INFORMATICS PRACTICES

(065)

UNIT-3
COMPUTER NETWORKING
PROJECT FILE
(Session: 2022-23)
FOR

CLASS-XII
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Aashi Nagiya Manish Agarwal

BALUNI PUBIC SCHOOL, AGRA

 COMPUTER NETWORKING
• A Computer Networking is a set of nodes (computers) and networking devices
that are connected through communication for sharing data and resources as
well as communication among the users.
• Computer Network can be defined as a group of computers or peripheral
devices that are linked together for the purpose of sharing data and
hardware resources.
• In a computer network, the data is transferred with the help of transmission
medium (by wires or wireless)

BENEFITS /ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKING

1. Enable File Sharing
2. Sharing Hardware Devices or Peripheral Devices
3. Share Information
4. Share Software and Operating Programmes
5. Facilitate Communication through e-mail, video conferencing message or
anyother work

DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKING

1. Security Issues
2. Cost of Network
3. Lack of Robustness
4. Spread of computer virus
5. Health issuss

NODE
Each computer, routers and smartphones in a network is Node.

PROTOCOL
A protocol is set of rules that governs the data communication. Without a protocol the
datacannot be exchanged between two communicating devices.

SENDER
Sender is a device that send information through web browser. It can be a work
station, computer, tablet or a mobile phone etc.
RECEIVER
Receiver is a device that receives the data message. It can be a work station,
computer, tablet or a mobile phone etc.

ADVANCE RESEARCH PROJECT’S AGENCY NETWORK (ARPANET)

In 1969, the USA government formed an Agency named ARPANET. The main
objective of ARPANET was to create a secure communication network for the US
military and to connect four university computers.

TYPES OF NETWORK
Depending on the geographical area covered by a network. There are various
typesof computer networks used worldwide, which areas follows:
1. Personal Area Network
2. Local Area Network
3. Metropolitan Area Network
4. Wide Area Network

1. Personal Area Network

• PAN is a computer network that cover a small area round 10 meters.
• It is used for communication among devices such as Laptop, Mobile,
Printer, Scanner, Smart phone, etc.
• PAN can be either wired or wireless.

2. Local Area Network

• In LAN, two or more computers(node) and peripheral devices are connected
with asmall area such as a room or office building.
• In LAN, computer terminals are physically connected with wires.
• LAN can be controlled via person or via organization

3. Metropolitan Area Network

• It is a computer network that is larger than a single building local area
network (LAN) but is located in a single geographic area that is smaller than a
wide area network (WAN).
• MAN covers around 5200 km area in a city.
• The most common example of MAN is cable television or branches of bank etc.
4. Wide Area Network
• In WAN, network collection of two or more computers that are located
within alarger distance of each other.
• In WAN, the computer a linked by communication facilities like tell
communication or satellite signals.
• The best example of WAN are:
1. Internet
2. Automated teller machine (ATM)
3. National and international Bank Service

NETWORKING DEVICES
Networking devices are the hardware devices used to connect computers or other
electronic devices together in order to share files or resources like Printer or Fan
Machines.
These devices work at different segments of a computer network, performing
different task. Some network devices are follows:
1. Modem
2. Hubs
3. Switch
4. Repeater
5. Router
6. Gateway

MODEM
Modem is an abbreviation for Modulator-Demodulator. A modem is a device that
converts or modulates digital data or signals into analog signals, and vice-versa. The
process is called modulation-demodulation. It allows one computer to communicate
with another across telephone lines and transmit data.
There are two types of categories of Modem:
1. Internal Modem
2. External Modem
HUB
Hub is a network device that connects many computers or other network devices
(such as switches and routers). A hub is a physical layer networking device which is
used to connect multiple devices in a network. They are generally used to connect
computers in a LAN. A hub has many ports in it. A computer which intends to be
connected to the network is plugged in to one of these ports

SWITCH
A switch is a network device that connects multiple devices, such as computers,
printers, and servers, within a local area network (LAN). It contains many parts to
connect different network segment. Switches are almost similar to the hubs but with
quite better performance or compared to hub. Switch maintain the speed of the
communication along the number of devices.
REPEATERS
It is a communication devices to regenerate a signal. It receives electronic signals,
cleans them and re-transmitted them. Repeater are added that the diagonals can
travel longer distance with the same strength or the higher power.

ROUTER
A router is a networking device that connects two or more computer network. It is
communication devices that is used to connect two different networks, such as 2
LAN, MAN and WAN etc. It plays a visual role in controlling the network efficient. It
chooses the best route for the data packets transmission.
GATEWAY
A gateway is a network point that act as a entrance point to another network using
different protocol there by giving us freedom to enjoy online activities. The gateway
allows us to carry out various online activities such as sending emails, browsing
webpages, online shopping, banking etc. It is a shared connection between a Local
Area Network (LAN) and a large system.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY

• Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication

network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the
arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including
command and control radio networks
• It is also called Network Structure or the Network Layout
• A network topology is the arrangement with the computer system on the
network devices which are connected to each other topology maybe defined
both physical and logical aspect of the network.
• Logical or Physical Topology can be same on different in the same network.

PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
A physical topology describes how network devices are physically connected - in
other words, how devices are actually plugged into each other.

LOGICAL TOPOLOGY
Logical topology means how the network device layout will be shown and how the
data willbe transferred.

TYPES OF TOPOLOGY (PHYSICAL)

1. Star Topology
2. Bus Topology
3. Tree Topology
4. Mesh Topology
STAR TOPOLOGY

In Star Topology, all the network devices and computers are separately connected to
central device (HUB) over a single path.

ADVANTAGE OF STAR TOPOLOGY

• Less Experienced
• Easy to Install
• Easy to Configure
• High Speed

DISADVANTAGE OF STAR TOPOLOGY

• Everything depends on hub
• Expensive
• More hardware required
• Limitations of connection
BUS TOPOLOGY
In Bus Topology, all computers and network devices connected by a single cable
works as the backbone of the network and it know as bus.

ADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY

• Easy to install
• Minimum cable required
• Strong connection

DISADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY

• Difficult to find the problem
• Difficult to recognize
• Difficult to add new devices
TREE TOPOLOGY
In Tree Topology, all the nodes are connected in a hierarchical manner. It is the
common network topology using in the current environment. In this invites the
numbers of nodes in tree topology devices the network into the multiple layer of
network.

• The lower layer most in excess layer where the computers are attached.
• The middle layer is known as distribution layer which work as moderator in
between lower layer and highest layer.
• Highest layer is known as core layer that is the central point of network.

ADVANTAGES OF TREE TOPOLOGY

• Error detection is easy
• Limited number if failures
• Easy expandable
• Support for broad bank transaction

DISADVANTAGES OF TREE TOPOLOGY

• Higher cost
• Difficult recognition
• Difficult troubleshooting
MESH TOPOLOGY
In Mesh Topology, host is connected to one or multiple host, thus topology has
point-to- point connection between all the nodes in this topology. It is a topology
commonly used for wireless networks.

Mesh Topology comes in two types:

• Full Mesh Topology
• Partial Mesh Topology

➢ FULL MESH TOPOLOGY

In Full Mesh Topology, each node is connected directly to all the other nodes.

➢ PARTIAL MESH TOPOLOGY

In Partial Mesh Topology, only some nodes connected directly to one another.

ADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY

• Reliable
• Fast Communication
• Easy Reconfiguration

DISADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY

• Higher cost
• Difficult to maintain and manage
• Revise the efficiency
 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

The Internet is essentially a global network of computing resources. You can think of
the Internet as a physical collection of routers and circuits as a set of shared
resources. A network of networks based on the TCP/IP communications protocol. A
community of people who use and develop those networks.

WEBSITE
A Website is a collection of related webpages that contains images, video, audio or
texts. A website is identified by some domain name, which is the address of
website, the webpages is writing in HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language) and can be
accessed by the internet. A website is hosted on server on WWW (World Wide Web).
Each website is managed by an individual or a company or any organization.

FEATURES OF WEBSITE
• Creates a product or a service showpiece
• Open for business in 24 X 365
• Improve customer service
• Reach new market globally
• Publicity or viral marketing without a marketing cost.

COMPONENTS OF WEBSITE
• Secured
• Easy navigations
• Gadget friendly
• Effect designs and color themes
• Popular link and covered layer

EXAMPLES OF WEBSITE
• Google.com
• Facebook.com
• Amazon.com
• Flipkart.com
• Wikipedia.com
WEBPAGES

A webpage is a collection rich text. Webpages is written HTML (HyperText Mark-up

Language) and stored on the webpage’s server. Basically, a webpage is a digital page,
which may contain different types of texts, hyperlink, audio, video, image and tables
etc. Each webpage is identified by unique web address which is called URL (Uniform
Resources Locator)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEBPAGES AND WEBSITE

Following in the difference between Webpages and Websites:

WEBPAGES WEBSITES
Single document on the Internet Collection of related webpages linked
together under the same domain
Development required minimum Development takes long time
amount of time
Address or URL of webpages depends URL of website does not depend on
on websites webpages
Webpages contains about a single Website contains about several entities
article

TYPES OF WEBPAGES

STATIC WEBPAGES
Static webpages are very simple pages written in HTML or JAVA script. When a
server receives a request for static webpages then the server sends the response to
the client without doing any addition process. The static webpages, the pages will
remain same until someone changes it manually on the webserver

DYNAMIC WEBPAGES
These are used where the information is changed frequently. Dynamic webpages
are written in ISR, ASP, NET, PSP, etc. The dynamic webpages, the content of pages
varies as per the requirement of its visitor.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATIC WEBPAGES AND DYNAMIC WEBPAGES
Following in the difference between Static Webpages and Dynamic Webpages:

STATIC WEBPAGES DYNAMIC WEBPAGES

Information are change rarely Information are change frequently
Less time for coding More time for coding
Database is not used Database is used
Less complexity More complexity
Static webpages are written in HTML, Dynamic webpages are written in ISR,
JAVA series, CSS etc. ASP, NET, PSP, etc
Page will remain same until someone Content of webpages is difference for
change it manually difference visitors

WEBSERVER
It is a computer where the web content is stored. Web server is used to host the
websites and deliver the resources requested through web server.

FEATURES OF WEB SERVER

• Secure
• Easy uses interface
• Fast and speed is high bandwidth
• Support of server site scripting language
• Maintain uptime means always response
FUNCTIONS OF WEB SERVER
• Virtual hosting
• Server the end user request
• Provides waves database excess
• Server site web scripting

EXAMPLES OF WEB SERVER

• Apache server (1996)
• IIS by Microsoft
• Apache tomcat
• Light hipt

WEB HOSTING
It is the place where all the files of a website live. It is like the home of website
where is actually live. A good way to think about this is domain name is the
address of our house, the web hosting is the actual house that address points to all
the websites on the Internet, need hosting.

LOGICAL TOPOLOGY
A logical topology is a concept in networking that define the as architecture of the
communication mechanism of all nodes in a network.

Using network equipment such as Router and Switcher, the logical topology of a
network can be dynamically maintained and reconfigure

Logical topology reflects arrangements of devices and their communication. It is the

transmission of data over physical topology. It is independent of physical topology
irrespective of arrangement of nodes. It is connected with intricate detail of network
like types of devices (switch, router) chosen and their quality, which affect rate and
speed of data packets devices. The logical topology ensures optimal flow control
that can be regulated within networks.
WEB BROWSER
A browser is the software application that is used to search for reaching and
exploring websites. The primary function of a web browser is to render HTML code
each time a browser loads a webpage receiver from web server. It processes the
HTML which may include text, links and references to image and other item such as
CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) and save script function.

FEATURES OF WEB BROWSER

• Speed
• Simplicity
• Security

FUNCTIONS OF WEB BROWSER

• Install applications
• Store information in cloud
• Print document
• Send and receive interest resources
• Access webpages
• Keep record of our activities

EXAMPLE OF WEB BROWSER

Following are the commonly used web browser:

• Google chrome
• Mozilla fire fox
• Internet explorer
• Apple safari
• Opera mini

ADD-ONS (EXTENSIONS)
Add-ons are tools which integrate our browser. They are similar to the regular apps
or the program but only runs when the browser runs. It also can allow the viewing of
certain types of web content such as Microsoft Silverlight that necessary for Netflix
movies.
PLUG IN
It is a piece of software that acts as an add-ons (extensions) to a web browser and
gives the browser additional functionality. It allows a web browser to display
additional content it was not originally designed to display.
For example: Free macromedia flash player. A plug in that allows the web browser
to display animation using the flash format.

COOKIES
Cookies are the small bits of data stored as text files on a browser. Websites use
those small bits of data to keep track of users and enable user specific. Each cookie is
effectively a small cook up table containing pairs of value. [data, key] Once cookies
have been read by the code on the server or killing lite (or killing computer) the data
can be retriever and use to custom the webpage.

WHEN ARE COOKIES CREATED?

Writing data to a cookie usually do when a webpage is loaded with code to create
cookies.

HOW COOKIES ARE SECURE?

Cookies are not a create to privacy, since they can only be used to stored
information that the user has volunteered.

VOIP
VOIP is stands for Voice Over Internet Purpose, it is a technology that allows us to
make voice call using a broadband internet connection. Instead of a regular or
analogue phone line. VOIP is a general term used in the field of communication.
VOIP technology is mostly seen in companies and business to help in sharing such
kind of information.
URL (UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR)
As building and houses have a street address. Similarly, webpages also have a
unique address to help people locate them an the internet, these addresses are
called uniform resource locator (URL). A uniform resource locator (URL) is a unique-
identifiers used to locate a resource on the internet. It is also referred to a web
address. URL consists of multiple parts. Including a protocol and domain name that
tell a web browser how and where to retrieve resources.

WWW (WORLD WIDE WEB)

WWW stands for world wide web. It is also known as W3. It refers to all the public
websites or pages that users can excess on their local computers and other devices
through the internet. These pages and documents are inter-connected by means of
hyperlinks that users click on for information.