CE 162

Lecture 1 Origin of Soils and Grain Size

Outline
Rock Cycle Soil Particle Size Clay Minerals Specific Gravity Mechanical Analysis Particle Size Distribution Particle Shape

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ORIGIN OF SOILS & GRAIN SIZE: THE ROCK CYCLE

THE ROCK CYCLE

IGENEOUS ROCKS WEATHERING TRANSPORTATION OF WEATHERING PRODUCTS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS

ROCK CYCLE

WEATHERING
MECHANICAL
Results in a change in size without a change in chemical composition

CHEMICAL
Results in a change in both size and chemical composition Process involved in the formation of clay minerals

RESIDUAL SOILS

WEATHERING

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT & DEPOSITION PROCESSES

GLACIAL SOILS - glaciers ALLUVIAL SOILS streams and rivers LACUSTRINE lakes MARINE seas and oceans AEOLIAN wind COLLUVIAL gravity, mass wasting and landslides. CONSTRUCTION excavation and fill

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
DETRITAL
Formed by the deposition, compaction and cementation (iron oxide, calcite, dolomite, and quartz) Clastic in nature Examples: conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone and shale.

CHEMICAL
Formed by chemical processes Both clastic and non-clastic Example: Limestone, dolomite, gypsum

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks by application of pressure and heat without melting. Examples: Slate, Marble, Schist, Gneiss.

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ORIGIN OF SOILS & GRAIN SIZE: SOIL PARTICLE SIZE

PARTICLE SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS

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ORIGIN OF SOILS & GRAIN SIZE: CLAY MINERALS

CLAY MINERALS
PRODUCT OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING (ALTERATION) COMPOSED OF ALUMINUM SILCATES
SILICA TETRAHEDRON ALLUMINA OCTAHEDRON

FORMED INTO SHEETS

SILICA SHEET GIBBSITE SHEET

CLAY MINERALS

CLAY MINERALS
MONTMORILLONITE ILLITE KAOLINITE

CLAY MINERALS

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

X-RAY DIFFRACTION

DIFFUSED DOUBLE LAYER

DIFFUSED DOUBLE LAYER

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ORIGIN OF SOILS & GRAIN SIZE: SPECIFIC GRAVITY

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
=

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ORIGIN OF SOILS & GRAIN SIZE: MECHANICAL ANALYSIS

SIEVE ANALYSIS

HYDROMETER ANALYSIS

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ORIGIN OF SOILS & GRAIN SIZE: PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

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ORIGIN OF SOILS & GRAIN SIZE: PARTICLE SHAPE

PARTICLE SHAPES
BULKY
ROUNDED SUBROUNDED SUB ANGULAR ANGULAR

FLAKY NEEDLE SHAPED