CCNA Semester2

Module 1 WANs and Routers

Objectives

WANs characteristics Describe the role of a router in a WAN Router components Router connections

WANs

Introduction to WANs
These are the major characteristics of WANs:
They connect devices that are separated by wide geographical areas. They use the services of carriers They use serial connections of various types to access bandwidth over large geographic areas.

WANs characteristics
A WAN operates at the physical layer and the data link layer of the OSI reference model. It interconnects LANs that are usually separated by large geographic areas. WANs provide for the exchange of data packets and frames between routers and switches and the LANs they support.

WAN Devices

WAN Standards

WAN physical layer protocols describe how to provide electrical, mechanical, operational, and functional connections for WAN services WAN data link protocols describe how frames are carried between systems on a single data link.

WAN standards and OSI model

OSI model Network Layer LLC LAPB Data Link Layer sublayer MAC sublayer SMDS X21 bis Physical Layer WAN Specifications X25 PLP Frame Relay

HDLC

EIA/TIA-232 EIA/TIA-449 V24 V35 HSSI G.703 EIA-530

SDLC

PPP

WAN: Physical Layer standards

Describes the interface between the DTE and the DCE EIA/TIA-232, V.24 (DB25) EIA/TIA-449 (DB37) EIA-530 (DB25) V.35 (DB34) X.21 (DB15) G.703 (BNC)

www.connectworld.net

WAN Standards: Protocols

Typical WAN Layer 2 Links

Leased Line HDLC, PPP, SLIP

X.25, Frame Relay, ATM Packet-switched

Service Provider

PPP, SLIP, HDLC Circuit-switched

Telephone Company

WAN: Data Link Layer standards

SLIP Serial Line Interface Protocol Designed to carry IP packets Being replaced by PPP PPP Point-to-Point Protocol Support multiple network layer protocols (IP, IPX, DecNET) Operates over sync. or async. links SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control Protocol IBM designed protocol Point-to-point & multipoint links Operates over sync. links HDLC High-Level Data Link Control IEEE standard from SDLC Point-to-point and multipoint links Operates over sync. links LAPB Link Access Procedure Balanced used by X.25 protocol LAPD Link Access Procedure D-channel ISDN D-Channel for control signal LAPF Link Access Procedure Balanced Used in Frame Relay for fast frame switching over high-quality digital facilities

A typical WAN setup

WAN service provider toll network

S S S

S S

CO Switch Local Loop Demarcation Customer Premises Equipment

Trunks and switches

Point-to-point or circuit-switched connection

Internetwork with router

Consistent end-to-end addressing Addresses that represent network topologies Best path selection Dynamic or static routing Switching

Academy approach to hands-on labs

In the academy lab, devices that make up the WAN cloud are simulated by the connection between the back-to-back DTE-DCE cables.

Routers

Introduction to routers in a WAN

A router is a special type of computer. It has a CPU, memory, a system bus, and various input/output interfaces. Routers need the Internetwork Operating System software (IOS) to run configuration files. Configuration files contain the instructions and parameters that control the flow of traffic in and out of the routers.

Router Component: CPU

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) executes instructions in the operating system. Among these functions are system initialization, routing functions, and network interface control. The CPU is a microprocessor. Large routers may have multiple CPUs.

Router Component: RAM

RAM, also called dynamic RAM (DRAM), has the following functions:
Stores routing tables Holds ARP cache Holds fast-switching cache Performs packet buffering (shared RAM) Provides temporary memory for the configuration file of the router while the router is powered on Loses content when router is powered down or restarted

Router Component: RAM

RAM provides run time space for executable Cisco IOS software and its subsystems. RAM is usually logically divided into main processor memory and shared input/output (I/O) memory. RAM can be upgraded by adding additional Dual In-Line Memory Modules (DIMMs).

Router Component: NRAM

NVRAM has the following characteristics and functions:
Provides storage for the startup configuration file Retains content when router is powered down or restarted

In some devices it is implemented in the same flash device.

Router Component: Flash

Holds the operating system image (IOS) Allows software to be updated without removing and replacing chips on the processor Retains content when router is powered down or restarted Can store multiple versions of IOS software Is a type of electronically erasable, programmable ROM (EEPROM) Adding or replacing the flash Single In-Line Memory Modules (SIMMs) or PCMCIA cards can upgrade the amount of flash.

Router Component: ROM

Maintains instructions for power-on self test (POST) diagnostics Stores bootstrap program and basic operating system software, load Cisco IOS software from Flash ro RAM Some routers also have a scaled down version of the IOS that can be used as an alternative boot source. Requires replacing pluggable chips on the motherboard for software upgrades

Router Component: Interfaces

Three types of interfaces are local-area network (LANs), wide-area network (WANs), and Console/AUX. Connect router to network for frame entry and exit, or connect to terminal for configuration Can be on the motherboard or on a separate module (fixed or modular card)

Router Component: Interfaces

LAN interfaces (Ethernet, FDDI, ATM..) and WAN interfaces(serial, ISDN, CSUs..) have controller chips that provide the logic for connecting the system to the media. The Console/AUX ports are serial ports used primarily for the initial configuration of the router.

Router Component: Power Supply

The power supply provides the necessary power to operate the internal components. Larger routers may use multiple or modular power supplies. In some of the smaller routers the power supply may be external to the router.

2600 External Connection

Management Ports
Provides a text-based connection for the configuration, monitoring and troubleshooting of the router The common management interfaces are the console and auxilliary ports. These are EIA-232 asynchronous serial ports. Computer must run a terminal emulation program to provide a text-based session with the router.

Management Ports Connections

Management Ports Connections

The console port is preferred because it displays router startup, debugging, and error messages by default. The console port can also be used when the networking services have not been started or have failed. Therefore, the console port can be used for disaster and password recovery procedures.

Connecting console interfaces

Configure terminal emulation software on the PC for with the appropriate com port and settings. Connect the RJ-45 connector of the rollover cable to the router console port. Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter. Attach the female DB-9 adapter to a PC

Summary
WANs characteristics WANs standards and protocols Router internal components Router functions Router management ports Router LAN and WAN connection

CCNA2 Module1