UNDERSTANDING

NETWORK
FUNDAMENTALS

COMPUTER NETWORK, DIAGRAM AND DEVICES

 Lesson Objective:
1. Identify computer network symbols.
2. Identify network devices, tools, testing
devices and its functions.
3. Create network diagrams.
 WHAT IS A NETWORK?
- can be defined as a
group of computers and
other devices connected
in some ways to be able to
exchange data.
 Types
of Networks
• LOCAL AREA
NETWORK (LAN)
– is a computer
network that
connects devices
within a limited
geographical area.
• WIDE AREA
NETWORK (WAN) –
is a type of computer
network that spans over a
large geographic area,
typically connecting
multiple LANs (Local Area
Networks) or other
networks together across
cities, countries, or even
continents.
Other Types of • PERSONAL AREA NETWORK(PAN) –
is a computer network organized around an
Area Networks individual person within a single building.
This could be inside a small office or
residence. A typical PAN would include one
or more computers, telephones, peripheral
devices, video game consoles and other
personal entertainment devices.
Other Types of • • Wireless Local Area Network - is a type
of local area network (LAN) that uses
Area Networks wireless technology, such as radio waves
or infrared signals, to connect devices
together. It commonly used to provide
wireless internet access within a limited
geographical area.
 Other • METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
(MAN) – is a type of computer network

Types of that spans over a geographic area larger

than a Local Area Network (LAN) but
smaller than a Wide Area Network (WAN).
Area MANs typically cover a single city or a
metropolitan area, connecting multiple

Networks LANs and other networks together.

 Other • STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)
– is a specialized type of computer

Types of network designed to provide high-speed

access to centralized, block-level data
storage. It enables multiple servers or
Area hosts to access and share storage devices
like disk arrays, tape libraries, and other

Networks storage systems.

Network • The layout pattern of
interconnections between computers in
the

Topology a network is called network topology.

You can think of topology as the virtual
shape or structure of the network.
Network topology is also referred to as
'network architecture.‘
• In general the more interconnections
there are, the more robust the network
is; but the more expensive it is to install.
 Common • Point-to-Point Topology
• Bus Topology

layouts of • Star Topology

• Ring Topology
Network • Mesh Topology

topology • Tree Topology

• Hybrid Topology
Point-to-Point
Topology
- is the simplest of all the
network topologies. The network
consists of a direct link between
two computers. This is faster and
more reliable than other types of
connections since there is a direct
connection.
 Bus Topology

- uses one main cable to which

all nodes are directly connected.
The main cable acts as a
backbone for the network. One
of the computers in the network
typically acts as the computer
server.
 Star Topology

- each computer is connected to

a central hub using a point-to-
point connection. The central hub
can be a computer server that
manages the network, or it can
be a much simpler device that
only makes the connections
between computers over the
network possible.
 Ring Topology

- the computers in the network

are connected in a circular
fashion, and the data travels in
one direction. Each computer is
directly connected to the next
computer, forming a single
pathway for signals through the
network.
 Mesh Topology

- every node has a direct point-

to-point connection to every
other node. Because all
connections are direct, the
network can handle very high-
volume traffic.
 Tree Topology

- combines multiple star

topologies onto a bus. Hub
devices for each star topology are
connected to the bus. Each hub is
like the root of a tree of devices.
 Hybrid Topology

- uses a combination of two or

more topologies. Hybrid
networks provide a lot of
flexibility, and as a result, they
have become the most widely
used type of topology.
 Different topologies serve different purposes.
Which Which topology to use for a network depends on a
number of factors, including:
One to • The type and number of computers and peripheral
devices being used

Choose? •
•
The anticipated speed of data transfers
The types of applications running on the network
• The required response time of the networks
• Costs
 Components • Network devices are components used
to connect computers devices

of a Computer together so that they can share files

or resources like printers or fax

Network machines. Devices used to setup a

Local Area Network (LAN) are the
most common type of network
devices used by the public.
• Networking devices are also called
Communicating Devices.
 Types • NIC (Network Interface Card) –
provides the physical interface between

of computer and cabling.

networking
devices
 Types • Modem – is a device that converts
digital signals into analog signals, and

of vice versa, to enable communication

between two devices over a telephone

networking line or cable. It stands for "modulator-

demodulator.“

devices Types of Modem:

• Dial-up Modem
• Broadband Modem
 Types • Bridge – connects two or more network
segments together, allowing devices on

of different networks to communicate with

each other.

networking
devices
Bridge Symbol
 Types • Hub – is a networking device used to
connect multiple devices directly to the

of network using cables. Each connection is

called a 'port.'

networking
devices
Hub Symbol
 Types • Switch – contain many ports to connect
different network segments. They are

of similar to hubs, but offer greater

performance.

networking
devices
Switch Symbol
 Types • Router – are communication devices
used to connect two different networks.

of A router sorts incoming data and

distributes it to the correct destination.

networking
devices
Router Symbol
These are the major • Nodes: Devices connected to the
network, such as computers, servers,
categories of printers, routers, and switches, that can
physical components send, receive, and process data.
in a computer
network:
 • Interconnections: The interconnections consist
These are the major of components that provide a means for data to travel
from one point to another point in the network. This
categories of category includes components such as the following:

physical components – Network interface cards (NICs)

in a computer
network: – Network media, such as cables or wireless media, that
provide the means by which the signals are transmitted
from one networked device to another
 • SERVERS – is a computer or a program
These are the major that provides functionality or services to
categories of other computers, known as clients, over
a network. Servers can take many forms,
physical components including physical hardware machines,
in a computer virtual machines, or software
network: applications.
 • Patch Panel – board in a switchboard,
These are the major computer, or other device with a
categories of number of electric sockets that can be
connected in various combinations.
physical components
in a computer
network:
THANK YOU 
 • Ethernet cable - is one of the most
These are the major popular forms of material used on wired
categories of computer networks. Ethernet cables
connect devices within a local area
physical components network such as computers, printers,
in a computer smart TVs, routers, and switches.
network:

Protocol –
a set of rules that governs the
communications between
computers on a network.
In order for two computers to
talk to each other, they must
be speaking the same
language.
Example: OSI
model & TCP/IP
model
OSI model
•  A 7-layer network model specified by ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) norm and is
widely used all around the world.
•  The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by
the work of Charles Bachman, Honeywell information
Services.
•  OSI Layers(from L7 to L1): Application, Presentation,
Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link & Physical
TCP/IP model
•  Developed during the 1960s as part of the
Department of Defense’s (DoD) Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) effort to build a nationwide
packet data network.
•  It was first used in UNIX-based computers in
universities and government installations.
 • T-568a Straight-through Ethernet Cable
Types of Cables and
Connecting a
Networking Devices:

Straight-through Symbol
 • T-568B Cross-over Ethernet Cable
Types of Cables and
Connecting a
Networking Devices:

Cross – 0ver Symbol

 • Basic Theory:
Types of Cables and
Connecting a
Networking Devices:
 • Ethernet Cable Instructions:
Types of Cables and •  Pull the cable off the reel to the desired
Connecting a length and cut. If you are pulling cables
through holes, its easier to attach the RJ-45
Networking Devices: plugs after the cable is pulled. The total length
of wire segments between a PC and a hub or
between two PC’s cannot exceed 100 Meters
(328 feet) for 100BASE-TX and 300 Meters for
10BASE-T.
•  Start on one end and strip the cable jacket off
(about 1″) using a stripper or a knife. Be extra
careful not to nick the wires, otherwise you will
need to start over.
 • Ethernet Cable Instructions:

Types of Cables and •  Spread, untwist the pairs, and arrange the wires in the order
of the desired cable end. Flatten the end between your
Connecting a thumb and forefinger. Trim the ends of the wires so they are
even with one another, leaving only 1/2″ in wire length. If it is
Networking Devices: longer than 1/2″ it will be out-of-spec and susceptible to
crosstalk. Flatten and insure there are no spaces between
wires.
•  Hold the RJ-45 plug with the clip facing down or away from
you. Push the wires firmly into the plug. Inspect each wire is
flat even at the front of the plug. Check the order of the wires.
Double check again. Check that the jacket is fitted right
against the stop of the plug. Carefully hold the wire and firmly
crimp the RJ-45 with the crimper.
•  Check the color orientation, check that the crimped
connection is not about to come apart, and check to see if the
wires are flat against the front of the plug. If even one of
these are incorrect, you will have to start over. Test the
Ethernet cable.
 Ethernet Cable Tips:

Types of Cables and • A straight-thru cable has identical ends.

•  A crossover cable has different ends.
Connecting a •  A straight-thru is used as a patch cord in Ethernet

Networking Devices: connections.

•  A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices
without a hub or for connecting two hubs.
•  A crossover has one end with the Orange set of wires
switched with the Green set.
•  Odd numbered pins are always striped, even numbered
pins are always solid colored.
•  Looking at the RJ-45 with the clip facing away from you,
Brown is always on the right, and pin 1 is on the left.
•  No more than 1/2″ of the Ethernet cable should be
untwisted otherwise it will be susceptible to crosstalk.
•  Do not deform, do not bend, do not stretch, do not
staple, do not run parallel with power cables, and do not
 Common Terms in Networking:
• DNS - is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any
resource connected to the Internet or a private network.
• DHCP - is a standardized network protocol used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks for
dynamically distributing network configuration parameters, such as IP addresses for
interfaces and services
• TCP/IP - is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices
on the internet.
• FTP - is a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files from one host to
another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet.
• HTTP - is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia
information systems.
• SSID - Service set Identifier. An character string identifier for a ESS.