Introduction to Computer Networks

Two days workshop

on
PC-ASSEMBLING AN
NETWORKING

By
Rajashree.V.
Biradar
Introduction to Computer Networks

OBJECTIVES OF THE SESSION

At the end of the session, student will be able

to:

 Understand What is a Network.

 Types of Networks.
 Network Topologies.
 Components in the Network.
 Networks archirecture
 IP Addressing
 Network Cabling
Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Networks

Computer network
connects two or
more autonomous
computers.

The computers can

be geographically
located anywhere.
Introduction to Computer Networks

LAN, MAN , WAN

Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building
or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)

Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area

Network)

Network spread geographically (Country or across

Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)
Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email
Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
Economical
Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Topology
The network topology
defines the way in
which computers,
printers, and other
devices are connected.
A network topology
describes the layout of
the wire and devices as
well as the paths used
by data transmissions.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Bus Topology
Commonly referred to
as a linear bus, all the
devices on a bus
topology are connected
by one single cable.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Star & Tree Topology

The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in
Ethernet LANs.
When installed, the star
topology resembles spokes in
a bicycle wheel.
Larger networks use the
extended star topology also
called tree topology. When
used with network devices like
bridges, switches, and routers,
this topology significantly
reduces the traffic on the wires.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node
wants to transmit data, it adds the
data as well as the destination
address to the frame.
The frame then continues around
the ring until it finds the
destination node, which takes the
data out of the frame.
Single ring – All the devices on
the network share a single cable
Dual ring – The dual ring topology
allows data to be sent in both
directions.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Mesh Topology
The mesh topology
connects all devices
(nodes) to each other
for redundancy and
fault tolerance.
It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and
for mission critical
networks like those
used by banks and
financial institutions.
Implementing the mesh
topology is expensive
and difficult.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Components
Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices
Computers
Networking Software
Applications Software
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Media
Networking media can be
defined simply as the
means by which signals
(data) are sent from one
computer to another
(either by cable or
wireless means).
Eg.
• Twisted pair
• Coaxial cable
• Optical fiber
• Wireless media like
microwaves, radio etc.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Devices
Repeater, HUB, bridgs,
Switches, Routers, Gateways,
Wireless Access Points etc.
 Repeater

• Used at physical layer

• Forwards every frame it receives
• It is a generator, not an amplifier (i.e it
removes noise & regenerates signal )
• Bi-directional in nature
• Useful in increasing ethernet size/length
• Maximum of 5 Repeaters in an Ethernet
Introduction to Computer Networks

Hubs
Basically a multiport
repeater
Hub is device used in
some topologies to expand
the number of nodes with
in a network.
Hub is not a intelligent
device.
Hub is a Data link layer
Device.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Routers
Router is device that
forwards the traffic
between networks.
Router is a intelligent
device.
Router is a Network layer
Device.
Router takes routing
decisions based on
Network Layer and Routing
Tables.
 Bridges
• Similar LANs are linked by bridges, which
act as transfer points between networks.
• The bridge is the more basic device and
can only connect LANs of the same type.

Switch
Switch is a fast Bridge

Gateways
• Dissimilar LANs are linked by gateways
Introduction to Computer Networks

NETWORK Architectur
Introduction to Computer Networks

NETWORK Architecrure
 Layer 7: Application Layer

• Defines interface to user processes for communication

and data transfer in network
• Provides standardized services such as virtual terminal,
file and job transfer and operations

Layer 6:Presentation Layer

• Masks the differences of data formats between dissimilar
systems
• Specifies architecture-independent data transfer format
• Encodes and decodes data; Encrypts and decrypts data;
Compresses and decompresses data

Layer 5:Session Layer

• Manages user sessions and dialogues
• Controls establishment and termination of logic links
between users
 Layer 4:Transport Layer
• Manages end-to-end message delivery in network
• Provides reliable and sequential packet delivery through error
recovery and flow control mechanisms
• Provides connectionless oriented packet delivery

Layer 3:Network Layer

• Determines how data are transferred between network devices
• Routes packets according to unique network device addresses
• Provides flow and congestion control to prevent network resource
depletion.

Layer 2:Data Link Layer

• Packets are divided into frames.
• Detects and corrects packets transmit errors
• Defines procedures for operating the communication links

Layer 1:Physical Layer

• Defines physical means of sending data over network devices
• Interfaces between network medium and devices
• Defines optical, electrical and mechanical characteristics
Introduction to Computer Networks

Computers: Clients and Servers

In a client/server
network arrangement,
network services are
located in a dedicated
computer (server)
whose only function is
to respond to the
requests of clients.

The server contains the

file, print, application,
security, and other
services in a central
computer that is
continuously available
to respond to client
requests.
Introduction to Computer Networks

IP Addressing
• An IP address is a 32-bit number that identifies each sender or
receiver of information that is sent in packets across the Internet.
• An IP address is a sequence of 1s and 0s.
• To make the IP address easier to use, the address is usually written
as four decimal numbers separated by periods.
• This way of writing the address is called the dotted decimal format.
Introduction to Computer Networks

IP Addressing
Every IP address has two parts:
1. Network Address
2. Host Address

IP addresses are divided into

1. Class A - large organizations , governments
2. Class B - medium sized organizations
3. Class C - small organizations
4. Class D – This address class is created to enable
multicasting.
5. Class E – IETF reserves these addresses for its
own research.
Introduction to Computer Networks

IP Addressing

Class D:

Class E:
 Reserved IP Addresses
• Certain host addresses
are reserved and cannot
be assigned to devices
on a network.
• An IP address that has
binary 0s in all host bit
positions is reserved for
the network address.
• An IP address that has
binary 1s in all host bit
positions is reserved for
the broadcast address.

27
 Network Cabling
There are two types of network cables commonly used in PC
networks - Straight-through and cross-over.

•Cross-over: A cross-over cable is used to connect two

computers via their NICs, without using a hub or switch.
(Note: You can only connect two computers at one time,
connecting three or more will require a hub or switch of some
sort).

•Straight-through: A straight-through network cable is just

what the name implies, a cable that passes data straight
through from one end to another. Straight-through cables are
used for a variety of connections. (e.g. connecting a
computer to a hub or switch, connecting a computer to a
cable/ISDN/DSL modem, and linking switches and hubs
together.)
 Cat 5 Cable

Category 5 Cable is 8 wired Cable with different Color Code

 Straight-through cable
Both end uses the following color scheme:
W O W B W G W B
H R H L H R H R
I A I U I E I O
T N T E T E T W
E G E E N E N
O E G B B
R R L R
A E U O
N E E W
G N N
E G

W O W B W G W B
H R H L H R H R
I A I U I E I O
T N T E T E T W
E G E E N E N
O E G B B
R R L R
A E U O
N E E W
G N N
E
 RJ-45 Connector

Right Wrong Wrong

 Cross-over cable
• The cross-over cable can be made using the same
steps as the straight-through cable.
• The only difference is the order in which the wires
are put into the second connector.
• On the straight-through cable you use the exact
same order of wires. On a cross-over cable you use
a different order on each end.
 Cross-over cable
The first end uses the same color scheme as a straight-through cable
W G W B W O W B
H R H L H R H R
I E I U I A I O
T E T E T N T W
E N E E G E N
G O B E B
R R L R
E A U O
E N E W
N G N
E

The second end uses the following color scheme

W O W B W G W B
H R H L H R H R
I A I U I E I O
T N T E T E T W
E G E E N E N
O E G B B
R R L R
A E U O
N E E W
G N N
E
Test it using Cable tester
Insert the two ends of the cable into the jacks on the tester and
watch the lights. If they all light up, you have a good connection
for each wire and the cable
checks out.
 Windows Network Diagnostic
Commands
Ping Helps in determining TCP/IP Networks IP address
as well as determine issues with the network and
assists in resolving them.
 ping
Four steps to test an IP connection with ping:
1) Ping the loopback address to verify that TCP/IP is installed and configured
correctly on the local computer.

PING 127.0.0.1
2) Ping the IP address of the local computer to verify that it was added to the
network correctly.

PING IP_address_of_local_host
3) Ping the IP address of the default gateway to verify that the default gateway
is functioning and that you can communicate with a local host on the local
network.

PING IP_address_of_default_gateway
4) Ping the IP address of a remote host to verify that you can communicate
through a router.

PING IP_address_of_remote_host
 ipconfig

Ipconfig is a Console Command which can be issued

to the Command Line Interpreter (or command
prompt) to display the network settings currently
assigned to any or all network adapters in the
machine. This command can be utilised to verify a
network connection as well as to verify your network
settings
QUESTIONS?