Sybex CCNA 640-802

Chapter 1: connectivity device

Train Merga Tadesse
 Routers
• Routers are network devices that literally
route data around the network.
• By examining data as it arrives, the router
can determine the destination address for
the data; then, by using tables of defined
routes, the router determines the best way
for the data to continue its journey.
• Unlike bridges and switches, which use the
hardware-configured MAC address to
determine the destination of the data,
routers use the software-configured network
address to make decisions.
• This approach makes routers more
functional than bridges or switches, and it
also makes them more complex because
they have to work harder to determine the2
information.
 Internetworking Basics
• A router is used to provide connectivity
across wide area network (WAN) links and
route information between two LAN
segments.
• The figure below shows a router with two
LAN ports (marked AUI 0 and AUI 1) and
two WAN ports (marked Serial 0 and Serial
1). This router is capable of routing data
between two LAN segments and two WAN
segments.

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How Routers Work
Routers maintain their own routing tables, usually
consisting of network addresses; host addresses
can also be kept if the network architecture calls
for it. To determine the destination address for
incoming data, the routing table includes:
All known network addresses.
Instructions for connection to other networks.
The possible paths between routers.
The costs of sending data over those paths.

Routers create an internetwork.

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 Internetworking Basics
There are two advantages of using routers in your
network:

•They don’t forward broadcasts by default.

•They can filter the network based on layer 3

(Network layer) information (e.g., IP address).

Four router functions in your network can be listed

as follows:

•Packet switching

•Packet filtering

•Internetwork communication

•Path selection
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Routing Table
Network Layer
Routing Table used in a router
Types of Routers
The two major types of routers are:
Static.
Static routers require an administrator to manually set up and
configure the routing table and to specify each route.
Dynamic.
Dynamic routers are designed to discover routes automatically and
therefore require a minimal amount of setup and configuration. More
sophisticated than static routers, they examine information from
other routers and make packet-by-packet decisions about how to
send data across the network.

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 Berouters
A brouter, as the name implies, combines the qualities of
both a bridge and a router. A brouter can act as a router for
one protocol and as a bridge for all the others.
Brouters can:
Route selected routable protocols.
Bridge nonroutable protocols.
Deliver more cost-effective and more manageable
internetworking than separate bridges and routers.
Four key pieces of information can help you distinguish
between a bridge and a router and determine which would be
appropriate in a given situation:
The bridge recognizes only local MAC-sublayer addresses
(the addresses of NICs in its own segment). Routers
recognize network addresses.
The bridge broadcasts (forwards) everything it does not
recognize and forwards all addresses it knows, but only from
the appropriate port.
The router works only with routable protocols.
The router filters addresses. It forwards particular protocols
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to particular addresses (other routers).
 When Do You Need to Use a
Router?
• Not every network needs a router.
– a simple switch-based LAN can provide all
the file and print sharing your business needs
within the LAN.
• Situations in which a router might be needed:
– to resolve network congestion, you can divide
your network into multiple subnets and
connect them using a router.
– You want to connect to branch offices or
other wide area networks, such as the
Internet.
– You want to be able to filter the network
traffic that passes between one LAN and the
next, or between your network and the
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Internet.
 Gateways
• The term gateway is applied to any device, system,
or software application that can perform the function
of translating data from one format to another.
• Actually, the term gateway refers more to a network
role than a network device.
Gateways can change the format of a message so that it
conforms to the application program at the receiving end
of the transfer. For example, electronic-mail gateways,
such as the X.400 gateway, receive messages in one
format, translate it, and forward it in X.400 format used by
the receiver, and vice versa.
A gateway links two systems that do not use the same:
Communication protocols.
Data-formatting structures.
Languages.
The definition of gateways is vague, it's because there
is no definite answer. The function of a gateway is
very specific, but how the gateway functionality is
implemented is not. 10
The Layer Functions

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 CSUs/DSUs
• A Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit
(CSU/DSU) acts as a translator between the
LAN data format and the WAN data format.
• Such a conversion is necessary because the
technologies used on WAN links are
different from those used on LANs.
• A CSU/DSU has physical connections for
the LAN equipment, and another connection
for a WAN. Traditionally, the CSU/DSU has
been in a separate box from other
networking equipment; however, the
increasing use of WAN links means that
some router manufacturers are now
including the CSU/DSU functionality in
routers or are providing the expansion
capability to do so.
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 Modems
• Modem is a contraction of the terms
modulator and demodulator.
• Modems perform a simple function: They
translate digital signals from a computer into
analog signals that can travel across
conventional phone lines.
• Modems provide a relatively slow method of
communication. In fact, the fastest modem
available on the market today has a
maximum speed of 56Kbps.
• available as
– internal devices that plug into PCI/ISA slots
– external devices that plug into serial or USB
ports;
– PCMCIA cards designed for use in laptops
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 Network Interface Cards (NICs)
• NICs are the mechanisms by which
computers connect to a network.
• NICs come in all shapes and sizes, and they
come in prices to suit all budgets.
• Known as network card, network adapter,
and LAN adapter, etc.
• When buying one consider
– Network compatibility – Ethernet/Token Ring
– Bus compatibility – PCI/ ISA /PCI-e
– Port compatibility – UTP/ Fibre
– Hardware compatibility – Easy to install /
Recognized by many OS’s

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 Network Interface Cards (NICs)
• A network interface typically has
at least two LEDs that indicate
certain conditions:
– Link light - indicates whether a
network connection exists between
the card and the switch/hub.
– Activity light - indicates network
activity.
– Speed light - indicates that the
interface is connected at a certain
speed. 18
 Wireless Access Point (WAP)
• are a transmitter and receiver
(transceiver) device used for
wireless LAN (WLAN) radio signals.
• Depending on the size of the
network, one or more WAPs may be
required. Additional WAPs are used
to allow access to more wireless
clients and to expand the range of
the wireless network.
• Communication depends on
– Distance between the client and the
WAP 19
– Environmental conditions
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Transceivers

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 Firewall
• a hardware or software system that is used
to separate one computer or network from
another one.
• The most common type is used to protect a
computer or an entire network from
unauthorized access from the Internet.
• can also be used to control the flow of data
to and from multiple networks within the
same organization. Firewalls
• can be programmed to filter data packets
based on the information that is contained in
the packets.
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What type of cable is used?

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What type of cable is used for
each connection?

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 Review Question

Hub Hub

How many broadcast domains are

shown?

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 Review Question
Switch Switch

Hub Hub Hub Hub Hub Hub

How many collision domains

are shown? 27
 Which of the hosts can transmit
simultaneously without causing
collisions?
Switch Hub

A B C D E F

How many collision and broadcast

domains are show?
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Written Labs and Review
Questions
– Open your books and go through all the
written labs and the review questions.
– Review the answers in class.

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