I-mWv 90% t]cpw amen\yw \nt]n-p-Xpw 84% t] Iqkv ]Wn-Xn-cn-p-Xpw
31% t] InWdp ]Wn-Xn-cn-p-X
- p-sa hnh-c
- , F{X-am{Xw ko-amb Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-fmWv ZenXv taJe A`n-ap-Jo-Ic- n-p-Xv Fv Xpd-p-Im-p-p.
tIcf hnI-k\
- a- m-Xr-Ib
- psS hm- \nc-p IW-p-I Zen-Xc- psS PohnX bmYmysf Hpw-Xs {]Xn-^-en-n-p-n-m-sbv Cu ]T\w hy-am-p-p. tIcf amXr-I-bpsS
Dt hnI-k\w (inclusive development) Zen-Xv e`n-n-sp am{X-a tIc-f
- n \S
kmaq-ly-_l
- n-j
v c- W
-
- ns sXfn-hp-If- mWv \apv e`n-p-X
- .v Zen-Xc- psS hnZym-`ymk -- BtcmKy ]ntm-m-h ]cn-lc- n-p-X
- n\v hjm-hj _P-p-I {]Jym-]n-p kvIoap-If- p-sSbpw
]-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw IsIv hnZy-I-f Bh-iyw. adnv P\m-[n-]-Xy-nepw \oXn-k-a-Xz-nepw
(Equity) A[n-jvTn-Xa- mbn \b-]c- a- mb taJ-eI
- f
- n ZoL-Im-em-Sn-m-\
- n-ep-Xpw ka-{K-hpamb cm{ob CS-s]-Se
- p-Ifpw Xocp-am-\h
- p-amWv th-Xv.
19. Elementary Education In India-National Universiting of Educational Planning and Administration
20.N.P.Chekkutty: failure of Keralas famed public health care system, info change india.org

26

"Development is the
strategy of evasion.
When you can'tgive
people land reform,
give them hybrid cows.
When you can't send children
to school,
try non-formal education.
When you can't
provide basic health to people,
talk of health
insurance. Can't give them
jobs Not to worry, just redefine
the words "employment
opportunities''. Don't want to do
away with using children as a
form of slave labour Never mind.
Talk of "improving conditions
of child labour' It sounds good.
You can even make money out of it.''
- P. Sainath,
Everybody loves a good drough

27

28

BZn-hmkn(sb) ImWm- hnI-k\w

tPmkv ]o
BZn-hmkn Pohn-X-ns hmMvab Nn{X- Iv IpXq-lew \nd-bp Ah--I
amdn- -sm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-tbm-sSmv Pohn-v, {]Ir-Xn-bn-tev Xs BtcmSpw
]cm-Xn-bn-msX ad-p-t]m-Ip sdmamnIv k-ev]- C\n BZn-hm-kn-Ipw, BZnhm-kn-Po-hn-Xs Zqsc \nv t\mn-m-Wp--hpw _my-X-bmbn amdp-I-bm-Wv. hb-\mS Npc--fn "kwkm-cn-p ]Wn Bbp["fm-bn-cp ]Wn-bcpw ASn-bcpw apX Xncph-\--]p-c-ns {]m--e--fn Xma-kn-p ImWn-mcpw Pohn-Xs C\n ImtWXv hyXykvX A\p-`h ]m--e-n-em-bn-cn-pw. Ncn-{X-ns ]S-tbm---fn hyXncn `mjbpw `qan-Ibpw Is-n-b-h, Nhnn \nm\pw Ipgn-n-Sm\pwthn `qan tNmZnv
XpS-n-bn-cn-pp. Ncn-{X-n hnkvar-X-cmb Hcp P\X \K-c-ho-Yn-I-fn-eqsS Rfpw a\pjy-cm-sWpw Pohn-m Xpw Ah-Im-i-ap-s-p-sams ]d-bp-Xv \mS ioep-Ifn-eq-sS-b adnv Ah-Im-i-{]-Jym-]-\-n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. ]mv sXmen-bq-cn-sb-dn-bp--Xp-t]mse
BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw X-fpsS ta sIn-sh \h-`m-hp-I-Xz-n-s-bpw A[-a-t_m-[-n-s-bpw,
Ncn{X \ncm-k-n-sbpw Ah--I Dcn-p-I-f-bp-I-bm-Wv. ]p Ime-L--n
]p[m-cW
- I
- f
- pw {]Xy-bi
- m-kv{X-k
- mw-kvIm-cnI ]cn-t{]yfpw krn-s-Sp-p-Ib
- m-Wv.
P\n an\nv thtcmsS ]ngp-sX-dn-bsSm Hcm-Zn-hmkn kaq-lhpw tIc-f-n-en-.
hnI-k-\-ns Cc-I-fmWv BZn-hm-kn-I. ISphm kwc--W-n-\pw Umap-Ipw ASp
Ime-mbn dntkmp-Ip-ambn F{X-sb{X IpSn-bn-d--ep-ImWv Ah hnt[-b-am-bnp-Xv?
tIc-f
- ns m\-ta-Je
- I
- f
- nepw BZn-hm-kn-Iv ]n-. Ah-sc-p-dnv ap-h
- FgpXn-bX
- m-Wnpw \ hmbn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv. hnP-bn-If
- psS Ncn-{X-im-k\
-
- f
- n Cu P\X
hnkvac- n-s- psIm-n-cn-p-Ib
- m-bn-cpp kao-]I
- mewhsc-bpw.
Fsms-bmWv Hcp P\-X-bpsS aptmv t]mv kmy-am-p LS-I-?. `qan-bpsS
taep DS-a--X-bn-msX Bpw Ncn-{X-n-tev {]th-in-m-\m-hn-. Bpw Ftmgpw
HmSn--b-dm-hp hgn-tbmc hn{i-a-tI-{-fmbn BZn-hmkn Pohn-X- amdn-tm-b-Xn CSXv
heXp In-Iv \nm-bI ]p-v. {]Xn-]-hpw `c-W-]-hpw A]q \nan-j-fn Hn-p Ncn{X kw`-h-ambn FSpv ImWn-m-hp HmWv BZn-hmkn \nb-a-sf
adn IS-p-X
- n ImWn-p "[oc-XI
- .'
GsXm-cm-Zn-hmkn ka-c-nsbpw `qanI FXv X Xma-kn-p CS-n\v thn-bp-Xm-Wv. 1832se km Iem]w apX 1805se Ipdn-y-cpsS t]mcmw hsc. AXn-Po-h-\n\v thn-bp \o bm-{X-bm-Wn-m-Zn-hmkn Pohn-Xw. BZn-hm-kn-If
- psS GsXmcp Zp_e
29

{]Xn-I-c-W-sbpw `c-W-IqSw t\cn-Xv hmp-I-fn-eqsSbmbn-cp-n. AXmWv ap-m-hsc

\op \nevp ka-cN
- c- n-{X-w.
Fm-epw ]co-W hnt[-b-am-Im hn[n--s Kn\n ]n-I-fmWv BZn-hm-kn-I.
Xo{h CS-Xp-]-hpw ]co--Wm-Sn-m-n \S-nb ka-chpw BZn-hm-kn-p-Sn-I-fn Xsbm-bn-cp-p. "I\-h"m-sW-n-epw, "kmcw-Km-sW-n-epw BZn-hm-kn-p-Sn-I-fn-emWv ]co-Ww
\S-n-b-Xv. apJy-[m-c-bnse Ipn-In-S-bn \np-sImv A-c-n-semcp ]co-Ww
Fp-sImv \S-p-n-, \S-p-n-?
tIc-f-nse BZn-hm-kn-I-sf-p-dnv henb ]T\--sfmpw \S-n-n-. Cu taJ-e-bnse
BZys NphSpshbv]v \S-n-bXv FUvK tXgv BWv. At-l-ns F-t\m-{Km^nv t\mvkv Hm kuv Cy, (1906) Tribes and castes of South India (1909) Emilie schmidt s
Survey of the Tribes of South India and Cyelon in (1889-90 ) Anantha Krishna Iyer - Travancore Tribes
and Castes 3 Vol - AXn BZy thmfyw 1937 Cdn.. At-l
- ns Xs Cochin Tribes and
castes 1908, A.A.Z. Luis - s tIc-f-nse BZn-hm-kn-Isf-p-dn-p ]T\w 1962, P.R.G.
amqcns The Tribal Situation in Kerala, U.R. Ehrenfels --s Kadars of cochin (1952), mother Right in
India (1941), F. A-s The Nayadis of Malabar (1937) apX-em-bh
- b
- mWv FSpv ]d-b
-
- h
- .
Fm Ch-sbmw \c-hw-ii
- m-kv{X-]c- a- m-bXpw Am-Za- nI kz`m-ht- mSpw IqSn-bp-X
- m-bn-cpp. ]noSv Hcp \o CS-th-fbvv tij-amWv Fsms ]cn-an-Xn-I Ds-ntmepw
Fw.-sI. ]m\q-cns IrXn-I Dm-hp--Xv. ImgvN-m-cpsS Ip-I-tfmsS t\mn---h-bm-bncpp F-XmWv CXn-s-sbmw ]cn-an-Xn. AXp-sIm-mWv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwKoXw tIp-dp P\-Xs- b hnti-jW
- h
- p-ambn Cd-p-X
- v. \psS Am-Za- nIv hym]m-c
- ns ]pXnb
kt-X
- f
- n-env ]pXnb coXn-Ish-p-sImv BZn-hm-kn-Is- f-p-dnv Fgp-Xp-tmgpw BZn-hmkn-I-fpsS {]iv\- AXn-t\-m Xo{h--ambn XpSp t]mcp-Ibpw sNp-p. C-c-samcp
kml--Nc- y-n-emWv BZn-hmkn taJ-esb ap\nn \S-n-bn-cn-p Cu ]T-\
- ns {]kn. Btcm-Kyhpw hnZym-`ym-k-hp-amWv CXn-\mbn sXc-s-Sp-n-cn-p--Xv. hnZym-`ymk ]cnjv-c-W-, Io-j-\p-I Fn-h-sbmw hcp-tmgpw Hcn-tmepw BZn-hmkn hn`m-Kn-ep Ipn-Isf IW-n-se-Sp-p--tX-bn-s--Xn\v sXfn-hmWv Hcp Intem ao Zqc-n-\pn Ahv kvIqfns e`y-X-bns--Xv. BZn-hmkn P\-X-bvv {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-kwt]mepw \Im `c-W-IqSw aSnv \npI-bm-Wv. `c-W-Iq-S-ns {Iqc-amb Xam-i-I-fn-semm-Wn-Xv. Atm ]ns kwh-cW
-
- ns tanp-dt- v F-s\-bmWv Ahv \S-sp-hm Ign-bp-X
- v. F-s\-bmWv BZn-hm-kn-Iv tPmen t\Sm Ign-bp-X
- v. C-cs- amcp
Ah Dm-n-hn-nv BZn-hm-kn-Iv ImnX-s-bmWv Ign-p-Iq-Sm-\njvSw Fv ]d-bp-h BcpsS AP--bmWv \S-n hcp-p-Xv? As\ ImSn-t\mSv Xmev]-cy-ap--h-cm-Wv,
AXns\ kwc-n-p-I-bmWv BZn-hm-kn-I sNp--sX-n Fp-sIm-mWv h\m-h-Imi
_n tIcfw \S-n-em-m-Xv?
tIc-f-n kzm{ib hnZym-`ym-k-m-]-\--fpw ]p aqe-[-\-ns Cd-p-a-Xn-bn-S-fmb FbvUUv, A FbvUUv kvIqfp-Ifpw ]Sv ]-en--tm em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfpI F Xmc-X-ay-n \n-em-p-Xv BZn-hmkn a-y-_-\ sXmgn-em-fn-I, ZenX Fn-h-cpsS a ]Tn-p hnZym-e-b--fm-Wv. Ahm-sW-n B taJe ISv
Ib-dm-\p km-nI t{kmXv C-. AXpt]m-se-Xs C-cw kvIqfp-I-fn Hmtcm
hnj-b-n\pw Hmtcm Aym-]-I- mkp-I FSp-p-tm \memw mkv hsc-bp IpnIv H Aym-]-I-s\-shv \mev mpw ]Tn-n-p-Xv thtd-sX-nepw P\-X-Ipn
30

\S-nh-cp-m Ign-bptam? Atm BZn-hm-kn-p-n-I Cs\ ]Tn-m aXn-sbv

BcmWv Xocp-am-\n-Xv? Ahm-cmWv Cu A[n-Imcw \In-bXv?
BZn-hm-kn-I ]c-c- m-KX ssIsm-gn-ep-sIm-pw, Imnse tX Ignpw hn-`h
-
- tiJcnp-amWv Pohn-p-s- X- anv Cu kt Xp-pv. Fm Ch Iqen-W
- n-m-cm-WF
v- -XmWv sRn-n-p Adnhv. ans ta DS-a
- Xbp-m-bn-cp Hcp P\-hn-`mKw Fs\
Iqen-W
- n-m-cm-bn?. B At\z-jWw sNs-p-Xv ay-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-cnse \{km-Wn-If
- psS
CS-bn-te-m-Wv. 1940I-fn Bcw-`n kpdnbm\n- {In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS -IpSntb--n XIv
Xcn-W
- a- m-bh
- c- mWv ae-_m taJ-eI
- f
- nse BZn-hm-kn-I
- . IpSntbmcpsS hc-thm-Sp-IqSn BZnhmkn taJ-eI
- hnI-kn-pI-bpw BZn-hm-kn-I AXn-Po-h\
-
- n-\mbn Hmc-f
- n-tev am-sSpIbpw sNbvXp. h\-`q-an-bnepw dh\yq ]pd-tm-n-ep-ambn Xma-kn-p BZn-hm-kn-Is-s\-bmWv s]mXp-k-aq-l-tmSv kwkm-cn-m Ign-bp--Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv Ah Fm taJe-bn\npw AZr-iy-cm-bXv.
Fp-sIm-mWv BZn-hmkn taJ-e-bnse Ipn-I-fn sImgnpt]mv {Iam-Xo-X-am-bn-cnp-Xv? sImgn-p-t]m-ns\ XS-bn-Sm-s\--hw \S-n hcp-nb tlm-ep-I-fpsS
Cs Ah FmWv? sImSp-p `-W
- n Xs {Ia-t-Sp-Ifpw Agn-aX
- nbpw \Sam-Sp-p-sh-Xv ]csbp Bt-]a- m-W.v A-S
- t- msS IrXy-\n-jTv t- bmsS F{X tlm
tIc-f
- n \S-p-pv? AXn-s\-p-dnv F{X-t]v Bh-em-Xn-I Dv? cm-Im-
hnv Av Xs Xncnv t]mIm ]pcoXnbne tlm-eIp hn\y-kn-n-cn-p-X
- v.
hnZym-`ym-kneqsS BZn-hm-kn-ta-Je
- I
- f
- n \npw bYm t\XrXzw Dcp-n-cn-tb-X
- pv.
tIc-f-nse Btcm-Ky-ta-Je C-\p-`-hn-p {]Xn-k-n-I krjvSn--s--Xm-Wv.
Khs v X-fpsS ]m-fnw D-dv hcp-p-n-sv am{X-a AXn \npw ]nhm-pIbpw sNp ImgvN-bmWv kao-]-Im-ev Ac-t-dn-sm-n-cn-p--Xv.
\psSsbms kao-]-p {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{--fpsS Ah FmWv? Aip-amb IpSn-sh-w, InSn NnIn-bpsS A`m-hw,tUmIvSam-cpsS A`m-hw, Poh-\-mcpsS kao-]-\- XpSn H-\-h[n Imcy- sImv ]e-tm-gpw Pt\map-J-a. Hcp-Imev P\-fpsS B{i-b-amb "[m-ip-]{Xn'IfmWn-tm shn-te--dn InS-p--Xv.
BZn-hm-kn-ta-Je
- b
- p-sS- B-tcm-Kyspdn-p N-If
- n-semw apg-n-tIp-Xv Ah
]-a-cp-p-IsImv tcmK-sf Iog-S-p-p-sh-m-Wv. ]t Cu kt B [mc-W-sbbpw
IS-]p-g-n-bn-p-v. BZn-hm-kn-I- tcmK-n\v {]Xn-hn-[n-b-t\z-jnv "Cwojv acpn' A`bw
{]m]n-p-tm s]mXp-ka- qlw BZn-hmkn Haqen-bn hnizm-ka- n-p ImgvNb
- mWv Gsd
hntcm-[m-`m-kw.
BZn-hm-kn-ta-J-e-bnse Btcm-Ky--hn-Zym-`ym-k-s-p-dnv \S-n-bn-p Cu ]T\w Kuch-X-c-amb Nne {]iv\- D-bn-p-p-v. Ahsb hnkva-cn-n-tm, Hgnhv Ignhv ]d-ntm, am-cp-sS-sb-nepw Xe-bn sIn-htm ]cn-lc-- n-m-hp--Xp-a-. ZoL-Im-em-Sn-m-\n ]cn-lm-c-ap-m-tI kPo-h-X-bmWv `c-W-IqS-n\nv {]Xo-n-p--Xv. hn`-h-
Bn-p--Xn-\p Ah-k-c- Dm-p-I, AXv {Ia-\n-_--ambn \S-n hcpp-I,
AXn\v k--X-bp--hsc Acw taJ-e-I-fn-tev hn\y-kn-p-I, kulm-]-c-amb Aco-w, am\p-jn-Ia- q-ey- Dbn-n-Sn-m Ign-bp kao-]\
-
- XpS-n-bh
- s- bmw kaql-ns hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn Dm-I-Ww. A-c-samcp cmjv{Sob ss\\n-X-IX-bmWv tIc-fn-en\n Dm-th-X
- v.
31

hnZym-`ymkw
BZn-hm-kn-If- n _lp-`q-cn-]
- hpw Xma-kn-p h\m-Xnn-bntem h\-n-\p-ntem BWv.
Cu {]tZ-i
- f
- psS `qan-im-k{v X-]c- a- mb {]tXy-IX
- I
- f-\p-kc- nv Hcp Intem-ao- Fp-Xv Xs
hfsc Zpjvc- a- mb Zqc-am-Wv. Cu ]m-e
-
- n \np-sIm-p-thWw BZn-hm-kn-Isf kw_n-nStmfw Hcp Intem-ao- Zqc-]c- n-[n-p-n kvIqfns e`yX F hnjbw N sNm.
34.47 % BZn-hm-kn-Iv am{X-amWvHcp IntemASpp kvIq F{X ZqcmWv?
ao- Zqc-]-cn-[n-p-n kvIqfp-I DffXv. 29.58%
n\pw 4 Intem-ao- apI-fn-emWv kvIqfns e`y0-1 In.-ao-.
34.47% X. tIc-f-nse GXp kap-Zm-b-hp-ambn Xnp
1-2 In.-ao-.
26.49% t\mn-bmepw BZn-hmkn taJ-eb
- nse Cu Acw
2-4 In.-ao-.
9.49% hfsc {]I-S-am-Wv. hnZym-`ym-k-ns ASn-m\
4 In.-ao-. apI-fn-
29.55% kuI-cy-ns s]mXp-am-\Z- W
- U
v a- mbn AwKo-Ic- n-s-n-p Hcp Intem-ao- Np-f-hn kvIqfp-I
Dm-hW
- s- a {]mY-anI kuI-cyw-t]mepw e`y-a
- msb-p-Xv hnZym-`ym-kh
- p-ambn _-sv BZn-hm-kn-In-Sb
- nse Hcp Zpc-N
- n-{X-am-Wv.
IpSn-tb-
- p-tijw B-Zn-hm-kn-ta-Je
- I
- f
- n CX-ck
- a- p-Zm-b
- f
- psS kmn-y-n-ep-mb
h-\hv A-m-Sn-bnse IW-p-I ]cn-tim-[n-ptm ImWhp--Xm-Wv. Chn-sS-sbmw
IpSn-tb-
- mv kvIqfp-I A\p-hZ-- n-p-X
- n\pw m]n-p-X
- n\pw km-cp-Iv _pnap-n-m-bn-cp-p. Atmt]mepw apK-W-\m-{I-a--fn BZn-hm--kn-I-tftbm Ah-cpsS Ipn-Isftbm ]cn-KW
- n-n-m-sb-Xv bmZr-n-Ia-
- , adn-v, tIcf amXr-Ib
- psS ASn-m-\]
- c- a- mb XIcmdpw s]m--c-hp-amWv ImWn-p--Xv. Bkq-{XW hnZ-Kvv Cu hnj-b-s-p-dnv
IrXyamb [mcW Dm-bn-cp-p-sh--Xns sXfn-hmWv GIm-ym-]I hnZym-e-b- (_-Z
kvIqfp-I) BZn-hmkn taJ-e-bn m]n--s--Xv. BZn-hm-knv _Z kvIqfpw ap-hv hnZym-`ym-khpw Fp kw km-cp-If
- psS at\m-`m-ht- bpw Xm-cy-t-bpamWv kqNn-n-p-X
- v.
B-Zn-hm-kn-If- n 90% ne-[nIw t]cpw hnZym-`ymkn\mbn B{i-bn-p-Xv km kwhn[m-\--sf-bm-Wv. 4% t]v Ipn-I GXp kne-_-kmWv ]Tn-p--sXv Adn-bn-m-sb-Xv
{]tXyIw {in-t--Xm-Wv. Fp-sIm-mWv Ipn-Isf km kvIqfn hnSm-Xv F
tNmZy-n\v ]d-bp Imcy-, KXm-KX
- k
- u-Ic- y-an-m-X
- p-sImv (11.96%), Zqc-q-Sp-X BbXp-sImv (25%) Cwojv aoUnbw Cm--Xp-sImv (6.52%) D--c-hm-Zn--an-m Aym-]I (3.26%) Fn--s\-bm-Wv.
A-Sp-p Ghpw \ kvIq GsXpw Fp-sIm-mWv AXv \ kvIq BIp--sX32

p-ap tNmZy-n-\v, Cwojv aoUnbw Bb-XpsImv (12.35% t]), \ bqWnt^mw (4.94%), ]Tn- p-
v(%)
\ sInSw (11.11%), kvIq _kv (0.61%), Db kne_kv
4.57
]T-\-\n-e-hmcw (60.50%) kaq-l-nse Db-h- kn._n.Fkv . C.
90.57
cpsS a ]Tn-p--Xp-sIm-v, (1.54%), \ tv kne_kv
0.86
amt\Pv sa v (8.95%) Fn--s\-bmWv adp-]-Sn- sF.kn.Fkv . C.
assnepw
4
I ]d-n-p-X
- v.
X-fpsS Ipn Ahn-sS-bmtWm ]Tn-p-Xv
F tNmZy-n\v 40.58% t]cpw Am-sb-mWv Dcw \In-bn-p--Xv. ASp-p Ghpw
\ kvIqfn-e Xs Ipn ]Tn-p-Xv Fv ]d-h
- AXn\p Imc-Wa- mbn ]d-Xv Zqc-qSp-X-em-b-Xp-sImv (39.33%), Cwojv aoUn-b-am-b-Xp-sImv (19.66%), AUn-an-j Inm--XpsImv ( 11.11%), amXm-]n-Xm-v hnZym`ymk-an-m--Xp-sImv (6.84%) henb kw`m-h\/
^okv (11.11%), D-`-Ww Cm-Xv (4.27%), ip]mi-bn-m--Xp-sImv (4%) Fn--s\-bmWv. Hcp kapZm-b-sa--\n-e-bn hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp--Xn-\p `uXnI kml-N-cy- BZn-hmkn-In-m-sb-Xv Zqc-hp-ambn _-s {]Xn-Ic- W
-
- f
- n\nv a\-n-em-mw. A-Xp-am-{X-a, Ghpw \-sXv Ah Icp-Xp Hcp hnZym-`ymkw Ic-a- m-m-\p kmaq-ly-k
- mw-kvImcn-I--km--nI ]m-ew Hcp kap-Zm-b-sa \ne-bn BZn-hm-kn-In Fv IW-pI ImWn-p-p..
105 {]osa-{SnIv tlm-ep-Ifpw 8 tamU d-kn-U-jy kvIqfp-I-fp-amWv ]n-I-h hIpns Iogn-ep-X
- v1. Cu ktbn ]sSp- BZnFp-sImv \ kvIq?
hm-kn- Ipn-Ifn 18.89% t]cpw ChnsSbmWv XmaCwojv aoUnbw
12.35 kn-p--Xv. kt ^e- kqNn-n-p--Xv amXm\ bqWnt^mw
4.94 ]n-Xm-f
- n ]Ip-Xn-t]cpw Cu tlm-ep-If
- psS ASn\ sInSw
11.11 m\ kuI-cy- In-p-t]m-ep-an-m--h-cm-Wv.
kvIq _v
0.61 amXm-]n-Xm-v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn Fn-tDb ]T\ \nehmcw
60.50 cmt\m At\z-jn-mt\m ]m coXn-bn-emWv
kaqln DXcpsS a
tlm kwhn-[m\w hn\y-kn-s- -n-p-Xv FXv
]TnpXp sImv
1.54 hym]-Ia- mb Hcp ]cm-Xn-bm-W.v ss{]a-dn-Xe
-
- n ]Tn\ amt\Ppsa v
8.95 p Ipn-Isf kw_-n-n-St- mfw amXm-]n-Xm-fpsS kmao-]yhpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw e`n-msX hcp-Xns {]iv\
- BZn-hm-kn-ta-Je
- b
- n \nc-h[
- n-bm-Wv. ss{S_ tlm-ep-If
- nse ASn-m\
kuI-cy- hfsc ]cn-an-Xa- m-sWp am{X-a tImSn-W
-
- n\p cq] BZn-hm-kn-If
- psS t]cn
Zphybw sNp m]-\
- f
- mbn Ch amdn-sm-n-cn-p-Ib
- m-Wv.
apI-fn kqNn-n IW-p-I-fn \npw a\-n-em-hp-Xv BZn-hm-kn- Ipn-I-fn `qcn-]-n\pw Fn-t-cm-hp coXn-bn kvIq kwhn-[m-\
- C F `uXnI bmYmy-hpw,
Ah B{K-ln-mt]mepw s]mXp-hn \-sXv Icp-Xp hnZym-`ym-kw, km-n-I, kmaqly, cm{ob Imc-W
- f
- m Ahv e`n-n F-Xp-amWv.
Ipn-I-fpsS sImgn-p-t]mv
km IW-p-I{]-Imcw BZn-hm-kn-p-n-I-fqsS sImgnpt]mI \ncv 4%amWv2.
1. www. kerala.gov.in

33

Ipn-I
BZn-hm-kn-I

B
s]
BsI
Db PmXn hn`mKw
B
s]
BsI

405
409
814

sImgnp
]Tnmh
t]mbh
%
85
20.99
17
62
15.16
15
147
18.06
32

280
261
541

24
17
41

8.57
6.51
7.58

10
10
20

%
4.19
3.67
3.93
3.57
3.83
3.69

]t Cu kt hfsc hyXy-a- mb Nn{X-amWv \Ip-X

- v. sImgn-p-t]m-bh
- cpw ]Tn-m-hc- p-aS- w 22% Ipn-I kvIq kwhn-[m-\
- n\v ]pd-m-sWv AXv ImWn-p-p. 15 apX
17 hbp--hsc {]mb-n-ep kv Sp Xe-nep Ipn-If
- psS sImgn-p-t]mv am{X-sa-Spp
]cn-tim-[n-m Nn{Xw hfsc Zb-\o-b-am-bn-cn-pw. am{X-a-, Zen-X-cp-tS-Xp-t]m-se-Xs BZn-hmkn-In-S-bnepw Ggmw mntem ]mw mntem ]T\w \ne-p-t]m-Ip-Xv hnZym-`ym-kn\n-p sImgn-p-t]m-mbn BZnhmkn-I ]e-tmgpw ]cn-KW
- n-p-n-m-sbv ktbp-ambn _-sv ^oUphp-If
- n \npw Rv t_my-s-X
- m-Wv.

em`-Ic- a-
- m kvIqfp-Ifp-w BZn-hmkn kaq-lhpw
Fm A-nepw GXmv ]q-am-bn-s km kwhn-[m-\s B{i-bn-p-h
- cmWv BZn-hmknI Fv \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W--fn-eqsS CXn-t\m-SIw hy-am-bn--gn-p.
AXp-sIm-p-Xs hjm-hjw hnp-hc- p em`-Ic- a-
- m kvIqfp-Ifpw AXp-ambn _s {]iv\-fpw BZyw _m[n-p-Xv BZn-hmkn kaq-l--sf-bm-Wv.
tIc-f-nse samw kvIq Ipn-I-fn 1.94% am{X-amWv BZn-hmkn hnZymn-I-fpsS
Fw.3 ]t Cu Ipn-If
- n 11% em`-Ic- a-
- m kvIqfp-If
- n-emWv ]Tn-p-X
- v. AtX-ka- bw
tIc-f-nse CXc kap-Zm-b-sf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw tIhew 5.03% am{X-amWv em`-I-c-am kvIqfp-I-fn ]Tn-p--Xv. Bk--a-c-Ws Imn-cn-p Cu s]mXp-hn-Zym-eb
-- smw Iq-S
- p-t]m-Ip-Xv AhnsS ]Tn-m hn[n-s- B-Zn-hm-kn-Ip-n-If
- psS `mhnIq-Sn-bm-Wv.
{]o-kvIq-fnwKv
BZn-hmkn P\-hn-`m-K--fn 41% n\pw Hcp
Intem-ao- Np-f-hn AwK-\-hm-Sn-I C. BZnhmkn taJ-eI
- f- nse `q{]-IrXn IW-n-se-Sp-p-tm
Hcp Intem-ao-Xs \S-s-m-hp Hcp Zqc-a-sn-cn-t, AXn IqSp-X Zqc-n-ep AwK-\h
- m-SnI-fn-tev Ipn-Isf Ab-bvp-sav Icp-Xm \nm2. Directorate of Public Instruction (DPI)
3. Directorate of Public Instruction (DPI)

34

AwK\hmSn bntepZqcw
BZn-hm-kn %
0-1 In.-ao-.
59
1-2 In.-ao-.
23.08
2-3 In.-ao-.
3.37
3In.-ao-. apIfn
14.17

tIc-f-nse samw hnZymnI-fpsS Fw

3988473

BZn-hmkn hnZymn-I-fpsS Fw

tIc-f-nse samw BZn-hmkn

hnZymn-I-fpsS Fw
77494

em`- I - c - a - m kv I qfp- I - f n ]Tn- p-

BZn-hmkn hnZymn-I-fpsS Fw
8525

77494

%
1.94
%
11

l-an-. tIc-f
- nse 50% AwK-\h
- m-SnIpw kz-ambn sIn-Stam iuNm-eb
-
- tfm sshZypXntbm t]mep ASn-m\ kuI-cy- Csv km IW-nXs ]d-bp-tm
BZn-hm-kn-ta-Je
- I
- f
- n-ep AwK-\h
- m-Sn-Iv Cu kuI-cy- Dm-hp-sav tIcf hnIk\
amXrI \Ip A\p-`h
-
- sImv hniz-kn-t-X
- n-.

Btcm-Kyw
BZn-hm-kn-If- n 78.76% t]cpw NnIn-bvv {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{ntep Zqcw
38.36%
Atem-Xn k{-Zm-btbpw 8.76% t] ]mc- 0-2 In.-ao-.
2
5
In.a
o.
22.53%
cysshZytbpw B{i-bn-p-pv. ]ecpw
5
In.a
o.
apIfn
39.11%
[cnp him-bn-cn-p-X
- p-t]m-se BZn-hm-kn-I
Imnse ]-a-cpv ]dnv kzbw NnIn \Sn-b tcmK-ia- \w hcp-p-X
- v. adnv \ne-hn-ep apJym[mcm NnInm k{-Zm-b
- sf D]tbm-Kn-p-Xs- -bmWv. \n`m-Ky-hi
- m Ah B{i-bn-p s]mXp-P\
- m-tcm-Ky-cwKw ASn-m\
kuI-cy-f
- psS Imcy-n hfsc ]nn-em-Wv. tIc-f
- nse Ah-ti-jn-p s]mXp-P\
- m-tcmKy-kw-hn-[m-\s B{i-bn-p-Xv Fm A-nepw Acn-Ip-h-cn-s- Bfp-If- m-sWv
\nc-h[n ]T-\--fp-v. 61.64% t]pw cp Intem-ao- Np-f-hn {]mY-anI BtcmKy tI{-fn-. Cu ]T-\-ns ]e L--fnepw kqNn-n--t]mse BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-sf kw_n-n-S-tmfw 2 Intem-ao--dn\p apI-fn F Zqcw km[m-cW KXn-bn Fn-t-cm-hp
H-. IrXy-ka- b
- v Bip-]{- Xn-bn Fn-m Ign-bm-sX, NnIn InmsX acn-h
- c- p-sSbpw
acnp Pohn-p-h
- c- p-sSbpw \nc-h[n IY-I BZn-hmkn kaq-l
- n\v ]d-bm-\p-v.
49.82% Bfp-I NnIn--bvmbn {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-sf B{i-bn-p-tm 50.18%
t] Ahsb B{i-bn-p-n-. Fp-sImv {]mY-anI BtcmKy tI{-sf kao-]n-p-n
F tNmZy-n\v tUmIvS-dn (23%) Bh-iy-n\v acp-n (19.31% ) InSn NnIn--bn
(21.61%) Fn-s- \-bmWv adp-]S- n-I. em_v kuI-cy-an-, Bh-iy-n-\v s_n-. Xpd-m-dn-,
{]hn-m-dn Fo adp-]-Sn-I ]d--h-scmw tNm 36.08% Bfp-I-fmbn. ASpv
{]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{- D-h-cn 50% ne[nIw t]pw Ah D]-tbm-Kn-m ]m co-Xn-bn tcmK{]Xntcm[ acppI
ASn-m\ kuI-cy--fn-m--h-bm-Wv. Ipn-I-fpsS \Inbnptm?
55.95
ASn-m\ t]mj-Im-lm-c- B
- t- cmKy kwc-W
- h
- p-ambn Dv
C
44.05
_-s AwK-\-hmSn tI{- BZn--hmkn taJ-eI-fn ]cn-an-X-ambn am{Xta D-shv ap]p kqNnn-X
- m-Wv.
35

sF.-kn-.Un.Fkv tI{--fpsS tkh-\-

49.05 iX-am\w Ipn-Ipw- B-h-iy-amb tcmK{]-Xn-tcm[ acp-p-I \In-bn-n-. ASpv AwK\-hm-Sn-Itfm / sF.-kn.-Un.-F-kv. tI{-tfm BZnhm-kn-Isf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Cm-sb-p
bmYmyw Cu IW-p-I-tfmSv tNp- hmbnt-X
- m-W.v Ipn-Iv bYmkabw {]Xn-tcm[ acpp-I \Im 90% t]pw km ]p-dsSp-hn-n-p Health Card s\p-dntm {]Xn-tcm[acpp-Is- f-p-dntm Adnthm hnh-c
- tfm C!.
K`n-Wn-Ipw A-ampw thn km
\S-n-em-p ]-Xn-If- n. 46% t]pw CXns
KpW-^-e- e`np-n Fp am{X-a-, e`y-amhp klm-b-, [\-k-lmbw (14.65%) t]mjIm-lm-c-hn-X-cWw (47.61%) Iukn-enwKv (5.33%)
acp-p-I (32.41%) Fn-s\ XnIpw Ak-pen-Xh-pw A]-cym-]X
v h
- p-am-W.v Cu KpW-^e
-
- e`yam-hm--h-cn 87% n\pw Ccw ]cn-]m-SnIsfpdnv Adn-bn Fp--XmWv Imcy-sf
ko-am-p hkvXp-X

K`nWnIpw/Aampw
e`n klmb
km \Ip klmb
[\klmbw
14.68
t]mjImlmchnXcWw
47.61
IuknenwKv
5.33
acppI
32.41
e`yambnptm?
Dv
C
Csn FpsImv
Adnbn
AXns\pdnv hnhcfn
ASpAwK\hmSnItfm,
BtcmKytI{tfm C
assnepw

54%
46%

53.49
34.05
5.17
6.29

D]-kw-lmcw
2001se skkkv {]Imcw tIc-f-nse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 1.14% am{X-amWv BZn-hmknI.
tIc-f-nse 14 Pn-I-fn-ep-ambn ]c-p-In-S-p BZn-hmkn hn`m-K--fn Ghpw IqSp-X
B-fp-I (17.4%) Xma-kn-p-Xv hb-\mSv Pn-bn-em-Wv. km hnm-]\w sNbvXn-p
]nIh enn 35 BZn-hmkn hn-`m-K--fmWp-Xv. CXn 500 Xmsg am{Xw AwK-fp 11 BZn-hmkn hn-`m-K-fpw tIhew 50 Xmsg am{Xw AwK--fp tIm, Im-d,
sImp-th-e, sIm-p Fo hn`m-K-fpw Ds-Spw. Ch-sbmw tNv 364189 BWv
tIc-f-nse BZn-hmkn P\-kw-Jy-. ]n-I-PmXn Ub-d-IvS-td-n \nv hnh-cm-h-Im-i-n-eqsS
e`y-amb IW-p-I{]-Imcw 100897 BZn-hmkn IpSpw-_- 4645 tImf-\n-I-fn-em-bmWv Pohnp--Xv. tIc-f-nse samw BZn-hmkn IpSpw-_--fpsS 92.36% amWn-Xv. BZn-hmkn P\-kwJy-bpsS 85.7% t]cpw Ij-Is- Xm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw Iqen-th-e
- m-cp-am-Wv. BZn-hmkn hn`m-K
- f
- nse
Irjn-m-cpsS tZiob icm-icn 44.7% Bbn-cn-p-tm tIc-f-n-enXv 11.2% am{X-am-Wv.
\nc-c-ambn A]-l-cn--sv Acn-Ip-I-fn\nv Acn-Ip-I-fn-tev Bn-m-bn--s--Xm-Wv
BZn-hm-kn-If
- psS Ncn-{Xw. A\p-kyq-Xa- mbn XpS-cp A`-bmn-{]-hm-la- mWv tIc-f
- nse BZnhmkn Pohn-X
- . kz-amb \ymb-{I-a
- f
- n \nb{-n-Xa- m-bn-cpp BZn-hm-kn-IfpsS Po-hnXw.
sImtfm-Wn-b `c-W-IqSw tXm-p-thn ImSp-I-fnse ^e-`q-bn-jvTamb `qan-bn\nv
Ahsc IpSn-bn-d
- n. Xp-Sv cmw temI alm-bpw krn km-nI A\n-n-XX
- z-ns
Ime-L-
- n IqSp-X `Wn-s\-t- ]-cn BZn-hmkn taJ-eI
-- f- n-tev htXm-Xn \S
IpSn-tb-s km t{]mm-ln-n-p4. XpSv \ne-hn h P\-Iob kmcns Imev
36

tIc-f
- ns apJy A[n-hmk tI{-f
- n \nv A-m-Sn-bnse P\-kwJy
(Main lands) {]tXy-Inv ay-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn
BZn-hm-kn-I IpSn-tb--m
\nv hn]p-e-amb IpSn-tbw \S-p. "70 I Ah- 1961
63%
37%
km-\n-ptXmSp-IqSn Cu `qanv \nb-a-]-c-amb 1991
30%
70%
AwKo-Imcw Inp-Ibpw sNbvXp. aqp-L-
- f
- n
\S Cu IpSn-tb-
- f
- psS ^e-ambn BZn-hm-knIv `qan kq-ambn \-s-Sp-Ibpw Ah BZnhmknIfpsS tPmen
3.51%
IpSn-tb--m-cpsS Iqen--Wn-m-cmbn amdp-Ibpw km
kzImcyw
2.21%
sNbvXp. am{X-hp-a-, BZn-hm-kn-I `qcn-]--amIqenthe,
\nmWw
71.43%
bn-cp taJ-e-I-fn Ah \yq\-]--am-bn. 1961
10.75%
se skkkv {]Imcw A-m-Sn-bnse P\-kw- Irjn
0.18%
Jy-bn 63% BZn-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-p. 1991 Fp- IjIsmgnemfn
\nmWw
0.18%
5
tm Ah 30% ambn Ipd-p .
]ccmKXsXmgn
5.74%
ASn--a-ep-I \niw kln Hcp P\0.52%
X- b m- b n- c pp tIc- f - nse BZn- h m- k n- I . _nkn\v
0.56%
1970Ifn tIc-f
- ns Xo{hCS-Xp-]{]m- IhSw
sXmgnclnX
4.92%
\-ns `mK-ambn hb-\m-Sp-t]m-ep e-f- n
\S-nb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv B[p-\nI Ime-L-n BZn-hmkn taJ-eb
- n \S Adn-bs- -Sp Xmaknp `qanv
DSamhImiaptm?
Ah--Im-ik
- a- c-
- .
59.93%
""1991-2001 hj-n 147 ]nWn ac-W
- f
- mWv Dv
C
40.07%
B-Zn-hmkn taJ-eb
- n \nv dntmv sN-s-np-X
- v. ISp Zmcn-{Zyhpw ]n-Wnbpw BZn-hm-knIsf kw-_
- n-n-St- mfw Hcp ]pXnb Imcy-a
- . Csn GXpXcw `qan
64.48%
]t, CsXmcp hm-t]m-ep-a-s nXn-bn- h\`qan
dh\yq
]pdtmv
30.17%
tev Imcy- Fn. Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb Aam-cp-sSbpw ssewKnI Nqj--W
- n-tbpw AmX-a-c-W--fp-sSbpw ASn-a-th-e-bp-sS-bp-sams
hm-Iv Aln-p ]cn-K-W\ e`n-n-.
CXn-t\m-Sp {]Xn-I-c-W-sa \ne-bn tIc-fns hnhn[ `mK--fn hepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb
ka-c- cq]-s-Sp-Ibpw kn.-sI. Pm-\p-hns
t\Xr-Xz-n BZn-hmkn tKm{X-al
- m-k` cq]-s6
Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.'' BZn-hmkn kaqlw tIcf
km-cn\p ap]n Ncn-{X-n-em-Zy-ambn `qan Hch-Im-iambn tNmZn--p-sImv \S-nb ka-chpw
XpSp kw`-hh
- n-Im-k
- fpw tIc-f
- ns kaIm-enI Ncn-{X-ns Hm-I-fm-Wv. "\njvI-f-4. Reflections on the caste Question
5. Adivasis betrayed: Adivasi land Rights in Kerala- C.R.Bijoy ( EPW)
6.M.S.Sreelekha ( EPW)

37

\mb', km[p-hm-b, {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sn--Wn Pohn-p BZnhmkn hmp cq]--fmbn ImWp-Ibpw Ahs\ / Ahsf
ayqknbw ]okp-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-p-Ibpw sNp tIc-fns kmaq-ly-k
- mw-kvIm-cnI t_m[-a
- e
-
- n, ]ucXzhpw Ah-Im-i
- fpw m]np InpXn\p ka-ca- mWv
BZn-hm-kn-I \S-p-X
- v.
_lp-`q-cn-]-hpw (71.05%) Iqen-th-e-m-cmb Hcp
kaqlw ASp-spw hnZym-`ymk kuIcyw e`y-as-ncns IpnIsf kvIqfp-I-fn Ab-bvm Ign-bp-sav
{]Xo-n-m-\m-hn-.
Xmv Bhiyamb
hNne-hp kzImcy A FbvUUv hnZym-`ym-ka- ,
IpSnshw e`npXv?
%
s]mXpSmn \nv
20.24 km hnZym-`ymk kwhn-[m-\- D]-tbm-Kn-p-av InWdn \nv
30.80 XnXs hn`hZmcn{Zyw BZn-hm-kn-Iv Htsd ]cn-antemdn shw
0 Xn-I \Ip-p. BZn-hm-kn-If
- psS hn`-hhpw `qan-im-kv{X\ZnI XSmI
11.97 hp-ambn _-s-p Cu ASn-m-\-{]iv\w Ah-cpsS
kzw InW
15.14 hnZym-`ym-k
- ns Fm L-nepw {]Xn-kn krn-pkzw ss]v IW
4.22 p-v. "GIm-ym-]I hnZym-e-b-' F km Haqen BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS Cu ASnm\ hnZym-`ymk {]iv\{]mYanI Bhiyv
Xm D]tbmKnpXv
% -fpsS ]cn-lm-c-sa \ne-bn \S-n-em-n-b-Xv, tv
kzwIqkv
50.27 \tI apJy-[mcm hnZym-`ym-ks BZn-hm-kn-Iv
- -Smt\ klm-bn-p-p.
s]mXpIqkv
1.83 \ntj-[n-s
tIc-f-n-tXv Hcp aWn-tbmU kZv hyh
Xpdmb ew
42.59
assnepw
5.30 BsWv km[m-cW ]d-bm-dp-v. Cu km-nI hyhlm-c-n ZenXv BZn-hmkn hn`m-K--fpsS ]v hfsc
]cn-an-X-am-Wv . am{X-a-, _lp-`q-cn-]w t]cpw Iqen-th-em-cmb Hcp kaq-la- mWv BZn-hm-kn-If- p-tS-X.v hn`-hw, {]tXyXmfpsS hon amen\y
Inv km-nI hn`hw Hcp kaq-Zm-b-ns aptmp
\nt]npXv
% t]mn\v A\n-hm-cy-amb LSI-am-sW \nco-W
-
- ns
kzw ]pcbnSn
89.27 ASn-m-\-n tIc-f-nse B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fpsS kmtdmUcnIn
2.95
nI nXnbpw Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-p-tms]mXpev
6.83
Pemibfn
0.55 gm-Wv, sNdnb hcp-am-\-nepw henb kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xnamen\y kw`cWnI
0.36 bpsS tIc-f-tam-UI-Y-I ]d-bp--h, Iap-n-ep
bmYmy-sf ka-ambn a-dp ]nSn-p-Ib
- m-bn-cpp
Fv \apv t_my-s-Sp-X
- v
tIcf hnI-k\ amXrI hnZym-`ymk cwKv AZv`p-X- ImWn Ime-L--nXs
AXn-s\mw hf Hcp Xe-ap-d-bpsS bYm hnZym-`ymk nXn-Zb\obamWv. 70% t]cpw
]Tn-m-h
- cpw 7mw mv hnZym-`ymkw am{X-ap-h
- c- p-amb Hcp kaq-lw, X-fpsS hnZym-`ym-kan-mbva ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bpsS hnZym-`ym-ks _m[n-p-sapw (70.62%) tImf-\n-bnse PohnX
kmlN-cy- Ipn-I-fpsS ]T-\s {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-p-sapw (57.19%) Bi-m-Ip-e-cmIp-p-v.
]pXnb Xe-ap-d-sb-p-dnv ]cn-an-X-amb kz]v\-am{Xw hp ]pep-Xv BZn-hmkn
hnZym`ymk tbmKyX
1-7
44.26%
8-10
9.14%
10-12
4.03%
12\p apIfn
2.56%
sF.n.sF.
0.18%
t]mfnsSIv\nv
0.55%
]Tnnn.
29.68%

38

Percentage of Emigrants, Return Emigrants and Non resident keralaits,2004

Community
SC/ST
Nair
Ezhavas
Brahmins
Other Hindus
Roman Catholics
Latin Catholics
Jacobite/ orthodox
Marthoma
CSI
Muslims
Kerala

Emigration
3.1
20.7
16.2
36.1
12.4
24.0
22.4
36.0
69.5
22.6
54.7
26.8

Return Emigrants
2.5
8.3
9.6
5.4
7.1
9.7
19.2
15.0
29.6
15.1
26.5
13.1

Non- resident keralaits

5.6
29.0
25.8
41.5
19.5
33.7
41.6
51.6
99.0
37.7
81.3
39.0

Source: zacharia and Rajan 2004

kaqlw t\cn-Sp ka-Im-enI bmYmy--fpsS t\NnamXm-]n-Xm--fpsS hnZym-`ym-k- {XhpwIqSn-bm-Wv.

tIc-f-nse CXc kap-Zm-b-p-ambn Xn-p-t\m-pan-mbva Ipn-bpsS hnZym-`ymtm
Hcp IpSpw-_
- ns {]mY-anI kuI-cy-f
- psS Imcyks {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[nn
F{Xa
m{Xw
]pdI
ne
mWv
BZnh
mkn
kaql-sav
p--ptm?
ImWm Ign-bpw.
Dv
70.62
ka-Xzm-[n-jvTn-Xa- mb s]mXp-P\
- m-tcm-Ky-sa tIcf hnIC
29.38
k-\-am-Xr-I-bpsS "apJ-ap{Z' Hcp \mtSm-Sn-Y am{X-am-bnv
Zi-I
- f
- m-bn. IrXy-amb \Kc a[y-h Xmev]c- y-tImf-\n-km-l-N-cy-
hnZym-`ym-ks {]XnIq-ea
- mbn \p-kr-Xa- mbn Nn-s-Sp-nb Aim-kv{Xob A-kq-{XWwhgn
s]mXp-ta-J-esb Xfm\pw Btcm-Ky-cw-Kv kzIm-cy_m[n-p-ptm?
ta-J-esb A\n-b-{n-X-ambn hfm\pw tIc-f-n\v
Dv
57.19
Ignp. Cv Cy-bn BtcmKy kwc-W
-
- n\v kzImC
42.81
cy-ta-Je
- b
- n ]Ww apS-p-X
- n Hmw m\-mWv tIcfw. km-cns apK-W\m {Ia-ns ASn-m-\
- n
Ghpw Ipdhv am{Xw ]Ww sNe-h-gn-p-Ibpw AXp-hgn Ghpw tami-s tkh\w {]Zm\w
sNp-Ibpw sNp Hcp s]mXp-P\
- m-tcm-Ky-cw-Ks- -bmWv 80% BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw B{i-bn-p-Xv.

39

42

Hgnhm--sh
Fkv. cho-{ \mb
Ah-Im-i
- \ntj-[n-s- Hcp kaq-la- mWv ay-sm-gn-emfn
kaq-lw. kwm-\-ns k-ZvL-S-\-bn \nm-b-I-amb ]p
hln-p-Ibpw, Fm kmaq-lnI t{iWn-bn hfsc ]nmw
\nevp-Ibpw sNp ay-sm-gn-emfn P\-hn-`m-K-ns ASnm\ {]iv\
- f
- psS Hcp hni-Ie
- \w hf-sc-b[
- nIw {]m[m-\y-alnp-p. Gsd AwKo-I-cn--s "tIc-f-hn-I-k\ amXrI'bpsS KpW^-e
- Cu kaq-l
- n\v C\nbpw e`y-am-bn-n-. AXp-sIm-p-Xs
hnI-k\ N-q-Sns shfn-bn-emWv ay-sm-gn-em-fn-I. Hcp ]t
hnI-k\ {]{In-b-I-fn \npw C{X-am{Xw amn \n-s at-sXnepw kaqlw tIc-f
- n-eptm FXv kwi-ba- m-Wv.
kmaq-ln-I--km--nI hnI-k-\-ns GXp kqN-I- hp
t\mn-bmepw ay-sm-gn-emfn kaqlw s]mXp kaq-l
- n \npw
hfsc ]nd-In-emWv. ay-ta-Jebnse kmaqly kpcm kwhn-[m-\-fpsS Hcp ]T\hpw AXn-t-ep hne-bn-cp-e
- p-amWv ChnsS \Sn-bn-cn-p-X
- .v
ay-sm-gn-em-fn-If
- psS Pohn-Xm-h
- s- b-- n-bp nXn-hn-hc- -W-p-I kmXe-n t]mepw e`y-a-. e`y-amb IW-pI ay-sm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS A`n-{]mb tiJ-c-W-n-eqsS cq]-sSp-n-bX
- p-a
- . Cu kml-Nc- y-n ssdvkns Cu ]T\w hf-sc-b[nIw {]m[m-\y-aln-p-p.
Htsd kmaqly ASn-m\ hnI-k\ {]h-\
- Xoc-{]-tZiv \S-n-emn Fv km-cp-I Ah-Im-is- -Sp-p-.v Cu AhIm-i-hm-Z-n Iptdtbsd icn-bp-ap-v. Fm kqva-amb hnebn-cp- \S-n-bm Cu hnI-k\ {]h-\
- Xoc-{]-tZ-is
CXc P\-k-aq-l-p-th-n-bm-bn-cpp Fp a\-n-em-mw.
Ccw hne-bn-cp-e
- p-ImWv Cu ]T\w Du \evIn-bn-cn-p-X.v
Cu ]T\w shfn-s-Sp-p hkvXp-X-I hfsc Bi Df-hmp--h-bm-Wv. tbmKy-amb kvIqfp-I, aXn-bmb ipNnXz ]cn-]m-SnI, kwc-nX IpSn-sh hnX-cW
- w, sa-s BtcmKy kwc-W
43

kwhn-[m-\
- Ch-sbms ay-sm-gn-em-fn-Iv A{]m-]y-am-Ip coXn-bnemWv hn`m-h\w
sNbvXn-cn-p-X
- .v Ch-sbms Xoc-tZ-iv e`y-am-W.v Fm ay-sm-gn-emfn km{X IqSnb
taJ-eI
- f
- n-tev Cu kuI-cy- e`y-am-Ip-n- Fv ay-sm-gn-em-fn-I Cu kt-bn
shfn-s-Sp-p-p. kap-Zmb hnth-N\
- t- am, thXn-cn-hp-Itfm Cm-cy-n \ne-\npp Fv
ay-sm-gn-em-fn-I A`n-{]m-bs- -n-cn-p-p. Xpey-\oXn Dd-m-p hnI-k\w A[n-Im-cn-I
t]mepw ssIsm-p-n F ]cmXn ay-ta-J-e-bn \ne-\n-evp-p Fv ssdvkns
]T\w shfn-s-Sp-p-p. Xoc-ta-J-e-bn \ne-hn-ep hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn
ASn-m-\]
- c- a- mb ]e am-fpw A\n-hm-cy-am-sWv Cu ]T\w Nqn-m-p-p. Bh-iy-amb
Xncp-e
- p-Imbn ]ntm kap-Zmb Imn-cn-p-p.
ssdvkv \S-nb kt-bpsS Is-e
- p-Ifpw hne-bn-cp-e
- p-Ifpw A\p-hm-NI
- c- psS ap]n
Ah-Xc- n-n-p-X
- n ktm-ja- p-v. Cu kwcw-`
- n\v ]nn {]hn Fm--htcbpw A\ptam-Zn-m Cu Ah-kcw Rm hn\n-tbm-Kn-p-p.

44

hnZym-`ymkw
hn-Zym-eb
-
- f
- psS e`yX
590 Intem-ao- \of-ap tIc--f
- ns Xoc-ta-Je tIc-f
- ns BsI `qhnkvXrXn-bpsS 16.4%
hcpw. tIc-f-nse ap\n-kn- tIm-td-j-\p-I-fn 5 \mepw \K-c-k-`-I-fn 32% (19
Fw)hpw 978 {Kma-]
- m-b
- p-If
- n 227 Fhpw XoctZ-i
- m-Wv. Cy-bn-se-s Ghpw P\-km-{-Xt- b- ASpp kvIq
dnb {]tZ-i
- f
- n-sem-mWv tIc-f
- ns Xocw. kwm- F{X ZqcmWv?
69.12%
\-ns icm-icn P\-km-{X 819 BWv. Fm Xoc- 0-1 In.-ao-.
25.72%
{]-tZ-iv AXv 2168 hcpw. Nne Xoc-tZi ]m-b
- p-I- 1-2 In.-ao-.
24
In.a
o.
2.90%
fn/ ap\n-kn- tIm-td-j\
- p-If
- n/ \K-ck
- `- I
- f
- n
4
In.a
o.
apIf
n
2.23%
CXv 10000 IqSp-Xe
- m-Wv. 72.72 ew P\-f
- mWv tIcf-Xo-cv A[n-hk
- n-p-X
- v. CXv tIc-f
- nse samw
P\-kw-Jy-bpsS apXp iX-am\w hcpw. tIc-f
- nse XoctZi aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b- BsI 837713 t]cm-Wp--Xv. CXn 189910 (22.67%) t]
am{X-amWv kPo-ha- mbn aky-_
- \
-
- n Gs-n-cn-p-X
- v. Xoc-tZ-is samw P\-kwJy-bpsS 11.52 % am{X-amWv aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b-1.
aky_\ kap-Zm-b
- fp-sS Pohn-Xh
- p-ambn _s GXp N-bnepw apJy-ambn ]cnK-Wn-t HmWv apI-fn kqNn-n nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I. Imem-Im-e--fn \S
hnI-k-\--A-kq-{XW {]{In-b-I-fn Xoc-tZ-is \yq\-]--am-bn-cn-p aky-_--\- kapZm-b
- ]cn-KW
- n-s- -n-. 590 Intem-ao- Zqc-n 222 aky-_
- \ {Kma-f
- n-embn hyXykvX-amb kmaq-ln-I, kmwkvIm-cn-I, aX,-PmXn LS-I--fm thXn-cn--s Cu kapZmb--fp-sS kaq-ln-I hne-t]-itijn hfsc ]cn-an-Xa- m-Wv. asm-c-n Xocpw AXn-\S- ppw
km \S-n-em-p ASn-m\ hnI-k\ {]h-\
- , AXv tdmUm-bmepw tXmSm-bmepw
BtcmKy tI{-f
- m-bmepw IpSn-sh kwhn-[m-\
- f
- m-bmepw hnZym-eb
-
- f
- m-bmepw ASn-m\-]c- a- mbn cq]-I\ sNbvXn-cn-p-Xpw eyw hn-cn-p-Xpw aky-_
- \ kap-Zm-b
- sf-b
- .
ay-_\ kap-Zm-b
- sf kw_-n-n-St- mfw 30 iX-am-\
- n\pw Hcp Intem-ao- Npf-hn-\p-n kvIqfp-If
- n-m-sb-p-Xv Cu bmYmy-n-te-mWv hnc Nqp-X
- v. Xocv
kvIqfp-Iv A\p-hmZw \In-bn-p-Xpw AXp-ambn _-s hnZym-`ymk {]h-\
-
\S-p-Xpw AXn-\p-thn htXmXn aqe-[\w apS-p-Xpw kmaq-lyhpw cmjv{Sobhpw
km-n-I-hp-ambn i-cmb CXc kaq-l--fm-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs ASpv kvIqfpv
1. Fishermen Population: Socio-techno-Economic Survey 2004

45

F-Xp-sImv aky-_\ kap-Zm-b-Ipn ASpp kvIqfn A

fnse Ipn-Iv AhnsS {]th-i\w e`n-]TnpsXn FpsImv?
W-sa-n-. Cu bmYmXYyamWv XpSp
Cwojv aoUnbw BbXpsImv;
17.19% tNmZy-v e`n-n-p D-c
- sXfn-bnaebmfw aoUnbw BbXpsImv
6.12% p-X
- v.
AUvanj InmXpsImv
11.49%
Ipnsb ASp-p kvIqfn hnSm-Xmgv kap-Zm-bw- BbXpsImv
24.37% Xn\v ]d- n- p Imc- W - Cwojv
henb ^okv
8.95% aoUnbw Bb-Xp-sImv (11.49%) henb ^okv
(8.95%) Xmgv kap-Zm-bw Bb-Xp-sImv
{]tZiv Ghpw
(24.37%) XpS-n-b-h-bm-Wv. henb ^okv
\ kvIq GXv? FpsImv?
sImSpp ]Tn- t Cwojv aoUnbw
Cwojv aoUnbw
7.54% kvIqfp-I-fnse {]th-i-\-n\v kap-Zm-bw Hcp
\ bqWnt^mw
53% \nm-bI LS-I-am-sWv aky-_-\
\ sInSw
kap-Zm-b- hfsc IrXy-ambn kt-bn
kvIq _v
tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
Db ]T\ \nehmcw
31.47%
\n- f psS ASp- p \ kv I q
kaqln DXcpsS a
GsXpw AsX- p- s Im- m- s W- p- a p
]TnpXp sImv
3.13% tNmZy-n-\v, \ bqWn-t^mw, \ sIn-Sw,
\ amt\Ppsa v
11.14% kvIq _kv Fn-h-bp--Xp-sImv (53%)
Db ]T\ \ne-hmcw (31.47%) \ amt\Ipn {]tZis Ghpw \
Pvsa v (11.14%) Cwojv aoUnbw Bb-XpkvIqfnemtWm ]TnpXv?
sImv (7.54%) DbhcpsS a ]Tn-pAsX
44% -Xp-sImv (3.93%) Fo D-c--fmWv
A
56% \In-b-Xv. ta-d Imc-W--fm \sXv Ah hniz-kn-p kvIqfn-e 56%
kne_kv
t]cpw kzw Ipn-Isf ]Tn-n-p-Xv . Cu
kn_nFkvC
7.81% ]n- I - I fpw ^e- fpw kqNn- n- p- - X v ,
tv kne_kv
85.30% ASpv kv I q Dm- b - X p- s Im- p- a m{Xw
sFknFkvC
1.42% AhnsS {]th-i\w e`n-Wsan-sv am{Xassnepw
5.42% a c-Im-hn-sbpw Ipn-bp-sSbpw kmaqly--km--n-I--kmw-kvIm-cnI \ne, kvIq
{]th-i\
-
- ns \nm-bI LS-Ia- m-hpp Fp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.
aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b--fn 85 iX-am-\-n-e-[nIw Ipn-I ]Tn-p-Xv km
km FbvUUv m]-\--fn-em-Wv. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk cwKs Cu s]mXp hnZym-e-b-fpsS KpW-ta-b
- psSbpw Imcy-a- X
- b
- p-sSbpw ASn-m\ kuI-cy-f
- p-sSbpw A\p-`h
-
- n
\np-sIm-mWv X \-sXv hniz-kn-p kvIqfp-Isf kap-Zmb Af-p-X
- v. Ipn
GXp kvIqfn ]Tn-pp Fp-Xv IpSpw-_-ns mkv kn BIp tIc-f-ns
ka-Im-enI bmYmy-n, Hcp Intem-ao- Np-f-hn kvIqfp-s tIcf amXr-I-bpsS
Ah-Im-ih
- mZw aky-_
- \ kaq-Zm-bs kw_-n-n-St- mfw s]m-bm-Wv.

46

Ipn- I

aky-_
- \
kap-Zm-bw
Db
kap-Zm-b
-

B
s]
BsI
B
s]
BsI

643
451
1094
280
261
541

sImgnp
t]mbh

kv I qfn
t]mIm- - h

107
58
165
24
17
41

16.64
12.86
15.08
8.57
6.51
7.58

28
29
57
10
10
20

4.35
6.43
5.21
3.57
3.83
3.69

Ipn-IfpsS sImgn-p-t]m-v
kvIqfn t]mtI {]mb-n-ep (1094) Ipn-I-fn 15.8% t]cpw sImgn-p-t]m-bn-p-v.
5.21% t] ]Tnm--h-cp-am-Wv. As-n 20.29% t]cpw kvIq kwhn-[m-\-n\v ]pd-m-Wv.
2005-se assd skkkv {]Imcw tIc-f
- nse aky-_
- \
- k
- aq-Zm-bnse 27.2% t]
{]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw am{X-ap-h
- c- m-Wv. aqn Hcp `mK-n\v sk-dn hnZym-`ymkw am{Xam-Wp-X
- v. Npcp-n-d-
- m hnZym-`ymkw ]qn-bm-m-h
- c- mWv sXmq-dp-iX
- a- m\w t]cpw.
aky-_--\k
-- aq-Zm-b-fp-sS hnZym-`ym-k-hp-ambn _-s Cu nXn hnh-c--W-p-I
Ipn-I-fpsS sImgn-p-t]m-p-ambn tNp hmbn-t--Xm-Wv. aky-_-\ kapZm-b-fpsS s]mXp-hm-bn-p hnZym-`ymk ]ntm--m-h- sImgn-p-t]m-I-ens\ Xzcn-X-s-Sp-p
LS-I--fm-Wv. ]T-\-tm-sSmw sXmgn-se-Sp-p Ipn-I ZenXv BZn-hmkn kaq-l-n
cp iX-am-\
- n Xmsg-bm-bn-cn-p-tm aky-_\ kap-Zm-b
- sf kw_-n-n-St- mfw
CXv H-]Xp iX-am-\a- m-Wv.

em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-Ifpw,aky-_--\-k-aq-lhpw
ZenXv BZn-hmkn hn`m-K
-- -fp-tS-Xp-t]mse em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfn ]Tn-p aky_--\-k-ap-Zm-b--fnse Ipn-I-fpsS Fw hnZym-`ymk hIp-n e`y-a-. XoctZi ]m-bp-I-fnse 34% kvIqfp-Ifpw em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-I-fpsS ]n-I-bn Ds--Xm-Wv.
tIc-f-n s]mXp-hm-bp--Xp-t]m-se, kvIq kwhn-[m-\-ns \men- Hcp `mKw em`I-c-a-s-p Ah Xoc-tZ-is kw_-n-n-S-tmfw hyXy-kvX-a-. aky-_--\-kaq-Zm-b--fnse Ipn-I-fn F]n Ap iX-am-\-n-e-[nIw t]cpw ]Tn-p-Xv km
kne-_-knepw km kne-_kv ]np-S-cp km FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn-ep-am-Wv. A
F-tWm-anIv kvIqfp-I-fn ]Tn-n-p-, tPmen \jvS-s-Sm kmy-X-bp Aym-]-I-scp-dnv am{X-amWv bYm-n henb N-I \S-p--Xv. Hcp kvIq A FtWm-anIv ]n-I-bn Ds-m ]noSv B kvIqfp-Imbn ASn-m\ kuI-cy--A-\p-_-hn-I-k\ {]h-\-mbn Hcp-X-c-n-ep \nt-]-]hpw km \S-p-I-bn-.
Ipn-I-fpsS Ipd-hp-aqew PTA kwhn-[m-\-fpw Zp_-e-am-hpw. Npcp-n--d-m s]mXp-k-aqltam kmtcm Xncnp t\mm-, ]W-an-m-h
- s a am{Xw ]Tn-p A\m-Ys- In-S--fmWv Cu kvIqfp-I. Cu kwhn-[m-\-s-bmWv aky-_--\-k-ap-Zm-b--fnse `qcn]w Ipn-Ifpw B{i-bn-p-X
- v.
ap]p kqNn-n--Xp-t]mse em`-I-c-a-m kvIqfp-I F {]Xn-`mkw kw`-hn-p-Xv
bmZr-n-I-a-. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-tmSv km-cp-I kzoI-cn-p-h-cp \b-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\47

-fpsS ^e-am-WX
- v. 1982-83- km-cns samw sNe-hns
29.82 iX-am\w hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bvp-thn sNe-h-gn-n-cp-Xv
1992-93- 23.17 iX-am-\-ambpw 2005-06- 17.97 iX-am-\-ambpw
Ipdp hcp--Xmbn ImWmw. 1960-70 Ifn SDP bpsS Bdp
iX-am\w hnZym-`ym-k
- n-\mbn \on-h
- n-cp-p-sh-n 1980 BIptm AXv \mep-i-X-am-\-ambpw XpSp hj--fn {Iam\p-K-X-ambn Ipdp hcp-Xpw ImWmw2. Cu IW-p-Ipn {in-t {][m-\-s Imcyw kwm-\- _Pn hnZym-`ymkn\mbn \on hn-cnp--Xn `qcn-`m-Khpw (92%) hpw if C\-n-emWv t]mIp--Xv. Cu IW-p-I kmcns s]mXp hnZym-`ym-kt- m-Sp kao-]\
- t- bpw apK-W\
- m-{I-a
- t- f-bp-amWv ImWn-p-Xv.
tIc-f
- n em`-Ic- a-
- m kvIqfp-If- psS Fw hn-p-hc- p-X
-
- msX (hjm-hjw cp
iX-am\w hoXw) Ipd-bp-X
- n-\p kmy-Xtbm e-Wtam ImWp-n-. Cu kml-Nc- y-n
s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-sf (\men- Hcp `mKw A F-tWm-an-Iv) B{i-bn-p aky-_--\k-ap-Zm-b
- f
- nse Ipn-If
- psS `mhn A\n-n-XX
- z-n-em-hp-sa-X
- n kwi-ba- n-.
Government expenditure
on education
19821983
29.28
1992-1993
23.17
2005-2006
17.97

{]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-
aky-_
- \
- k-ap-Zm-bsf kw_-n-n-St- mfw cv Intem-ao-d- n-\p-n ap-n-Bdv
iX-am\w Bfp-Iv {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{- Cmsb-pXmWv bmYmyw. aky_-\ - k-ap-Zm-bfn _lp-`q-cn-]-hpw Xma-kn-p-Xv Xoc-tZ-i-tdm-Un\pw I-S-en\pw (In\pw!) CS-bn-ep CSp-nb e-m-W.v Fn-cp-mepw aky-_
- \
- k
- a- pZmb-nse 73.31%
t]cpw {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-sf-bmWv NnIn-b
- vmbn B{i-bn-p-X
- v.
Cu ]T\w ]cn-tim-[n aqp hn`m-K
- f
- nepw {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-sf B{i-bn-p-h-cpsS Fw, CXc aptm kap-Zm-b
- t- f-mfpw tIcf-ns s]mXp icm-ic- n-tb-mfpw hfscqSp-Xe
- m-Wv3.
{]mY-anI Btcm-Ky
Fm, km ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv Xmsg--tI-{-ntep Zqcw
n-ep--h kzIm-cy-ta-J-esb IqSp-X-embn B{i-bn-p0-2 In.-ao-.
64.37 %
p-sh-m-Wv4. kzIm-cy-ta-J-esb ]cn-t]m-jn-n-p-2-5 In.-ao-.
23.27 %
Xn\pw s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-tk-h-\-cw-K-p-\nv {ItaW
5 In.-ao-. apIfn
12.34 %
]nhm-p--Xn\pw km \S-p KqVm-tem-N-\bpsS ^e-amWv Cu {]Jym-]-\- Fv kwi-bn-t{]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-n-
n-bn-cn-p-p.
BtWm NnIn \SpXv?
NnIn--bvmbn {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{-sf
B{ibn-m--h, AXns Imc-W-ambn ]d-bp--Xv,
BWv
73.31 %
tUmIv
S-dn (12%) InSn NnIn--bn (22%), Bh-iyA
26.66 %
n\v _v, acp-p-I Ch-bn (26%), em_v kuI-cyan (50%), Fn-h-bm-Wv. Btcm-Ky-cw-K-hp-ambn _2.Reforms and Kerala Model - M.A.Oommen, EPW, Jan. 12, 2008
3. NFHS 3
4. Human Development Report 2005

48

s GXp kqN-I--fpsS ASnm-\-n ]cn-tim-[n-mepw

aky- _ - \ kap- Z m- b - Btcm-Ky-cw-Kv hfsc ]ntmw
{]Xntcm[ acppI \Im--XvFpsImv?
\np-h
- c- m-sWv ImWn-p
Adnbn
28.40 % \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W- \app
AXns\pdnv hnhcfn
65.90 % apn-ep-.v ]t _lp-`q-cn-]w
ASpv AwK\hmSnItfm,
P\- B{i-bn-p s]mXp-PBtcmKytI{tfm C- \m-tcm-Ky-kw-hn-[m-\
- Ahp
cmjv{Sob/hnizmk]camb ImcW
4.54 % \Ip BtcmKy kwc-W
- t- kkapZmbn aph sNmXpsImv
1.13 % h-\- Hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-m-Xm-Wv. aky-_--\- kap-Zmb-fpsS Btcm-Kym-h ]cn-KWn-p-sImpw Ah-cpsS sXmgn-ens ka-b{- I-a
- n-\\
- p-kr-Xa- mbpw tcmK-\n-bk
- w-hn-[m-\a- S- -ap ka-{K-amb BtcmKykwc-W ]cn-]m-Sn-I Xoc-tZ-ip kwL-Sn-n-t-X
- ns Bhiy-IX
- s- b-p-dnv \nc-h[n \nt-i
- \ne-hn-ep-s-nepw Hpw ^e-{]-Za- mbn \S-m-n-bn-n.
tcmK{]Xntcm[ acppI
Dv
C

\Inbnptm?
75.84 %
24.16 %

sF.-kn-.Un.Fkv tI{-f
- psS tkh-\
-
{]Xn-tcm[ Ipn-hb
- v]ns Imcy-n tIc-f
- ns s]mXp-ic- m-icn 86%5 Bbn-cn-p-tm
a-ky-_-\ kap-Zm-b-n AXv 75. 84% am{Xam-bn-cn-p Hcp kaq-ls kw_-n-n-St- mfw K`nWnIpw/Aampw
24.16% Ipn-Ipw {]Xn-tcm-[-a-cp-pI \Ip- klmb e`yambnptm?
n-m-sb-Xv A]--IS- I
- c- a- mb Hc-h
- b
- m-W.v am{X- Dv
41.41
a {]Xn-tcm[ acp-p-I \Is-Sm-h
- c- n 95% C
58.59
t]cpw A-Xn-s\-p-dnv Adnthm _-s hnh-ctfm Cm-h
- c- m-Wv.
Dsn Fsms?
ASpv AwK-\h
- m-Sn-Ifpw Btcm-Ky-tI-{-fpw [\klmbw
38.04
D-tmX-s 58.51% t]pw Ccw klm-b- t]mjImlmchnXcWw
47.82
e`y-am-Ip-n-m-sb-Xv Cu tI{--fpsS IuknenwKv
0
KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-m-bvabpw Imcy--aXbpsS A`m- acppI
7.60
hhpw hy-am-p-p. e`n-p klm-b
- f- n acpCsn FpsImv
p-I tIhew 7.6% am-Wv. {]Xn-tcm[ acp-p-Is- fAdnbn
39.07
p-dnv Adnhpw hnh-c
- f- p-an-m-sb kt ^ew,
AXns\pdnv hnhcfn
51.65
Iukn-enw-Kns A`m-h-hp-ambn tNp-hp
ASpAwK\hmSnItfm,
ImtW-X
- m-W.v Ghpw {][m-\s- hkvXpX Cu
BtcmKytI{tfm C
3.97
tkh-\
- e`yam 58.59% IpSpw-_
- f- n 90%
assnepw
5.29
ne-[nIw t]pw CXn-s\-p-dnv Adnthm hnhc-tfm Cm-sb-p-X
- m-Wv.
5. NFHS 3

49

D]kwlmcw
BZn-hmkn ZenXv hn`m-K
- sf At]-nv aky_-\ kap-Zm-b-fpsS Pohn-Xm-h--sb-p-dn-p
km n-Xn-hn-h-c--W-p-I e`y-a-. av CXc
GPkn-I Cu taJ-eb
- n \S-n-bn-p ]T-\
-
]cn-an-Xa- mb hnj-b
- f
- n HXpn \np-Ibpw sNpp. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Cu hnj-b- Ah-X-cn-np--Xn\v kt-^-e-X-s-bmWv ChnsS B{ibn-n-p-X
- v.
aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b-fnse A]Xp apX
Fgp-]-Xp-hsc {]mb-ap--h-cp-sSbpw Ccp-]-n-Av
apX \mev]
- n-bv hsc-bp-h
- c- p-sS-bpw, AXm-bXv
XpS-bmb cv Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk Ah-
]- cntim[np-tm Ggmw mp-hs- c-bp hnZym-`ymk-ns Imcy-n cp Xe-ap-dI
- Xn tIhew
8% ns hyXymkw am{X-am-Wp--Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-anm--h 30.32% \nv 12.45% F \ne-bn-te-p amw {it-b-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs
kz`m-hn-I-am-bp Hcp hf F-Xn-ep-]cn
ssIhiap `qan
aky_\ kap-Zm-b-sf kapZmbs
aky-_--\Db
kw_-n-n-St- mfw t- I-cf hnI-k\
- a- m-Xr-Ibpw
kapZ
mb
w
kapZm-bw
AXns hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-fpw Ab-Ym%
%
am-bn-cp-p. tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-Ib
- psS KpW-^9.25
2.42
e- e`n-m-sX-t]mb Out layer6 Fv Cu 1 skn\p Xmsg
57.18
32.42
hn`m-Ks kw_-nv ]nm-ev ]e hnZ- 2-- -- 5 skn\panSbn
51
0
skn\panSbn
24.33
24.85
Kvcpw A`n-{]m-bs- -Xv Cm-cW
-
- m-em-W.v ASn6.81
16.06
m\ hnZym-`ym-k-ns Imcy-n am{X-a 10 2-- 5 skn\panSbn
2.43
24.25
]mw mpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep--h-cp-sSbpw 25 skn\p apIfn
tPmen
Imcy-n CXc kap-Zm-b
- t- f-m hfsc ]ndaky-_--\Db
In-emWv aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b-. hnZymkap-Zm-bw kap-Zm-bw
`ymk cwKv Zen-X ssIh-cn t\-t- f-m
%
%
]pd-In-emWv aky-_
- \
- - kap-Zm-b
- Fp
km
0.63
5.02
]d-bp-tm Nn{Xw Ipsd-qSn hy-am-Ipw.
1.69
8.46
aky- _ \ kap- Z m- b - nse 66.43% kzImcyw
5.5
48.59
IpSpw_-pw ssIh-ia- p `qan-bpsS Afhv Iqenthe, \nmWw
0
13.17
Ap skn XmsgbmWv. CXns Irjn
0
0.31
9.25%n\pw Hcp skn Xmsg-bm-Wv `qan-bpsS IjIsmgnemfn
]ccmKXsXmgn
70.83
5.33
Af-hv. `qan Hc-Sn-m\ hn`-hs- a-p \ne-bn
3.17
5.33
tIc-f-nse atXp kaq-l-hp-ambn Xn-p-t\m- _nkn\v
IhSw
1.40
3.13
sXmgnclnX
16.28
10.66
As hnZym`ymk tbmKyX
7 \v apIfn;
10.84
7\v Xmsg
58.43
]Tnnn
30.32
assnepw
0.40
XmfpsS hnZym`ymk tbmKyX
1-7
50.32
8-10
28.29
10-12
8.94
12\p apIfn
2.14
sF.n.sF
6.77
t]mfnsSIv\nv
0
]Tnnn
12.45

6. Human Development Report 2005

50

n-bmepw XnIpw tami-s Ah--bn-emWv

aky-_
- \ kap-Zm-b
- Pohn-p-X
- .v Sqd-k
- n- Ipn-I Bcm-IWw
60.25
s-t]-cn h`q-am-^n-bI
- Xoc-tZiw I-S
- n-sm- Adnbn/ BtemNnnn
km
DtZymK
19.44
n-cn-p ]m--e-n Cu IW-p-Iv
tUmIvSam
4.05
henb {]m[m-\y-ap-.v
Fn\obam
2.27
Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-If- psS Imcy-n 70% n-e[
- nIw
tkm^v

v
s
hb
Fn\obam
3.29
t]cpw ]c- - c m- K X aky- _ - - \ w/ A\p- _ 1.26
sXmgnen G-s-n-cn-p--h-cm-sWv kt hntZiw
1.26
^e- kqNn-n-p-p. am{X-a Cu sXmgn taJ- sF.F.Fkv/sF.]n.Fkv
Aym]I
8.0
e-bn-tev IS-p-h-cp--h-cpsS F-ns Imcyn cp-X-e-ap-d-I Xn Imcy-amb hyXym-k-fn-. aky-_
- \ hyh-km-bh
- p-ambn _-s _nkn-\kv/I-hS- t- a-Je
- I
- f
- n aky-_\ kapZmb-fpsS {]mXn-\n[yw Xptemw Ipd-hm-Wv.
tI{-k
- w-m\ km-cpsS \b-f
- p-sSbpw Bkq-{X-W
- n-sbpw ]ng-hp-Iaqew tIc-fns ISk-
- n KWy-amb Ipdhp hcn-Ibpw ]c-c- m-KX aky-_
- \ kap-Zm-b
- v
kzX-{-ambn Ah-cpsS sXmgn-se-Sp-m Ign-bmsX hcn-Ibpw sNp-p. C-s\-bp ]e
Imc-W
- f- m Cu taJe henb {]Xn-k
- nsb t\cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p-sh-X
- mWv bmYmyw.
sXmgn, `qan, IS Fn-hb
- n-sempw Imcy-amb hn-`h
- k
- a- m-lc- W
- tam \nt-]tam Cm-X
- pX-s-bmWv aky-_
- \
- kap-Zm-b
- hnZym-`ym-kc- w-Kv ]ntmw t]mIm {][m-\I
- m-cWw.
X- f psS Xe- a p- d - s b- p- d nv aky- _ - \ kap- Z m- b - ImWp kz]v \ - -
]cntim[nm Adp-]-Xp-i-X-am-\-n-e-[nIw t]pw kzw Ipn-I Bcm-bn-o-c-W-sap
Adn-bn As-n BtemNn-n-n Fp ]d-bp-Xv B kap-Zm-b
-- ns Hcp {]Xn-knsbbmWv ImWn-p-X
- .v ASn-m-\]
- c- a- mbn av hn`-h
- p-ta Ah-Im-i
- t- f-Xp-an-m
Hcp kaql-w, hnZym-`ym-k
- ns km[yXIsf Xncn-d- n-n-s-n Xe-ap-dI
- f- n-eqsS Zpcn-X
- ns
Ncn{Xw Bhn-s- -Spw.
Xoc-tZ-is Ip-Sn-sh-h
- p-ambn _-sv \nc-h[n IpSn-sh ]-Xn-I tIc-f
- n \Sm-n-bn-p-v. ]t, aky-_--\- kap-Zm-b-nse tIhew 42% n\p am{Xta CXns
{]tbm-P\w e`n-p-pp. IpSn-sh hnX-cWn\mbn s]mXp-Sm-p-Ifpw av Pe-hn-X-cW
irwJ-eI
- fpw Xoc-tZ-i
- p-S\
- ofw m]n-n-p-v. tIc-f
- nse at-Xp-{]-tZ-is- -mfpw Xmgv
{]tZ-i-amWv Xoc-{]-tZ-iw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs GXp IpSn-sh ]-Xn-bp-ambn _-s-mbmepw Pe-hn-X-cW irwJ-e-hgn IpSn-shw Xocv Ft--Xm-Wv. AXp kw`-hn-m-Xv
aky-_-\ kap-Zm-b--tfm-Sp km-cns hnth-N-\-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I sImmWv. InW, XSm-Iw, temdn-shw XpS-nb av t{kmX-p-I-fn \nv e`n-p IpSn-shns KpW-\n-e-hm-c-t-p-dnv (e-h-Wmw-iw, amen-\yw, Db tImfnt^mw \nc-v)
\nc-h[n ]T-\- ]pd-p-h
-- n-p-v. Adp-]-Xp-i-X-am\w Bfp-Ipw IpSn-m ipP-ea e`n-p--sXv Cu IW-p-I hy-am-p-p. aky-_--\- kap-Zm-b- A\p-`hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p an-hmdpw Fm tcmK-fpw Pe-P\
- y-am-sW-n-cnt Cu IW-p-Iv
henb {]m[m-\y-ap-v. asm-cp-hn-[-n ]d-m IpSn-sh--sa ASn-m-\-Po-hn-Xm-hiyw
\ntj-[n-s- -h
- c- mWv aky-_
- \ kap-Zm-b
- .
51

hyXykvXa- mb `mj kwkm-cn-p-h

- cpw sshIm-cn-Iambn
CSs
]S
p
h
c
pa
mb
sN
Ippamcpw ]co-p-n%
amc
pa
mWv
aky_

\
kapZ
mb

FXmWv tIc27.85
7.52 f-ns s]mXp-t_m-[w. Bhn-s- Cu hmp-am20.12 Xr-I-I-p-d-p bYm Pohn-Xs {]Xn-]m-Zn1.22 p ]T-\-tfm hnh-c-tfm aky-_--\ kap-Zm-b29.07 sf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv. Hcp14.22 ]-t, hnI-k\ {]{In-b-bn \npw C{X-am{Xw XpSbmbn amn \n-s at-sX-nepw k-aqlw tIc-f-neptm Fv kwi-ba- m-Wv.
amen\y
""ZenXv BZn-hmkn aky-_
- \
- - kap-Zm-b
- fnse
\nt]npXv
%
kzw ]pcbnSn
9.26 km-c-Xm-\n-e-hmcw hfsc Xmsg-bm-Wv. Ipd P\-\- n-tepw IqSnb BbpssZLy-n-te-p-ap tIctdmUcnIn
4.47 \n-c
f
ns thKw IqSnb am-ns ImcWw km-cX
- b
- ms]mXpev
2.80
Wv
.
AXps
Im
pX
s
BtcmK
yt
aJ
e
b
nse
tad

Pemibfn
0.99
- f
- psS Imcy-nepw Cu kaqamen\y kw`cWnI
1.48 kp{]-[m-\a- mb cv kqN-I
l- ]nn-em-Wv. inip-a-c-W-\n-c-v, BbpssZLyw
tcmKm-Xp-cX Fnh BZn-hmkn aky-_
- \
- kap-Zmb--n-\n-S-bn hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv.7'' km-cns Cu tcJ ImWn-p-Xv tIc-f-nse AcnIp-hIrX kaq-Zm-b--fpsS Btcm-Ky--hn-Zym-`ym-k-n-Xn-sb-p-dnv Ahv Da t_myap-s-p-X
- m-Wv. hnI-k\
-
- ns Imcy-n km-cns apK-W\
- m-{I-a
- f
- n hnth--N\w
Hcp AZr-iy-km-n-y-am-sW R-fpsS hne-bn-cp-e
- p-Iv CXv asmcp DZm-lc- W
- amW v.
tIc-f-nse aky-_--\ kap-Zm-b-sf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Xoc-tZ-is CSp-nb
{]tZ-iv Xnn-\n-d-p Pohn-Xhpw ipNn-Xz-an-m ]cn-k-chpw tami-s ]cn-n-Xnbpw
Kpcp-Xc- a- mb Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\
- krjvSn-p-p-v. Pe-s- Im-Xp-Ip-P\
- y-tcm-K
- Xoc-tZ-iv
k-km-[m-cWambn-p-IqSn CXv XS-bp--Xn-\mbn kpnc Btcm-Ky-{]-Xn-tcm[ ]-Xn-I-sfmpw-Xs CXp-hsc Xocv \S-m-n-bn-n-. UNDP 1997 \S-nb ]T-\-n ap-Xp-i-Xam\w kv{XoI-fnepw Gynaecological Morbidity Dspw Reproductory tract infections or pelivic
inflamatory diseases ImW-s-Sp-p-v Fv tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-pp. Fn-cp-mepw `qcn-`mKwt]pw Xoc-{]-tZ-i--fn Gynaecological Service e`y-a-m--Xn-\mepw Ah-sb-n hnh-c- C-m-X
- n-\mepw Ah NnIn tXSp-n-. aky-_
- \
- w, aky-kw-kvIc- Ww Fn-hbp-ambn _-sv Dm-Ip Akp-J
- aky-hn-]W
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7. Economic review 2006

52

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55

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